current index collection 63strips. The reaction description is only used for knowledge query and material relationship understanding.
inorganic · redoxWater formation
Water formation2H₂ + O₂ → 2H₂O
Applicable situations: Energy input can trigger a reaction
Hydrogen is oxidized and oxygen is reduced; the balance coefficient expresses the quantity relationship of substances, not the reaction rate.
Extended reading · OpenStax Chemistry 2e ↗inorganic · ElectrochemistryWater electrolysis
Water electrolysis2H₂O → 2H₂ + O₂
Applicable situations: electrolysis process
The total reaction summarizes hydrogen evolution at the cathode and oxygen evolution at the anode. The actual electrolysis voltage is affected by overpotential and resistance.
Extended reading · OpenStax Chemistry 2e ↗inorganic · decompositionHydrogen peroxide decomposition
Hydrogen peroxide decomposition2H₂O₂ → 2H₂O + O₂
Applicable situations: can be accelerated by catalysis
Oxygen disproportionation occurs in the same reaction; the equation does not represent storage stability.
Extended reading · OpenStax Chemistry 2e ↗inorganic · synthesis
TheAmmonia synthesis
Ammonia synthesisN₂ + 3H₂ ⇌ 2NH₃
Applicable situations: Industrial Catalytic Balance System
The reaction is jointly controlled by temperature, pressure and equilibrium composition, and is the basis for material balance of ammonia synthesis.
The
Extended reading · OpenStax Chemistry 2e ↗inorganic · redoxAmmonia oxidation
Ammonia oxidation4NH₃ + 5O₂ → 4NO + 6H₂O
Applicable situations: catalytic oxidation pathway
This general formula describes a one-step reaction in the nitric acid industry, and the product selectivity depends on the catalytic system.
Extended reading · OpenStax Chemistry 2e ↗inorganic · redoxNitrogen dioxide absorption
Nitrogen dioxide absorption4NO₂ + O₂ + 2H₂O → 4HNO₃
Applicable situations: Total quantitative formula for oxygenated water phase absorption
This is a net material relationship for a multi-step process and cannot be used as a substitute for mass transfer and kinetic models.
The coordinates of
Extended reading · OpenStax Chemistry 2e ↗inorganic · synthesis
TheLime hydration
Lime hydrationCaO + H₂O → Ca(OH)₂
Applicable situations: Hydration
The hydration process releases heat, and the actual process includes solid-liquid contact and heat transfer.
Extended reading · OpenStax Chemistry 2e ↗inorganic · precipitationLime carbonation
Lime carbonationCa(OH)₂ + CO₂ → CaCO₃ + H₂O
Applicable situations: alkaline aqueous phase
The amount of carbon dioxide and the pH of the solution will affect the carbonate and bicarbonate distribution.
Extended reading · OpenStax Chemistry 2e ↗inorganic · BalanceCarbonate dissolution
Carbonate dissolutionCaCO₃ + CO₂ + H₂O ⇌ Ca(HCO₃)₂
Applicable situations: Aqueous phase containing carbon dioxide
This molecular formula expresses the net metering relationship, and the aqueous solution actually contains dissociated ions.
Extended reading · OpenStax Chemistry 2e ↗inorganic · decompositionSodium bicarbonate decomposition
Sodium bicarbonate decomposition2NaHCO₃ → Na₂CO₃ + CO₂ + H₂O
Applicable situations: decomposes when heated
Bicarbonate releases gas and the solid residual composition is related to process conditions.
Extended reading · OpenStax Chemistry 2e ↗inorganic · acid-baseAcid-base neutralization
Acid-base neutralizationHCl + NaOH → NaCl + H₂O
Applicable situations: dilute aqueous solution
The net ionic process of strong acids and strong bases is the formation of water by hydrogen ions and hydroxyl radicals.
Extended reading · OpenStax Chemistry 2e ↗inorganic · acid-baseSulfuric acid neutralization
Sulfuric acid neutralizationH₂SO₄ + 2NaOH → Na₂SO₄ + 2H₂O
Applicable situations: completely neutralized metering
Sulfuric acid has two ionizable protons, and partial neutralization will result in different salt compositions.
