current index collection 48strips. The reaction description is only used for knowledge query and material relationship understanding.
inorganic · redoxComplete carbon oxidation
Complete carbon oxidationC + O₂ → CO₂
Applicable situations: Ideal final state with sufficient oxygen supply
Combustion heat calculation also requires phase state and reaction enthalpy data.
Extended reading · OpenStax Chemistry 2e ↗inorganic · redoxCarbon monoxide oxidation
Carbon monoxide oxidation2CO + O₂ → 2CO₂
Applicable situations: Oxidation or catalytic purification
The carbon in carbon monoxide is further oxidized; it only provides reaction relationships and is not used as operating guidance.
Extended reading · OpenStax Chemistry 2e ↗inorganic · BalanceBoudouard equilibrium
Boudouard equilibriumCO₂ + C ⇌ 2CO
Applicable situations: High temperature equilibrium of carbon and carbon oxides
is used to understand gasification and metallurgical systems, and the equilibrium position changes according to temperature.
Extended reading · OpenStax Chemistry 2e ↗inorganic · decompositionLimestone calcination
Limestone calcinationCaCO₃ ⇌ CaO + CO₂
Applicable situations: Thermal decomposition is related to carbon dioxide partial pressure
This reaction is an important basis for material accounting in the cement and lime industry.
Extended reading · OpenStax Chemistry 2e ↗inorganic · precipitationLime carbonation
Lime carbonationCa(OH)₂ + CO₂ → CaCO₃ + H₂O
Applicable situations: alkaline aqueous phase
The amount of carbon dioxide and the pH of the solution will affect the carbonate and bicarbonate distribution.
Extended reading · OpenStax Chemistry 2e ↗inorganic · BalanceCarbonate dissolution
Carbonate dissolutionCaCO₃ + CO₂ + H₂O ⇌ Ca(HCO₃)₂
Applicable situations: Aqueous phase containing carbon dioxide
This molecular formula expresses the net metering relationship, and the aqueous solution actually contains dissociated ions.
Extended reading · OpenStax Chemistry 2e ↗inorganic · decompositionSodium bicarbonate decomposition
Sodium bicarbonate decomposition2NaHCO₃ → Na₂CO₃ + CO₂ + H₂O
Applicable situations: decomposes when heated
Bicarbonate releases gas and the solid residual composition is related to process conditions.
Extended reading · OpenStax Chemistry 2e ↗inorganic · acid-baseCarbonate acid reaction
Carbonate acid reactionNa₂CO₃ + 2HCl → 2NaCl + CO₂ + H₂O
Applicable situations: acidic aqueous phase
The carbonic acid system releases carbon dioxide, and the reaction measurement is related to the alkalinity of the carbonate.
Extended reading · OpenStax Chemistry 2e ↗inorganic · precipitationCalcium carbonate precipitation
Calcium carbonate precipitationCaCl₂ + Na₂CO₃ → CaCO₃ + 2NaCl
Applicable situations: aqueous solution
crystal form and precipitation morphology require additional description of the crystallization conditions.
Extended reading · OpenStax Chemistry 2e ↗inorganic · redoxIron oxide reduction
Iron oxide reductionFe₂O₃ + 3CO → 2Fe + 3CO₂
Applicable situations: Total amount of metallurgical reduction
Industrial reduction often passes through a variety of intermediate oxides and needs to be combined with gas-solid dynamics.
Extended reading · OpenStax Chemistry 2e ↗inorganic · redoxSilica reduction
Silica reductionSiO₂ + 2C → Si + 2CO
Applicable situations: High temperature metallurgical total reaction
Silicon smelting involves multiple intermediate species, and this formula is used for preliminary material balance.
Extended reading · OpenStax Chemistry 2e ↗inorganic · BalanceWater-gas shift
Water-gas shiftCO + H₂O ⇌ CO₂ + H₂
Applicable situations: catalytic gas phase system
is used to adjust the synthesis gas composition, and the temperature and steam composition affect the balanced conversion.
