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Materials & Crystals分子动力学分子动力学（MD）是一种分析原子和分子物理运动的计算机模拟方法。原子和分子可以在固定的时间内相互作用，从而可以看到系统的动态“演化”。在最常见的版本中，原子和分子的轨迹是通过数值求解相互作用粒子系统的牛顿运动方程来确定的，其中粒子之间的力及其势能通常使用原子间势或分子机械力场来计算。 MD模拟广泛应用于化学物理、材料科学和生物物理学。由于分子系统通常由大量粒子组成，因此不可能通过分析确定此类复杂系统的性质； MD模拟通过使用数值方法来规避这个问题。
Molecular dynamics (MD) is a computer simulation method for analyzing the physical movements of atoms and molecules. The atoms and molecules are allowed to interact for a fixed period of time, giving a view of the dynamic "evolution" of the system. In the most common version, the trajectories of atoms and molecules are determined by numerically solving Newton's equations of motion for a system of interacting particles, where forces between the particles and their potential energies are often calculated using interatomic potentials or molecular mechanical force fields. MD simulations are widely applied in chemical physics, materials science, and biophysics. Because molecular systems typically consist of a vast number of particles, it is impossible to determine the properties of such complex systems analytically; MD simulation circumvents this problem by using numerical methods.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 势能面，表示某一微观体系的势能和相关参数（通常为原子坐标）之间的函数关系，是势能函数的图像。势能面用一个或更多的坐标去表示，当用一个坐标去表示时，势能面通常被称为“势能曲线”。 势能面概念被用在物理以及化学领域, 尤其是它们的理论研究分支。 势能面可以被用来从理论层面理解由原子组成的物质的性质, 例如：搜寻分子的最低能量构形或者计算化学反应速率。 势能面类似于对地形的描述：对于一个有两个自由度的体系（例如：一个键长、一个键角），体系的势能可以类比为地形的高度，两个自由度可以类比为描述某位置的坐标。通过这样的描述，体系势能随坐标的变化可以很直观地被表示出来。 体系总势能与原子在空间的排布有关，是原子坐标等参数的函数，可以用一条曲线或一个多维表面表示。狭义的讲，将参数多于一个的势能图像叫做“(超)势能面”，而一维势能函数的图像称为“势能曲线”。势能面的多项式表面形式与它们在势能理论里的应用，有着自然的对应关系，而这种关系牵涉到对这些表面相互之间的调和函数。
A potential energy surface (PES) or energy landscape describes the energy of a system, especially a collection of atoms, in terms of certain parameters, normally the positions of the atoms. The surface might define the energy as a function of one or more coordinates; if there is only one coordinate, the surface is called a potential energy curve or energy profile. An example is the Morse/Long-range potential. It is helpful to use the analogy of a landscape: for a system with two degrees of freedom (e.g. two bond lengths), the value of the energy (analogy: the height of the land) is a function of two bond lengths (analogy: the coordinates of the position on the ground). The PES concept finds application in fields such as physics, chemistry and biochemistry, especially in the theoretical sub-branches of these subjects.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements.
View content license ↗ 物质的体积模量（ K {\displaystyle K} 或 B {\displaystyle B} 或 k {\displaystyle k} ）是物质抵抗体积压缩的能力的量度。它被定义为无限小的压力增加与由此产生的相对体积减少的比率。其他模量描述材料对其他类型应力的响应（应变）：剪切模量描述对剪切应力的响应，杨氏模量描述对法向（纵向拉伸）应力的响应。对于流体来说，只有体积模量才有意义。对于复杂的各向异性固体（例如木材或纸张），这三个模量不包含足够的信息来描述其行为，必须使用完整的广义胡克定律。固定温度下体积模量的倒数称为等温压缩率。
The bulk modulus ( K {\displaystyle K} or B {\displaystyle B} or k {\displaystyle k} ) of a substance is a measure of the resistance of a substance to bulk compression. It is defined as the ratio of the infinitesimal pressure increase to the resulting relative decrease of the volume. Other moduli describe the material's response (strain) to other kinds of stress: the shear modulus describes the response to shear stress and Young's modulus describes the response to normal (lengthwise stretching) stress. For a fluid, only the bulk modulus is meaningful. For a complex anisotropic solid such as wood or paper, these three moduli do not contain enough information to describe its behaviour, and one must use the full generalized Hooke's law. The reciprocal of the bulk modulus at fixed temperature is called the isothermal compressibility.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 在固体力学中，剪切模量或刚性模量，用 G（有时用 S 或 μ）表示，是材料弹性剪切刚度的量度，定义为剪切应力与剪切应变之比： G := τ x y γ x y = F A Δ x l...