Extended reading · OpenStax Chemistry 2e ↗inorganic · acid-basePhosphoric acid neutralization
Phosphoric acid neutralizationH₃PO₄ + 3NaOH → Na₃PO₄ + 3H₂O
Applicable situations: Completely neutralized form metering
Actual aqueous phase distribution of phosphate must combine third-order dissociation equilibrium with pH.
Extended reading · OpenStax Chemistry 2e ↗inorganic · acid-baseAmmonium chloride formation
Ammonium chloride formationNH₃ + HCl → NH₄Cl
Applicable situations: proton transfer
Ammonia accepts a proton to form an ammonium ion, illustrating the connection between Lewis and Brønsted's concepts of acids and bases.
Extended reading · OpenStax Chemistry 2e ↗inorganic · acid-baseCarbonate acid reaction
Carbonate acid reactionNa₂CO₃ + 2HCl → 2NaCl + CO₂ + H₂O
Applicable situations: acidic aqueous phase
The carbonic acid system releases carbon dioxide, and the reaction measurement is related to the alkalinity of the carbonate.
Extended reading · OpenStax Chemistry 2e ↗inorganic · replacementMagnesium acid reaction
Magnesium acid reactionMg + 2HCl → MgCl₂ + H₂
Applicable situations: non-oxidizing acid system
Magnesium oxidation and proton reduction are coupled, and the rate is affected by the surface and solution.
Extended reading · OpenStax Chemistry 2e ↗inorganic · replacementZinc acid reaction
Zinc acid reactionZn + 2HCl → ZnCl₂ + H₂
Applicable situations: non-oxidizing acid system
Metal dissolution and hydrogen evolution are coupled electrode reactions.
Extended reading · OpenStax Chemistry 2e ↗inorganic · precipitationCopper hydroxide precipitation
Copper hydroxide precipitationCuSO₄ + 2NaOH → Cu(OH)₂ + Na₂SO₄
Applicable situations: alkaline aqueous phase
Free copper ion concentration is affected by the balance of complexation and precipitation.
Extended reading · OpenStax Chemistry 2e ↗inorganic · precipitationIron hydroxide precipitation
Iron hydroxide precipitationFeCl₃ + 3NaOH → Fe(OH)₃ + 3NaCl
Applicable situations: alkaline aqueous phase
The actual precipitate may contain hydrated iron oxide with a colloidal structure.
The actual composition of
Extended reading · OpenStax Chemistry 2e ↗inorganic · precipitationMagnesium hydroxide precipitation
Magnesium hydroxide precipitationMgCl₂ + 2NaOH → Mg(OH)₂ + 2NaCl
Applicable situations: alkaline aqueous phase
is used to understand hardness removal and magnesium brine phase chemistry.
Extended reading · OpenStax Chemistry 2e ↗inorganic · precipitationAluminum hydroxide precipitation
Aluminum hydroxide precipitationAlCl₃ + 3NaOH → Al(OH)₃ + 3NaCl
Applicable situations: avoids the form reaction of excessive strong base
Aluminum hydroxide is an amphoteric substance and may continue to dissolve under excessive amounts of strong alkali.
Extended reading · OpenStax Chemistry 2e ↗inorganic · coordinationAluminate formation
Aluminate formationAl(OH)₃ + NaOH → NaAl(OH)₄
Applicable situations: Composition representation of strong alkaline aqueous phase
Aluminum forms hydroxyl complexes; solution species are not represented by just one molecule.
The
Extended reading · OpenStax Chemistry 2e ↗inorganic · decompositionCopper hydroxide decomposition
Copper hydroxide decompositionCu(OH)₂ → CuO + H₂O
Applicable situations: dehydration process
hydroxide dehydrates to form oxides, and the crystal phase properties need to be independently characterized.
Extended reading · OpenStax Chemistry 2e ↗inorganic · acid-baseSodium silicate formation
Sodium silicate formationSiO₂ + 2NaOH → Na₂SiO₃ + H₂O
Applicable situations: formal measurement relationship
silicates are polymerizable in solution, and their structure depends on composition and pH.
Extended reading · OpenStax Chemistry 2e ↗inorganic · decompositionGypsum dehydration
Gypsum dehydrationCaSO₄(H₂O)₂ → CaSO₄ + 2H₂O
Applicable situations: Completely dehydrated final state
Actual dehydration can pass through an intermediate phase such as hemihydrate gypsum.
