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Structural Biology糖信息学糖信息学是生物信息学的一个领域，涉及蛋白质翻译后修饰中涉及的碳水化合物的研究。它广泛包括（但不限于）用于研究碳水化合物结构、糖复合物、酶促碳水化合物合成和降解以及碳水化合物相互作用的数据库、软件和算法开发。该术语的常规用法目前不包括从更广为人知的营养方面对碳水化合物进行治疗。
Glycoinformatics is a field of bioinformatics that pertains to the study of carbohydrates involved in protein post-translational modification. It broadly includes (but is not restricted to) database, software, and algorithm development for the study of carbohydrate structures, glycoconjugates, enzymatic carbohydrate synthesis and degradation, as well as carbohydrate interactions. Conventional usage of the term does not currently include the treatment of carbohydrates from the better-known nutritive aspect.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ GoPubMed 是一个基于知识的生物医学文本搜索引擎。基因本体 (GO) 和医学主题标题 (MeSH) 充当“目录”，以构建 MEDLINE 数据库中数百万篇文章的结构。 MeshPubMed 曾一度是一个独立的项目，但后来两者合并了。 GoPubMed 使用的技术是通用的，通常可以应用于任何类型的文本和任何类型的知识库。该系统由 Michael Schroeder 及其 Transinsight 团队在德累斯顿工业大学开发。 GoPubMed 荣获 2009 年红点奖：通信设计（图形用户界面和交互工具）类别中的最佳奖项。 Transinsight 在 2011 年 CeBIT 上因其在企业语义智能方面的发展而荣获德国 IT 创新奖。
GoPubMed was a knowledge-based search engine for biomedical texts. The Gene Ontology (GO) and Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) served as "Table of contents" in order to structure the millions of articles in the MEDLINE database. MeshPubMed was at one point a separate project, but the two were merged. The technologies used in GoPubMed were generic and could in general be applied to any kind of texts and any kind of knowledge bases. The system was developed at the Technische Universität Dresden by Michael Schroeder and his team at Transinsight. GoPubMed was recognized with the 2009 red dot: best of the best award in the category communication design – graphical user interfaces and interactive tool. Transinsight was recognized with the German Innovation Prize IT for its developments in Enterprise Semantic Intelligence at CeBIT 2011.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ GOR 方法（Garnier-Osguthorpe-Robson 的缩写）是一种基于信息论的方法，用于预测蛋白质的二级结构。它是在 20 世纪 70 年代末在更简单的 Chou-Fasman 方法之后不久开发的。与 Chou-Fasman 一样，GOR 方法基于通过 X 射线晶体学解析的已知蛋白质三级结构的经验研究得出的概率参数。然而，与 Chou-Fasman 不同的是，GOR 方法不仅考虑了单个氨基酸形成特定二级结构的倾向，而且还考虑了氨基酸形成二级结构的条件概率，因为它的直接邻居已经形成了该结构。因此，该方法本质上是贝叶斯分析。
The GOR method (short for Garnier–Osguthorpe–Robson) is an information theory-based method for the prediction of secondary structures in proteins. It was developed in the late 1970s shortly after the simpler Chou–Fasman method. Like Chou–Fasman, the GOR method is based on probability parameters derived from empirical studies of known protein tertiary structures solved by X-ray crystallography. However, unlike Chou–Fasman, the GOR method takes into account not only the propensities of individual amino acids to form particular secondary structures, but also the conditional probability of the amino acid to form a secondary structure given that its immediate neighbors have already formed that structure. The method is therefore essentially Bayesian in its analysis.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 类 Haar 特征是用于对象识别的数字图像特征。它们的名字来源于它们与 Haar 小波的直观相似性，并被用于第一个实时人脸检测器。仅使用图像强度（即图像每个像素的 RGB 像素值）使得特征计算任务的计算成本很高。 Papageorgiou 等人的出版物。讨论了使用基于 Haar 小波而不是通常的图像强度的替代特征集。 Paul Viola 和 Michael Jones 采用了使用 Haar 小波的想法并开发了所谓的 Haar-like 特征。 Haar 式特征考虑检测窗口中特定位置处的相邻矩形区域，对每个区域中的像素强度求和并计算这些总和之间的差。然后使用这种差异对图像的各个部分进行分类。