In solid mechanics, the shear modulus or modulus of rigidity, denoted by G, or sometimes S or μ, is a measure of the elastic shear stiffness of a material and is defined as the ratio of shear stress to shear strain: G := τ x y γ x y = F A Δ x l...
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 热膨胀是物质尺寸随着温度升高而增大的趋势。随着温度的升高（通常不包括相变），物质的长度、面积和体积通常会增加，从而改变其尺寸和密度。物质通常随着温度降低而收缩，这称为热收缩。热膨胀的 SI 单位是开尔文倒数 (K−1)。温度是体内分子平均动能的量度。分子运动得越快，身体的温度就越高。具体来说，它是物质平均分子动能的单调函数。随着粒子能量的增加，它们开始移动得越来越快，削弱了它们之间的分子间力，从而使物质膨胀。
Thermal expansion is the tendency of matter to increase in size with increasing temperature. Matter generally increases in length, area, and volume, changing its size and density, in response to an increase in temperature (usually excluding phase transitions). Substances usually contract with decreasing temperature which is called thermal contraction. The SI unit of thermal expansion is the inverse kelvin (K−1). Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the molecules in a body. The faster the molecules are moving, the higher that body's temperature is. Specifically, it is a monotonic function of the average molecular kinetic energy of a substance. As the energy in the particles increases, they start moving faster and faster, weakening the intermolecular forces between them and therefore expanding the substance.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 孔隙率或空隙率是材料中空隙（即“空的”）空间的量度，并且是空隙体积占总体积的分数，介于 0 和 1 之间，或者作为介于 0% 和 100% 之间的百分比。严格来说，一些测试测量“可进入的空隙”，即从表面可进入的空隙空间的总量（参见闭孔泡沫）。有很多方法可以测试物质或零件的孔隙率，例如工业 CT 扫描。术语“孔隙度”用于多个领域，包括制药、陶瓷、冶金、材料、制造、岩石物理学、水文学、地球科学、土壤力学、岩石力学和工程学。
Porosity or void fraction is a measure of the void (i.e. "empty") spaces in a material, and is a fraction of the volume of voids over the total volume, between 0 and 1, or as a percentage between 0% and 100%. Strictly speaking, some tests measure the "accessible void", the total amount of void space accessible from the surface (cf. closed-cell foam). There are many ways to test porosity in a substance or part, such as industrial CT scanning. The term porosity is used in multiple fields including pharmaceutics, ceramics, metallurgy, materials, manufacturing, petrophysics, hydrology, earth sciences, soil mechanics, rock mechanics, and engineering.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 居里点（英语：Curie point），又作居里温度（Curie temperature，Tc）或磁性转变点。是指磁性材料中自发磁化强度降到零时的温度，是铁磁性或亚铁磁性物质转变成顺磁性物质的临界点。低于居里点温度时该物质成为铁磁体，此时和材料有关的磁场很难改变。当温度高于居里点时，该物质成为顺磁体，磁体的磁场很容易随周围磁场的改变而改变。这时的磁敏感度约为10−6。居里点由物质的化学成分和晶体结构决定。居里温度是以皮埃尔·居里命名的，他表明在临界温度以上磁性材料会失去磁性。 居里点的温度可以用平均场理论估计。
In physics and materials science, the Curie temperature (TC), or Curie point, is the temperature above which certain materials lose their permanent magnetic properties, which can (in most cases) be replaced by induced magnetism. The Curie temperature is named after Pierre Curie, who showed that magnetism is lost at a critical temperature. The force of magnetism is determined by the magnetic moment, a dipole moment within an atom that originates from the angular momentum and spin of electrons. Materials have different structures of intrinsic magnetic moments that depend on temperature; the Curie temperature is the critical point at which a material's intrinsic magnetic moments change direction. Permanent magnetism is caused by the alignment of magnetic moments, and induced magnetism is created when disordered magnetic moments are forced to align in an applied magnetic field.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements.