Extended reading · OpenStax Chemistry 2e ↗inorganic · BalanceChlorine hydrolysis
Chlorine hydrolysisCl₂ + H₂O ⇌ HCl + HClO
Applicable situations: water phase balance
The distribution of available chlorine species changes according to pH, and the disinfection effect cannot be inferred from the general formula alone.
Extended reading · OpenStax Chemistry 2e ↗inorganic · BalanceWater-gas shift
Water-gas shiftCO + H₂O ⇌ CO₂ + H₂
Applicable situations: catalytic gas phase system
is used to adjust the synthesis gas composition, and the temperature and steam composition affect the balanced conversion.
Extended reading · OpenStax Chemistry 2e ↗inorganic · acid-basePotassium hydroxide neutralization
Potassium hydroxide neutralizationKOH + HCl → KCl + H₂O
Applicable situations: dilute aqueous solution
Strong electrolyte reactions need to be accurately balanced based on actual ion activity analysis.
Extended reading · OpenStax Chemistry 2e ↗inorganic · acid-baseLithium carbonate dissolution
Lithium carbonate dissolutionLi₂CO₃ + 2HCl → 2LiCl + CO₂ + H₂O
Applicable situations: acidic aqueous phase
The total quantitative relationship between lithium carbonate and soluble lithium salt.
Extended reading · OpenStax Chemistry 2e ↗Organic · redoxMethane combustion
Methane combustionCH₄ + 2O₂ → CO₂ + 2H₂O
Applicable situations: The ideal final state of complete oxidation
is used for natural gas combustion material balance. Actual combustion also needs to consider incomplete combustion and heat transfer.
Extended reading · OpenStax Organic Chemistry ↗Organic · redoxEthane combustion
Ethane combustion2C₂H₆ + 7O₂ → 4CO₂ + 6H₂O
Applicable situations: completely oxidized
balance coefficient gives the theoretical oxygen demand and product quantity.
Extended reading · OpenStax Organic Chemistry ↗Organic · redoxPropane combustion
Propane combustionC₃H₈ + 5O₂ → 3CO₂ + 4H₂O
Applicable situations: completely oxidized
The stoichiometric air volume must also be converted according to the oxygen content of the air.
Extended reading · OpenStax Organic Chemistry ↗Organic · redoxEthanol combustion
Ethanol combustionC₂H₅OH + 3O₂ → 2CO₂ + 3H₂O
Applicable situations: completely oxidized
The reaction enthalpy must indicate the phase state of ethanol and water.
Extended reading · OpenStax Organic Chemistry ↗Organic · redoxMethanol combustion
Methanol combustion2CH₃OH + 3O₂ → 2CO₂ + 4H₂O
Applicable situations: completely oxidized
The oxygen in methanol has participated in the molecular composition, and the theoretical oxygen demand is different from that of hydrocarbons.
Extended reading · OpenStax Organic Chemistry ↗Organic · Biochemistry
TheGlucose respiration
Glucose respirationC₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O
Applicable situations: Total cell metabolism count
Real Breathing consists of multi-step enzymatic reactions and energy coupling processes.
Extended reading · OpenStax Organic Chemistry ↗Organic · Biochemistry
ThePhotosynthesis
Photosynthesis6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
Applicable situations: Light energy driven simplified clean type
This formula is a simplified representation of the carbon fixed net meter and does not represent the true source path of oxygen atoms.
Extended reading · OpenStax Organic Chemistry ↗Organic · Biochemistry
TheAlcoholic fermentation
Alcoholic fermentationC₆H₁₂O₆ → 2C₂H₅OH + 2CO₂
Applicable situations: enzymatic metabolism pure formula
Actual fermentation will also generate biomass and by-products, and the yield relationship needs to be added.
Extended reading · OpenStax Organic Chemistry ↗Organic · Biochemistry
TheLactic acid fermentation
Lactic acid fermentationC₆H₁₂O₆ → 2C₃H₆O₃
Applicable situations: Ideal clean method for homolactic acid fermentation
This formula does not cover heterofermentation and other metabolic branches.