Extended reading · OpenStax Chemistry 2e ↗inorganic · decompositionMagnesium carbonate decomposition
Magnesium carbonate decompositionMgCO₃ → MgO + CO₂
Applicable situations: thermal decomposition
is used to understand the transformation of magnesia material precursors into oxides.
Extended reading · OpenStax Chemistry 2e ↗inorganic · acid-baseLithium carbonate dissolution
Lithium carbonate dissolutionLi₂CO₃ + 2HCl → 2LiCl + CO₂ + H₂O
Applicable situations: acidic aqueous phase
The total quantitative relationship between lithium carbonate and soluble lithium salt.
Extended reading · OpenStax Chemistry 2e ↗Organic · redoxMethane combustion
Methane combustionCH₄ + 2O₂ → CO₂ + 2H₂O
Applicable situations: The ideal final state of complete oxidation
is used for natural gas combustion material balance. Actual combustion also needs to consider incomplete combustion and heat transfer.
Extended reading · OpenStax Organic Chemistry ↗Organic · redoxEthane combustion
Ethane combustion2C₂H₆ + 7O₂ → 4CO₂ + 6H₂O
Applicable situations: completely oxidized
balance coefficient gives the theoretical oxygen demand and product quantity.
Extended reading · OpenStax Organic Chemistry ↗Organic · redoxPropane combustion
Propane combustionC₃H₈ + 5O₂ → 3CO₂ + 4H₂O
Applicable situations: completely oxidized
The stoichiometric air volume must also be converted according to the oxygen content of the air.
Extended reading · OpenStax Organic Chemistry ↗Organic · redoxEthanol combustion
Ethanol combustionC₂H₅OH + 3O₂ → 2CO₂ + 3H₂O
Applicable situations: completely oxidized
The reaction enthalpy must indicate the phase state of ethanol and water.
Extended reading · OpenStax Organic Chemistry ↗Organic · redoxMethanol combustion
Methanol combustion2CH₃OH + 3O₂ → 2CO₂ + 4H₂O
Applicable situations: completely oxidized
The oxygen in methanol has participated in the molecular composition, and the theoretical oxygen demand is different from that of hydrocarbons.
Extended reading · OpenStax Organic Chemistry ↗Organic · Biochemistry
TheGlucose respiration
Glucose respirationC₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O
Applicable situations: Total cell metabolism count
Real Breathing consists of multi-step enzymatic reactions and energy coupling processes.
Extended reading · OpenStax Organic Chemistry ↗Organic · Biochemistry
ThePhotosynthesis
Photosynthesis6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
Applicable situations: Light energy driven simplified clean type
This formula is a simplified representation of the carbon fixed net meter and does not represent the true source path of oxygen atoms.
Extended reading · OpenStax Organic Chemistry ↗Organic · Biochemistry
TheAlcoholic fermentation
Alcoholic fermentationC₆H₁₂O₆ → 2C₂H₅OH + 2CO₂
Applicable situations: enzymatic metabolism pure formula
Actual fermentation will also generate biomass and by-products, and the yield relationship needs to be added.
Extended reading · OpenStax Organic Chemistry ↗Organic · Biochemistry
TheLactic acid fermentation
Lactic acid fermentationC₆H₁₂O₆ → 2C₃H₆O₃
Applicable situations: Ideal clean method for homolactic acid fermentation
This formula does not cover heterofermentation and other metabolic branches.
Extended reading · OpenStax Organic Chemistry ↗Organic · HydrolysisSucrose hydrolysis
Sucrose hydrolysisC₁₂H₂₂O₁₁ + H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + C₆H₁₂O₆
Applicable situations: Acid or enzyme catalyzed
are glucose and fructose respectively; the same molecular formula does not mean the same structure.