View content license ↗ 在材料科学中，硬度（反义词：柔软度）是对局部塑性变形的抵抗力的量度，例如通过按压或磨损机械引起的压痕（在某个区域上）或划痕（线性）。一般来说，不同材质的硬度不同；例如，钛和铍等硬金属比钠和金属锡等软金属或木材和普通塑料更硬。宏观硬度一般以较强的分子间键为特征，但固体材料在受力作用下的行为却很复杂；因此，硬度可以通过不同的方式测量，例如划痕硬度、压痕硬度和回弹硬度。硬度取决于延展性、弹性刚度、塑性、应变、强度、韧性、粘弹性和粘度。
In materials science, hardness (antonym: softness) is a measure of the resistance to localized plastic deformation, such as an indentation (over an area) or a scratch (linear), induced mechanically either by pressing or abrasion. In general, different materials differ in their hardness; for example hard metals such as titanium and beryllium are harder than soft metals such as sodium and metallic tin, or wood and common plastics. Macroscopic hardness is generally characterized by strong intermolecular bonds, but the behavior of solid materials under force is complex; therefore, hardness can be measured in different ways, such as scratch hardness, indentation hardness, and rebound hardness. Hardness is dependent on ductility, elastic stiffness, plasticity, strain, strength, toughness, viscoelasticity, and viscosity.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 在材料科学中，断裂韧性是尖锐裂纹的临界应力强度因子，其中裂纹的扩展突然变得快速且无限。它是一种材料特性，可量化其在施加应力下抵抗裂纹扩展和失效的能力。部件的厚度会影响裂纹尖端的约束条件，薄部件具有平面应力条件，导致延性行为，厚部件具有平面应变条件，其中约束增加，导致脆性破坏。平面应变条件给出最低的断裂韧性值，这是一种材料特性。在平面应变条件下测得的 I 型加载应力强度因子的临界值称为平面应变断裂韧性，记为 K Ic {\displaystyle K_{\text{Ic}}} 。
In materials science, fracture toughness is the critical stress intensity factor of a sharp crack where propagation of the crack suddenly becomes rapid and unlimited. It is a material property that quantifies its ability to resist crack propagation and failure under applied stress. A component's thickness affects the constraint conditions at the tip of a crack with thin components having plane stress conditions, leading to ductile behavior and thick components having plane strain conditions, where the constraint increases, leading to brittle failure. Plane strain conditions give the lowest fracture toughness value which is a material property. The critical value of stress intensity factor in mode I loading measured under plane strain conditions is known as the plane strain fracture toughness, denoted K Ic {\displaystyle K_{\text{Ic}}} .