Haar-like features are digital image features used in object recognition. They owe their name to their intuitive similarity with Haar wavelets and were used in the first real-time face detector. Working with only image intensities (i.e., the RGB pixel values at each and every pixel of image) made the task of feature calculation computationally expensive. A publication by Papageorgiou et al. discussed working with an alternate feature set based on Haar wavelets instead of the usual image intensities. Paul Viola and Michael Jones adapted the idea of using Haar wavelets and developed the so-called Haar-like features. A Haar-like feature considers adjacent rectangular regions at a specific location in a detection window, sums up the pixel intensities in each region and calculates the difference between these sums. This difference is then used to categorize subsections of an image.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 热图（或热图）是一种二维数据可视化技术，它将数据集中各个值的大小表示为颜色。颜色的变化可以是色调或强度。在某些应用程序（例如犯罪分析或网站点击跟踪）中，颜色用于表示数据点的密度，而不是与每个点相关的值。 “热图”是一个相对较新的术语，但着色矩阵的实践已经存在了一个多世纪。
A heat map (or heatmap) is a two-dimensional data visualization technique that represents the magnitude of individual values within a dataset as a color. The variation in color may be by hue or intensity. In some applications such as crime analytics or website click-tracking, color is used to represent the density of data points rather than a value associated with each point. "Heat map" is a relatively new term, but the practice of shading matrices has existed for over a century.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 在概率论中，隐马尔可夫模型（HMM）是一种马尔可夫模型，其中观测值依赖于潜在（或隐藏）马尔可夫过程（称为 X {\displaystyle X} ）。 HMM 要求存在一个可观察过程 Y {\displaystyle Y}，其结果以已知方式取决于 X {\displaystyle X} 的结果。由于 X {\displaystyle X} 无法直接观察，因此目标是通过观察 Y {\displaystyle Y} 来了解 X {\displaystyle X} 的状态。
In probability theory, a hidden Markov model (HMM) is a Markov model in which the observations are dependent on a latent (or hidden) Markov process (referred to as X {\displaystyle X} ). An HMM requires that there be an observable process Y {\displaystyle Y} whose outcomes depend on the outcomes of X {\displaystyle X} in a known way. Since X {\displaystyle X} cannot be observed directly, the goal is to learn about state of X {\displaystyle X} by observing Y {\displaystyle Y} .
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 大分子分层编辑语言（HELM）是一种描述复杂生物分子的方法。它是一种机器可读的符号，用于呈现肽、蛋白质、寡核苷酸和相关小分子接头的组成和结构。 HELM 由制药公司联盟（即皮斯托亚联盟）开发。开发始于 2008 年。2012 年，该符号公开免费发布。 HELM 开源项目可以在 GitHub 上找到。
The hierarchical editing language for macromolecules (HELM) is a method of describing complex biological molecules. It is a notation that is machine readable to render the composition and structure of peptides, proteins, oligonucleotides, and related small molecule linkers. HELM was developed by a consortium of pharmaceutical companies in what is known as the Pistoia Alliance. Development began in 2008. In 2012 the notation was published openly and for free. The HELM open source project can be found on GitHub.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ HomoloGene 是美国国家生物技术信息中心 (NCBI) 的工具，是一个用于自动检测几个完全测序的真核基因组的注释基因中的同源物（归因于共同祖先的相似性）的系统。 HomoloGene 处理包括对输入生物体进行蛋白质分析。使用blastp比较序列，然后使用根据序列相似性构建的分类树进行匹配并分组，其中首先匹配更密切相关的生物体，然后将更多生物体添加到树中。蛋白质比对被映射回其相应的 DNA 序列，然后可以计算距离度量作为分子距离 Jukes 和 Cantor (1969)、Ka/Ks 比率。
HomoloGene, a tool of the United States National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), is a system for automated detection of homologs (similarity attributable to descent from a common ancestor) among the annotated genes of several completely sequenced eukaryotic genomes. The HomoloGene processing consists of the protein analysis from the input organisms. Sequences are compared using blastp, then matched up and put into groups, using a taxonomic tree built from sequence similarity, where closer related organisms are matched up first, and then further organisms are added to the tree. The protein alignments are mapped back to their corresponding DNA sequences, and then distance metrics as molecular distances Jukes and Cantor (1969), Ka/Ks ratio can be calculated.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 同源建模，也称为蛋白质比较建模，是指根据“目标”蛋白质的氨基酸序列和相关同源蛋白质的实验三维结构（“模板”）构建其原子分辨率模型。同源建模依赖于对可能类似于查询序列结构的一种或多种已知蛋白质结构的识别，以及依赖于将查询序列中的残基映射到模板序列中的残基的序列比对的产生。已经发现，同源物中蛋白质结构比蛋白质序列更保守，但序列同一性低于 20% 的序列可能具有非常不同的结构。进化相关的蛋白质具有相似的序列，天然存在的同源蛋白质具有相似的蛋白质结构。