Extended reading · OpenStax Organic Chemistry ↗Organic · HydrolysisSucrose hydrolysis
Sucrose hydrolysisC₁₂H₂₂O₁₁ + H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + C₆H₁₂O₆
Applicable situations: Acid or enzyme catalyzed
are glucose and fructose respectively; the same molecular formula does not mean the same structure.
Extended reading · OpenStax Organic Chemistry ↗Organic · HydrolysisMaltose hydrolysis
Maltose hydrolysisC₁₂H₂₂O₁₁ + H₂O → 2C₆H₁₂O₆
Applicable situations: Acid or enzyme catalyzed
Maltose is hydrolyzed to form two glucose molecules.
Extended reading · OpenStax Organic Chemistry ↗Organic · bonusEthylene hydrogenation
Ethylene hydrogenationC₂H₄ + H₂ → C₂H₆
Applicable situations: catalytic hydrogenation
The carbon-carbon double bond is converted into a single bond, and the reaction selectivity requires a combination of the catalyst and substrate structures.
Extended reading · OpenStax Organic Chemistry ↗Organic · bonusPropylene hydrogenation
Propylene hydrogenationC₃H₆ + H₂ → C₃H₈
Applicable situations: catalytic hydrogenation
Hydrogenation of olefins reduces unsaturation.
Extended reading · OpenStax Organic Chemistry ↗Organic · bonusEthylene hydration
Ethylene hydrationC₂H₄ + H₂O ⇌ C₂H₅OH
Applicable situations: catalytic hydration balance
Ethanol generation and reverse dehydration constitute the relevant reaction pathways.
Extended reading · OpenStax Organic Chemistry ↗Organic · eliminateEthanol dehydration
Ethanol dehydrationC₂H₅OH → C₂H₄ + H₂O
Applicable situations: Acid catalytic elimination net formula
Different conditions may favor competing reactions such as etherification.
Extended reading · OpenStax Organic Chemistry ↗Organic · condensationDiethyl ether formation
Diethyl ether formation2C₂H₅OH → C₂H₅OC₂H₅ + H₂O
Applicable situations: intermolecular dehydration pathway
This formula describes the formal relationship of ether formation and does not represent a single selectivity.
Extended reading · OpenStax Organic Chemistry ↗Organic · esterificationEthyl acetate esterification
Ethyl acetate esterificationCH₃COOH + C₂H₅OH ⇌ CH₃COOC₂H₅ + H₂O
Applicable situations: acid catalyzed reversible equilibrium
Carboxylic acid and alcohol produce ester and water, and the equilibrium composition is related to the activity of each component.
Extended reading · OpenStax Organic Chemistry ↗Organic · esterificationMethyl acetate esterification
Methyl acetate esterificationCH₃COOH + CH₃OH ⇌ CH₃COOCH₃ + H₂O
Applicable situations: acid catalyzed reversible equilibrium
Esterification is a reversible process, and the actual reaction rate is affected by catalysis and mass transfer.
Extended reading · OpenStax Organic Chemistry ↗Organic · HydrolysisEthyl acetate saponification
Ethyl acetate saponificationCH₃COOC₂H₅ + NaOH → CH₃COONa + C₂H₅OH
Applicable situations: alkaline aqueous phase
Formation of the carboxylate salt makes the reaction differ from the equilibrium behavior of acid-catalyzed ester hydrolysis.
Extended reading · OpenStax Organic Chemistry ↗Organic · acid-baseAcetic acid neutralization
Acetic acid neutralizationCH₃COOH + NaOH → CH₃COONa + H₂O
Applicable situations: aqueous solution
Acetic acid is a weak acid, and the neutralization curve is affected by dissociation equilibrium.
Extended reading · OpenStax Organic Chemistry ↗Organic · redoxEthanol oxidation to ethanal
Ethanol oxidation to ethanal2C₂H₅OH + O₂ → 2CH₃CHO + 2H₂O
Applicable situations: Selective Oxidation Clean Type
can be further oxidized to generate acetic acid, and the selectivity of the product depends on the reaction system.