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 再现性与可重复性和可重复性密切相关，是支撑科学方法的主要原则。研究结果的可重复性意味着，当研究被重复时，通过实验或观察性研究或数据集统计分析获得的结果应该再次获得高度的可靠性。复制有不同类型，但复制研究通常涉及使用相同方法的不同研究人员。只有在一次或多次成功复制之后，结果才能被视为科学知识。
Reproducibility, closely related to replicability and repeatability, is a major principle underpinning the scientific method. For the findings of a study to be reproducible means that results obtained by an experiment or an observational study or in a statistical analysis of a data set should be achieved again with a high degree of reliability when the study is replicated. There are different kinds of replication but typically replication studies involve different researchers using the same methodology. Only after one or several such successful replications should a result be recognized as scientific knowledge.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ Bigoni-Piccolroaz 屈服准则是一种基于现象学方法的屈服模型，能够描述多种压敏颗粒材料（例如土壤、混凝土、多孔金属和陶瓷）的机械行为。
The Bigoni–Piccolroaz yield criterion is a yielding model, based on a phenomenological approach, capable of describing the mechanical behavior of a broad class of pressure-sensitive granular materials such as soil, concrete, porous metals and ceramics.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 生物陶瓷和生物玻璃是具有生物相容性的陶瓷材料。生物陶瓷是生物材料的重要子集。生物陶瓷的生物相容性范围从陶瓷氧化物（在体内呈惰性）到另一个极端的可吸收材料（在辅助修复后最终被人体取代）。生物陶瓷用于多种类型的医疗程序。生物陶瓷通常用作外科植入物中的刚性材料，尽管有些生物陶瓷是柔性的。使用的陶瓷材料与瓷质陶瓷材料不一样。相反，生物陶瓷要么与人体自身的材料密切相关，要么是极其耐用的混合金属氧化物。
Bioceramics and bioglasses are ceramic materials that are biocompatible. Bioceramics are an important subset of biomaterials. Bioceramics range in biocompatibility from the ceramic oxides, which are inert in the body, to the other extreme of resorbable materials, which are eventually replaced by the body after they have assisted repair. Bioceramics are used in many types of medical procedures. Bioceramics are typically used as rigid materials in surgical implants, though some bioceramics are flexible. The ceramic materials used are not the same as porcelain type ceramic materials. Rather, bioceramics are closely related to either the body's own materials or are extremely durable mixed metal oxides.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 可生物降解镁植入物（也称为可生物吸收镁植入物、可吸收镁植入物或可降解镁植入物）是由镁及其合金制成的临时外科植入物，在骨愈合期间和之后逐渐溶解在人体的生理环境中。与由钛或不锈钢制成的传统永久植入物不同，生物可吸收装置设计为在骨头愈合后降解，从而无需进行二次手术切除程序。镁是人体内第四丰富的阳离子，也是骨矿物质的重要组成部分，有助于其固有的生物相容性。
Biodegradable magnesium implants (also referred to as bioabsorbable magnesium implants, resorbable magnesium implants, or degradable magnesium implants) are temporary surgical implants fabricated from magnesium and its alloys that gradually dissolve within the body's physiological environment during and after bone healing. Unlike conventional permanent implants made from titanium or stainless steel, a bioabsorbable device is designed to degrade once the bone has healed, eliminating the need for a secondary surgical removal procedure. Magnesium is the fourth most abundant cation in the human body and an essential component of bone mineral, contributing to its inherent biocompatibility.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 与其他金属相比，铋和铟元素的熔点相对较低，它们的合金铋-铟 (Bi-In) 被归类为易熔合金。它的熔点低于锡铅合金的共晶点。 Bi-In 合金最常见的应用是作为低温焊料，除了铋和铟之外，还含有铅、镉和锡。