Homology modeling, also known as comparative modeling of protein, refers to constructing an atomic-resolution model of the "target" protein from its amino acid sequence and an experimental three-dimensional structure of a related homologous protein (the "template"). Homology modeling relies on the identification of one or more known protein structures likely to resemble the structure of the query sequence, and on the production of a sequence alignment that maps residues in the query sequence to residues in the template sequence. It has been seen that protein structures are more conserved than protein sequences amongst homologues, but sequences falling below a 20% sequence identity can have very different structure. Evolutionarily related proteins have similar sequences and naturally occurring homologous proteins have similar protein structure.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 水平相关是基因序列分析的一种方法。水平相关不是指一种特定的技术，而是涵盖了由两个特定主题统一的多种序列分析方法：序列分析是通过沿着单个基因序列的长度进行水平比较来进行的；这与对几个不同基因序列进行比较的垂直方法形成鲜明对比。进行的比较通常测量信息理论量，例如序列的两个区域之间的互信息函数的值。水平相关方法的核心思想首次由 Grosse、Herzel、Buldyrev 和 Stanley 在 2000 年的论文中提出（Grosse 等，2000）。
Horizontal correlation is a methodology for gene sequence analysis. Rather than referring to one specific technique, horizontal correlation instead encompasses a variety of approaches to sequence analysis that are unified by two specific themes: Sequence analysis is performed by making comparisons horizontally, along the length of a single genetic sequence; this is in contrast to vertical methods that make comparisons across several different genetic sequences. The comparisons made generally measure information theoretic quantities such as value of the mutual information function between two regions of the sequence. The core ideas of the horizontal correlation approach were first presented in a year 2000 paper by Grosse, Herzel, Buldyrev, and Stanley (Grosse, et al. 2000).
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ HubMed 是 PubMed 的替代第三方界面，PubMed 是国家医学图书馆创建的生物医学文献数据库。它转换来自 PubMed 的数据并将其与其他来源的数据集成。功能包括相关性排名的搜索结果、直接引文导出、相关文章的标记和图形显示。
HubMed is an alternative, third-party interface to PubMed, the database of biomedical literature produced by the National Library of Medicine. It transforms data from PubMed and integrates it with data from other sources. Features include relevance-ranked search results, direct citation export, tagging and graphical display of related articles.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 宏基因组学是对特定环境中所有生物体的所有遗传物质（环境 DNA）的研究，提供对其组成、多样性和功能潜力的深入了解。宏基因组学使研究人员能够分析环境和临床样本的微生物组成，而无需对单个物种进行耗时的培养。宏基因组学通过揭示以前隐藏的生物多样性和代谢能力，改变了微生物生态学和进化生物学。随着 DNA 测序成本持续下降，宏基因组研究现在通常会分析数百到数千个样本，从而能够大规模探索微生物群落及其在健康和全球生态系统中的作用。宏基因组研究最常采用鸟枪测序，尽管随着技术的进步，长读长测序的使用越来越多。
Metagenomics is the study of all genetic material from all organisms in a particular environment, (environmental DNA) providing insights into their composition, diversity, and functional potential. Metagenomics has allowed researchers to profile the microbial composition of environmental and clinical samples without the need for time-consuming culture of individual species. Metagenomics has transformed microbial ecology and evolutionary biology by uncovering previously hidden biodiversity and metabolic capabilities. As the cost of DNA sequencing continues to decline, metagenomic studies now routinely profile hundreds to thousands of samples, enabling large-scale exploration of microbial communities and their roles in health and global ecosystems. Metagenomic studies most commonly employ shotgun sequencing though long-read sequencing is being increasingly utilised as technologies advance.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 在生物信息学中，肽质量指纹或肽质量图是来自正在分析的消化蛋白质的肽混合物的质谱。质谱充当指纹，因为它是一种可以用于识别蛋白质的模式。 1993 年开发的形成肽质量指纹的方法包括分离蛋白质，将其分解成单个肽，并通过某种形式的质谱测定肽的质量。一旦形成，肽质量指纹可用于在数据库中搜索相关蛋白质甚至基因组序列，使其成为注释蛋白质编码基因的强大工具。质量指纹分析的一大优势是它的执行速度比肽测序快得多，但结果同样有用。