Extended reading · OpenStax Organic Chemistry ↗Organic · redoxEthanal oxidation
Ethanal oxidation2CH₃CHO + O₂ → 2CH₃COOH
Applicable situations: oxidation clean type
Aldehyde functional group is converted into carboxylic acid functional group.
Extended reading · OpenStax Organic Chemistry ↗Organic · bonusAcetone reduction
Acetone reductionCH₃COCH₃ + H₂ → CH₃CHOHCH₃
Applicable situations: Catalytic reduction
The ketone carbonyl group is reduced to form a secondary alcohol.
Extended reading · OpenStax Organic Chemistry ↗Organic · bonusEthanal reduction
Ethanal reductionCH₃CHO + H₂ → C₂H₅OH
Applicable situations: Catalytic reduction
The aldehyde carbonyl group is reduced to form a primary alcohol.
Extended reading · OpenStax Organic Chemistry ↗Organic · acid-baseAcetic acid and bicarbonate
Acetic acid and bicarbonateCH₃COOH + NaHCO₃ → CH₃COONa + CO₂ + H₂O
Applicable situations: water phase neutralization
The carbonic acid system releases carbon dioxide, and the acid-base balance drives the net reaction.
Extended reading · OpenStax Organic Chemistry ↗Organic · redoxMethane steam reforming
Methane steam reformingCH₄ + H₂O ⇌ CO + 3H₂
Applicable situations: industrial catalytic balance
is also affected by competitive processes such as water-gas shift and carbon deposition.
Extended reading · OpenStax Organic Chemistry ↗Organic · synthesis
TheMethanol synthesis
Methanol synthesisCO + 2H₂ ⇌ CH₃OH
Applicable situations: catalytic equilibrium system
This is a simplified net formula for producing methanol from syngas, and carbon dioxide can also participate in the actual network.
Extended reading · OpenStax Organic Chemistry ↗Organic · synthesis
TheCarbon dioxide hydrogenation
Carbon dioxide hydrogenationCO₂ + 3H₂ ⇌ CH₃OH + H₂O
Applicable situations: catalytic equilibrium system
reaction is affected by thermodynamic equilibrium and competing side reactions.
Extended reading · OpenStax Organic Chemistry ↗Organic · condensationGlycine condensation
Glycine condensation2C₂H₅NO₂ → C₄H₈N₂O₃ + H₂O
Applicable situations: forms the net formula of glycylglycine
does not mean that free amino acids will spontaneously and efficiently form peptide bonds in ordinary aqueous solutions.
Extended reading · OpenStax Organic Chemistry ↗Organic · HydrolysisUrea hydrolysis
Urea hydrolysisCH₄N₂O + H₂O → 2NH₃ + CO₂
Applicable situations: Simplified general formula of enzyme catalysis
The actual ratio of ammonium ions and bicarbonate in the aqueous phase depends on pH.
Extended reading · OpenStax Organic Chemistry ↗Organic · HydrolysisAcid-catalyzed ester hydrolysis
Acid-catalyzed ester hydrolysisCH₃COOC₂H₅ + H₂O ⇌ CH₃COOH + C₂H₅OH
Applicable situations: acid catalytic equilibrium
and esterification are reverse processes of each other, and the final composition cannot be judged just by the reaction arrow.
Extended reading · OpenStax Organic Chemistry ↗Organic · bonusEthylene bromine addition
Ethylene bromine additionC₂H₄ + Br₂ → C₂H₄Br₂
Applicable situations: General formula for olefin addition
The double bond is converted into a single bond, and the product is o-dibromide; only the structural changes are described here.
Extended reading · OpenStax Organic Chemistry ↗Organic · HydrolysisAcetic anhydride hydrolysis
Acetic anhydride hydrolysisC₄H₆O₃ + H₂O → 2CH₃COOH
Applicable situations: acyl substitution net formula
The acid anhydride reacts with water to generate the corresponding carboxylic acid.
Extended reading · OpenStax Organic Chemistry ↗Organic · acid-baseBenzoic acid neutralization
Benzoic acid neutralizationC₆H₅COOH + NaOH → C₆H₅COONa + H₂O
Applicable situations: Aqueous phase acid-base reaction
Carboxylic acid is converted into carboxylate, solubility and ionization degree change with pH.
Extended reading · OpenStax Organic Chemistry ↗