The elements bismuth and indium have relatively low melting points when compared to other metals, and their alloy bismuth–indium (Bi–In) is classified as a fusible alloy. It has a melting point lower than the eutectic point of the tin–lead alloy. The most common application of the Bi-In alloy is as a low temperature solder, which can also contain, besides bismuth and indium, lead, cadmium, and tin.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 发泡剂是一种能够通过发泡过程在各种经历硬化或相变的材料（例如聚合物、塑料和金属）中产生多孔结构的物质。它们通常在吹制材料处于液态时应用。基质中的多孔结构降低了密度，增加了隔热和隔音效果，同时增加了原始聚合物的相对刚度。发泡剂（也称为“致气剂”）或在生产多孔材料的基质中产生孔洞的相关机制分类如下：物理发泡剂包括 CFC（但是，这些是臭氧消耗剂，被 1987 年《蒙特利尔议定书》禁止）、HCFC（取代了 CFC，但仍然是臭氧消耗剂，因此被逐步淘汰）、碳氢化合物（例如戊烷、异戊烷、环戊烷）和液态二氧化碳。
A blowing agent is a substance which is capable of producing a cellular structure via a foaming process in a variety of materials that undergo hardening or phase transition, such as polymers, plastics, and metals. They are typically applied when the blown material is in a liquid stage. The cellular structure in a matrix reduces density, increasing thermal and acoustic insulation, while increasing relative stiffness of the original polymer. Blowing agents (also known as 'pneumatogens') or related mechanisms to create holes in a matrix producing cellular materials, have been classified as follows: Physical blowing agents include CFCs (however, these are ozone depletants, banned by the Montreal Protocol of 1987), HCFCs (replaced CFCs, but are still ozone depletants, therefore being phased out), hydrocarbons (e.g. pentane, isopentane, cyclopentane), and liquid CO2.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 在结构工程中，Bouc-Wen 迟滞模型是通常用于描述非线性迟滞系统的迟滞模型。它由 Robert Bouc 提出，并由 Yi-Kwei Wen 扩展，他通过产生各种迟滞模式展示了其多功能性。该模型能够以分析形式捕获与多种滞后系统的行为相匹配的一系列滞后循环形状。由于其多功能性和数学上的易处理性，Bouc-Wen 模型受到了欢迎。它已扩展并应用于各种工程问题，包括多自由度 (MDOF) 系统、建筑物、框架、迟滞系统的双向和扭转响应、二维和三维连续体、土壤液化和基础隔离系统。
In structural engineering, the Bouc–Wen model of hysteresis is a hysteretic model typically employed to describe non-linear hysteretic systems. It was introduced by Robert Bouc and extended by Yi-Kwei Wen, who demonstrated its versatility by producing a variety of hysteretic patterns. This model is able to capture, in analytical form, a range of hysteretic cycle shapes matching the behaviour of a wide class of hysteretical systems. Due to its versatility and mathematical tractability, the Bouc–Wen model has gained popularity. It has been extended and applied to a wide variety of engineering problems, including multi-degree-of-freedom (MDOF) systems, buildings, frames, bidirectional and torsional response of hysteretic systems, two- and three-dimensional continua, soil liquefaction and base isolation systems.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 在数学中，有界变形函数是一种其分布导数表现不佳的函数，不足以被视为有界变分函数，尽管导数矩阵的对称部分确实满足该条件。有界变形函数被认为是弹塑性体的变形，在材料的数学研究中发挥着重要作用，例如。脆性裂纹演化的 Francfort-Marigo 模型。更准确地说，给定 Rn 的开子集 Ω，如果 u 的对称梯度 ε(u)， ε ( u ) = ∇ u + ∇ u ⊤ 2 {\displaystyle \varepsilon (u)={\frac {\nabla u+\nabla u^{\top }}{2}}} 是有界、对称的 n × n 矩阵值氡测量。
In mathematics, a function of bounded deformation is a function whose distributional derivatives are not quite well-behaved-enough to qualify as functions of bounded variation, although the symmetric part of the derivative matrix does meet that condition. Thought of as deformations of elasto-plastic bodies, functions of bounded deformation play a major role in the mathematical study of materials, e.g. the Francfort-Marigo model of brittle crack evolution. More precisely, given an open subset Ω of Rn, a function u : Ω → Rn is said to be of bounded deformation if the symmetrized gradient ε(u) of u, ε ( u ) = ∇ u + ∇ u ⊤ 2 {\displaystyle \varepsilon (u)={\frac {\nabla u+\nabla u^{\top }}{2}}} is a bounded, symmetric n × n matrix-valued Radon measure.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 吸附的突破曲线是固定床吸附器出口处的流出物吸附浓度的过程。突破曲线对于吸附分离技术和多孔材料的表征非常重要。