Extended reading · OpenStax Organic Chemistry ↗Organic · HydrolysisMaltose hydrolysis
Maltose hydrolysisC₁₂H₂₂O₁₁ + H₂O → 2C₆H₁₂O₆
Applicable situations: Acid or enzyme catalyzed
Maltose is hydrolyzed to form two glucose molecules.
Extended reading · OpenStax Organic Chemistry ↗Organic · bonusEthylene hydrogenation
Ethylene hydrogenationC₂H₄ + H₂ → C₂H₆
Applicable situations: catalytic hydrogenation
The carbon-carbon double bond is converted into a single bond, and the reaction selectivity requires a combination of the catalyst and substrate structures.
Extended reading · OpenStax Organic Chemistry ↗Organic · bonusPropylene hydrogenation
Propylene hydrogenationC₃H₆ + H₂ → C₃H₈
Applicable situations: catalytic hydrogenation
Hydrogenation of olefins reduces unsaturation.
Extended reading · OpenStax Organic Chemistry ↗Organic · bonusEthylene hydration
Ethylene hydrationC₂H₄ + H₂O ⇌ C₂H₅OH
Applicable situations: catalytic hydration balance
Ethanol generation and reverse dehydration constitute the relevant reaction pathways.
Extended reading · OpenStax Organic Chemistry ↗Organic · eliminateEthanol dehydration
Ethanol dehydrationC₂H₅OH → C₂H₄ + H₂O
Applicable situations: Acid catalytic elimination net formula
Different conditions may favor competing reactions such as etherification.
Extended reading · OpenStax Organic Chemistry ↗Organic · condensationDiethyl ether formation
Diethyl ether formation2C₂H₅OH → C₂H₅OC₂H₅ + H₂O
Applicable situations: intermolecular dehydration pathway
This formula describes the formal relationship of ether formation and does not represent a single selectivity.
Extended reading · OpenStax Organic Chemistry ↗Organic · esterificationEthyl acetate esterification
Ethyl acetate esterificationCH₃COOH + C₂H₅OH ⇌ CH₃COOC₂H₅ + H₂O
Applicable situations: acid catalyzed reversible equilibrium
Carboxylic acid and alcohol produce ester and water, and the equilibrium composition is related to the activity of each component.
Extended reading · OpenStax Organic Chemistry ↗Organic · esterificationMethyl acetate esterification
Methyl acetate esterificationCH₃COOH + CH₃OH ⇌ CH₃COOCH₃ + H₂O
Applicable situations: acid catalyzed reversible equilibrium
Esterification is a reversible process, and the actual reaction rate is affected by catalysis and mass transfer.
Extended reading · OpenStax Organic Chemistry ↗Organic · HydrolysisEthyl acetate saponification
Ethyl acetate saponificationCH₃COOC₂H₅ + NaOH → CH₃COONa + C₂H₅OH
Applicable situations: alkaline aqueous phase
Formation of the carboxylate salt makes the reaction differ from the equilibrium behavior of acid-catalyzed ester hydrolysis.
Extended reading · OpenStax Organic Chemistry ↗Organic · acid-baseAcetic acid neutralization
Acetic acid neutralizationCH₃COOH + NaOH → CH₃COONa + H₂O
Applicable situations: aqueous solution
Acetic acid is a weak acid, and the neutralization curve is affected by dissociation equilibrium.
Extended reading · OpenStax Organic Chemistry ↗Organic · redoxEthanol oxidation to ethanal
Ethanol oxidation to ethanal2C₂H₅OH + O₂ → 2CH₃CHO + 2H₂O
Applicable situations: Selective Oxidation Clean Type
can be further oxidized to generate acetic acid, and the selectivity of the product depends on the reaction system.
Extended reading · OpenStax Organic Chemistry ↗Organic · redoxEthanal oxidation
Ethanal oxidation2CH₃CHO + O₂ → 2CH₃COOH
Applicable situations: oxidation clean type
Aldehyde functional group is converted into carboxylic acid functional group.