A breakthrough curve in adsorption is the course of the effluent adsorptive concentration at the outlet of a fixed bed adsorber. Breakthrough curves are important for adsorptive separation technologies and for the characterization of porous materials.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 布鲁斯特角显微镜 (BAM) 是一种用于研究液体表面薄膜（最典型的是朗缪尔薄膜）的显微镜。在布鲁斯特角显微镜中，显微镜和偏振光源都以液体的布鲁斯特角瞄准液体表面，这样显微镜就可以捕获从光源通过液体表面反射的任何光的图像。由于当两者都以布鲁斯特角朝向纯液体时，不存在来自纯液体的 p 偏振反射，因此仅当某些其他现象（例如表面膜）影响液体表面时，光才会被反射。该技术于 1991 年首次引入。
A Brewster angle microscope (BAM) is a microscope for studying thin films on liquid surfaces, most typically Langmuir films. In a Brewster angle microscope, both the microscope and a polarized light source are aimed towards a liquid surface at that liquid's Brewster angle, in such a way for the microscope to catch an image of any light reflected from the light source via the liquid surface. Because there is no p-polarized reflection from the pure liquid when both are angled towards it at the Brewster angle, light is only reflected when some other phenomenon such as a surface film affects the liquid surface. The technique was first introduced in 1991.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 气泡筏是气泡的阵列。它通过模拟密排晶体的 {111} 平面来展示材料的微观结构和原子长度尺度行为。材料的可观察和可测量的机械性能很大程度上取决于其原子和微观结构配置和特性。这一事实在连续介质力学中被故意忽略，连续介质力学假设材料没有底层微观结构，并且始终是均匀且半无限的。气泡筏通常在两亲性肥皂的帮助下在水面上聚集气泡。这些聚集的气泡就像原子一样，以模拟密排晶体 {111} 平面行为的方式进行扩散、滑移、成熟、应变和其他变形。
A bubble raft is an array of bubbles. It demonstrates materials' microstructural and atomic length-scale behavior by modelling the {111} plane of a close-packed crystal. A material's observable and measurable mechanical properties strongly depend on its atomic and microstructural configuration and characteristics. This fact is intentionally ignored in continuum mechanics, which assumes a material to have no underlying microstructure and be uniform and semi-infinite throughout. Bubble rafts assemble bubbles on a water surface, often with the help of amphiphilic soaps. These assembled bubbles act like atoms, diffusing, slipping, ripening, straining, and otherwise deforming in a way that models the behavior of the {111} plane of a close-packed crystal.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 碳纤维测试是研究人员用来表征碳纤维特性的一组各种不同的测试。测试结果用于帮助制造商和开发商做出选择和设计材料复合材料、制造工艺的决策，并确保安全性和完整性。安全关键的碳纤维部件，例如机器、车辆、飞机或建筑元件中的结构部件，需要接受测试。
Carbon fiber testing is a set of various different tests that researchers use to characterize the properties of carbon fiber. The results for the testing are used to aid the manufacturer and developers decisions selecting and designing material composites, manufacturing processes and for ensured safety and integrity. Safety-critical carbon fiber components, such as structural parts in machines, vehicles, aircraft or architectural elements are subject to testing.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 陶瓷学是陶瓷微观结构制备、检查和评估的艺术和科学。陶瓷学可以被认为是陶瓷的金相学。微观结构是约0.1至100μm的结构水平，介于可见光的最小波长和肉眼的分辨率极限之间。显微组织包括大部分晶粒、第二相、晶界、气孔、微裂纹和硬度微压痕。大多数整体机械、光学、热学、电学和磁学性能都受到微观结构的显着影响。制造方法和工艺条件一般由显微组织来表示。许多陶瓷失效的根本原因在微观结构中是显而易见的。
Ceramography is the art and science of preparation, examination and evaluation of ceramic microstructures. Ceramography can be thought of as the metallography of ceramics. The microstructure is the structure level of approximately 0.1 to 100 μm, between the minimum wavelength of visible light and the resolution limit of the naked eye. The microstructure includes most grains, secondary phases, grain boundaries, pores, micro-cracks and hardness microindentations. Most bulk mechanical, optical, thermal, electrical and magnetic properties are significantly affected by the microstructure. The fabrication method and process conditions are generally indicated by the microstructure. The root cause of many ceramic failures is evident in the microstructure.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 断裂力学中的特征能量长度尺度 χ {\displaystyle \chi } 描述了能量流向快速移动裂纹的区域的大小。长度尺度尺寸与施加应力的平方成比例减小。如果尺寸减小到裂纹尖端超弹性区的数量级，则局部波速可以主导裂纹动力学。这可能导致超音速断裂或断裂传播速度降低，具体取决于材料是否经历超弹性硬化或软化。
The characteristic energy length scale χ {\displaystyle \chi } in fracture mechanics describes the size of the region from which energy flows to a rapidly moving crack. The length scale size decreases proportionally to the square of applied stress. If size decreases to the order of magnitude of a hyperelastic zone at the crack tip, local wave speeds can dominate crack dynamics. This can lead to supersonic fracture or to a reduction in fracture propagation speed, depending on whether the material undergoes hyperelastic stiffening or softening, respectively.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 化学浴沉积，也称为化学溶液沉积和 CBD，是一种使用前体水溶液进行薄膜沉积（由溶液或气体形成固体）的方法。化学浴沉积通常使用异相成核（将水性离子沉积或吸附到固体基材上）来形成薄膜，以形成金属硫族化物（主要是氧化物、硫化物和硒化物）和许多不太常见的离子化合物的均匀薄膜。化学浴沉积可以可靠地生产薄膜，工艺简单，基础设施很少，温度较低（<100 ℃），成本较低。此外，化学浴沉积可用于大面积批量处理或连续沉积。
Chemical bath deposition, also called chemical solution deposition and CBD, is a method of thin-film deposition (solids forming from a solution or gas), using an aqueous precursor solution. Chemical bath deposition typically forms films using heterogeneous nucleation (deposition or adsorption of aqueous ions onto a solid substrate), to form homogeneous thin films of metal chalcogenides (mostly oxides, sulfides, and selenides) and many less common ionic compounds. Chemical bath deposition produces films reliably, using a simple process with little infrastructure, at low temperature (<100 ˚C), and at low cost. Furthermore, chemical bath deposition can be employed for large-area batch processing or continuous deposition.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 化学传感器阵列是一种具有多个传感器组件的传感器架构，可根据各个传感器组件的附加响应创建分析物检测模式。存在多种类型的化学传感器阵列，包括电子、光学、声波和电位装置。这些化学传感器阵列可以采用多种传感器类型，这些传感器类型具有交叉反应性或可调谐以感测特定分析物。
A chemical sensor array is a sensor architecture with multiple sensor components that create a pattern for analyte detection from the additive responses of individual sensor components. There exist several types of chemical sensor arrays including electronic, optical, acoustic wave, and potentiometric devices. These chemical sensor arrays can employ multiple sensor types that are cross-reactive or tuned to sense specific analytes.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 相干衍射成像 (CDI) 是一种计算显微镜方法，无需使用镜头即可根据相干衍射图案重建图像。 1999 年，Miao 及其合作者使用同步加速器 X 射线和迭代相位检索首次通过实验证明了这一点。 CDI 已应用于纳米管、纳米晶体、多孔纳米晶体层、缺陷、潜在蛋白质等图像结构。在 CDI 中，高度相干的 X 射线、电子或其他波状粒子或光子束入射到物体上。物体散射的光束在下游产生衍射图案，然后由检测器收集。然后使用记录的模式通过迭代反馈算法重建图像。
Coherent diffractive imaging (CDI) is a computational microscopy method that reconstructs images from coherent diffraction patterns without the use of lenses. It was first experimentally demonstrated in 1999 by Miao and collaborators using synchrotron X-rays and iterative phase retrieval. CDI has been applied to image structures such as nanotubes, nanocrystals, porous nanocrystalline layers, defects, potentially proteins, and more. In CDI, a highly coherent beam of X-rays, electrons or other wavelike particle or photon is incident on an object. The beam scattered by the object produces a diffraction pattern downstream which is then collected by a detector. This recorded pattern is then used to reconstruct an image via an iterative feedback algorithm.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 胶体探针技术通常用于测量空气或溶液中的胶体颗粒和/或平面之间的相互作用力。该技术依赖于原子力显微镜 (AFM) 的使用。然而，我们使用的是胶体探针，而不是带有锋利 AFM 尖端的悬臂。胶体探针由附着在 AFM 悬臂上的直径几微米的胶体颗粒组成。胶体探针技术可用于球-平面或球-球几何形状（见图）。通常可实现 1 至 100 pN 之间的力分辨率和 0.5 至 2 nm 之间的距离分辨率。胶体探针技术是由Ducker和Butt于1991年独立开发的。