Extended reading · OpenStax Organic Chemistry ↗Organic · bonusAcetone reduction
Acetone reductionCH₃COCH₃ + H₂ → CH₃CHOHCH₃
Applicable situations: Catalytic reduction
The ketone carbonyl group is reduced to form a secondary alcohol.
Extended reading · OpenStax Organic Chemistry ↗Organic · bonusEthanal reduction
Ethanal reductionCH₃CHO + H₂ → C₂H₅OH
Applicable situations: Catalytic reduction
The aldehyde carbonyl group is reduced to form a primary alcohol.
Extended reading · OpenStax Organic Chemistry ↗Organic · acid-baseAcetic acid and bicarbonate
Acetic acid and bicarbonateCH₃COOH + NaHCO₃ → CH₃COONa + CO₂ + H₂O
Applicable situations: water phase neutralization
The carbonic acid system releases carbon dioxide, and the acid-base balance drives the net reaction.
Extended reading · OpenStax Organic Chemistry ↗Organic · redoxMethane steam reforming
Methane steam reformingCH₄ + H₂O ⇌ CO + 3H₂
Applicable situations: industrial catalytic balance
is also affected by competitive processes such as water-gas shift and carbon deposition.
Extended reading · OpenStax Organic Chemistry ↗Organic · synthesis
TheMethanol synthesis
Methanol synthesisCO + 2H₂ ⇌ CH₃OH
Applicable situations: catalytic equilibrium system
This is a simplified net formula for producing methanol from syngas, and carbon dioxide can also participate in the actual network.
Extended reading · OpenStax Organic Chemistry ↗Organic · synthesis
TheCarbon dioxide hydrogenation
Carbon dioxide hydrogenationCO₂ + 3H₂ ⇌ CH₃OH + H₂O
Applicable situations: catalytic equilibrium system
reaction is affected by thermodynamic equilibrium and competing side reactions.
Extended reading · OpenStax Organic Chemistry ↗Organic · condensationGlycine condensation
Glycine condensation2C₂H₅NO₂ → C₄H₈N₂O₃ + H₂O
Applicable situations: forms the net formula of glycylglycine
does not mean that free amino acids will spontaneously and efficiently form peptide bonds in ordinary aqueous solutions.
Extended reading · OpenStax Organic Chemistry ↗Organic · HydrolysisUrea hydrolysis
Urea hydrolysisCH₄N₂O + H₂O → 2NH₃ + CO₂
Applicable situations: Simplified general formula of enzyme catalysis
The actual ratio of ammonium ions and bicarbonate in the aqueous phase depends on pH.
Extended reading · OpenStax Organic Chemistry ↗Organic · HydrolysisAcid-catalyzed ester hydrolysis
Acid-catalyzed ester hydrolysisCH₃COOC₂H₅ + H₂O ⇌ CH₃COOH + C₂H₅OH
Applicable situations: acid catalytic equilibrium
and esterification are reverse processes of each other, and the final composition cannot be judged just by the reaction arrow.
Extended reading · OpenStax Organic Chemistry ↗Organic · bonusEthylene bromine addition
Ethylene bromine additionC₂H₄ + Br₂ → C₂H₄Br₂
Applicable situations: General formula for olefin addition
The double bond is converted into a single bond, and the product is o-dibromide; only the structural changes are described here.
Extended reading · OpenStax Organic Chemistry ↗Organic · HydrolysisAcetic anhydride hydrolysis
Acetic anhydride hydrolysisC₄H₆O₃ + H₂O → 2CH₃COOH
Applicable situations: acyl substitution net formula
The acid anhydride reacts with water to generate the corresponding carboxylic acid.
Extended reading · OpenStax Organic Chemistry ↗Organic · acid-baseBenzoic acid neutralization
Benzoic acid neutralizationC₆H₅COOH + NaOH → C₆H₅COONa + H₂O
Applicable situations: Aqueous phase acid-base reaction
Carboxylic acid is converted into carboxylate, solubility and ionization degree change with pH.
Extended reading · OpenStax Organic Chemistry ↗