The colloidal probe technique is commonly used to measure interaction forces acting between colloidal particles and/or planar surfaces in air or in solution. This technique relies on the use of an atomic force microscope (AFM). However, instead of a cantilever with a sharp AFM tip, one uses the colloidal probe. The colloidal probe consists of a colloidal particle of few micrometers in diameter that is attached to an AFM cantilever. The colloidal probe technique can be used in the sphere-plane or sphere-sphere geometries (see figure). One typically achieves a force resolution between 1 and 100 pN and a distance resolution between 0.5 and 2 nm. The colloidal probe technique has been developed in 1991 independently by Ducker and Butt.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 计算热力学是利用计算机来模拟材料科学特有的热力学问题，特别是用于相图的构建。存在多个开放和商业程序来执行这些操作。该技术的概念是系统吉布斯自由能的最小化；该方法的成功不仅归因于正确测量热力学性质，例如热力学性质列表中的热力学性质，而且还归因于化学元素亚稳态同素异形体性质的外推。
Computational thermodynamics is the use of computers to simulate thermodynamic problems specific to materials science, particularly used in the construction of phase diagrams. Several open and commercial programs exist to perform these operations. The concept of the technique is minimization of Gibbs free energy of the system; the success of this method is due not only to properly measuring thermodynamic properties, such as those in the list of thermodynamic properties, but also due to the extrapolation of the properties of metastable allotropes of the chemical elements.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 在化学和材料科学中，调节剂是一种提高给定材料质量的物质或过程。护肤品中使用的调理剂也称为保湿剂，通常由各种油和润滑剂组成。它们的一种使用方法是作为基材的涂层来改变触感和外观。对于化妆品来说，这种效果是暂时的，但可以帮助保护皮肤和头发免受进一步损伤。
In chemistry and materials science, a conditioner is a substance or process that improves the quality of a given material. Conditioning agents used in skincare products are also known as moisturizers, and usually are composed of various oils and lubricants. One method of their use is as a coating of the substrate to alter the feel and appearance. For cosmetic products, this effect is a temporary one but can help to protect skin and hair from further damage.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 配置子是非晶材料中的基本构型激发，涉及化学键的断裂。由科学家 C.A.安吉尔和 K.J. Rao，这个概念通常涉及化学键的断裂和重组。这些构型激发或构型子是理解非晶材料动态行为的重要方面。本质上，这些是决定这些物质内原子或分子排列的基本构件。了解配置子可以通过更精确地操纵非晶材料的特性，为材料科学和电子学等各个领域开辟道路。
A configuron is an elementary configurational excitation in an amorphous material which involves breaking of a chemical bond. Coined by scientists C.A. Angell and K.J. Rao, this concept often involves the breaking and reforming of a chemical bond. These configurational excitations, or configurons, serve as a crucial aspect of understanding the dynamic behaviors of amorphous materials. Essentially, these are the fundamental building blocks that dictate the arrangements of atoms or molecules within these substances. Understanding configurons can open avenues in various fields, such as materials science and electronics, by allowing more precise manipulation of amorphous materials' properties.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
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