In bio-informatics, a peptide-mass fingerprint or peptide-mass map is a mass spectrum of a mixture of peptides that comes from a digested protein being analyzed. The mass spectrum serves as a fingerprint in the sense that it is a pattern that can serve to identify the protein. The method for forming a peptide-mass fingerprint, developed in 1993, consists of isolating a protein, breaking it down into individual peptides, and determining the masses of the peptides through some form of mass spectrometry. Once formed, a peptide-mass fingerprint can be used to search in databases for related protein or even genomic sequences, making it a powerful tool for annotation of protein-coding genes. One major advantage to mass fingerprinting is that it is significantly faster to carry out than peptide sequencing, yet the results are equally useful.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ Perturb-seq（也称为 CRISP-seq 和 CROP-seq）是指在汇集的遗传扰动筛选上执行单细胞 RNA 测序 (scRNA-seq) 的高通量方法。 Perturb-seq 将多重 CRISPR 介导的基因失活与单细胞 RNA 测序相结合，以评估每次扰动的综合基因表达表型。通过应用遗传扰动来敲除或敲除基因并研究所得的表型来推断基因的功能被称为反向遗传学。 Perturb-seq 是一种反向遗传学方法，可以在转录组水平上研究表型，以大规模并行的方式阐明许多细胞中的基因功能。
Perturb-seq (also known as CRISP-seq and CROP-seq) refers to a high-throughput method of performing single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) on pooled genetic perturbation screens. Perturb-seq combines multiplexed CRISPR mediated gene inactivations with single cell RNA sequencing to assess comprehensive gene expression phenotypes for each perturbation. Inferring a gene’s function by applying genetic perturbations to knock down or knock out a gene and studying the resulting phenotype is known as reverse genetics. Perturb-seq is a reverse genetics approach that allows for the investigation of phenotypes at the level of the transcriptome, to elucidate gene functions in many cells, in a massively parallel fashion.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 药物生物信息学是与生物信息学相关的研究领域，但重点研究制药领域的生物和化学过程；了解异生素如何与人体相互作用以及药物发现过程。
Pharmaceutical bioinformatics is a research field related to bioinformatics but with the focus on studying biological and chemical processes in the pharmaceutical area; to understand how xenobiotics interact with the human body and the drug discovery process.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 药物发现和开发需要多个科学技术学科的融合。其中包括化学、生物学、药理学、制药技术和信息技术的广泛应用。后者越来越被认为是药物信息学。药物信息学涉及更广泛的生物信息学领域。
Drug discovery and development requires the integration of multiple scientific and technological disciplines. These include chemistry, biology, pharmacology, pharmaceutical technology and extensive use of information technology. The latter is increasingly recognised as Pharmacoinformatics. Pharmacoinformatics relates to the broader field of bioinformatics.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 系统发育分析是一种生物信息学技术，其中大量物种中两个性状的联合存在或联合缺失用于推断有意义的生物联系，例如两种不同蛋白质参与同一生物途径。除了检查保守同线性、保守操纵子结构或“罗塞塔石碑”域融合之外，比较系统发育图谱也是一种指定的“后同源”技术，因为该方法所必需的计算在确定哪些蛋白质与哪些蛋白质同源后开始。其中许多技术是由 David Eisenberg 及其同事开发的。系统发育谱比较由 Pellegrini 等人于 1999 年引入。
Phylogenetic profiling is a bioinformatics technique in which the joint presence or joint absence of two traits across large numbers of species is used to infer a meaningful biological connection, such as involvement of two different proteins in the same biological pathway. Along with examination of conserved synteny, conserved operon structure, or "Rosetta Stone" domain fusions, comparing phylogenetic profiles is a designated "post-homology" technique, in that the computation essential to this method begins after it is determined which proteins are homologous to which. A number of these techniques were developed by David Eisenberg and colleagues; phylogenetic profile comparison was introduced in 1999 by Pellegrini, et al.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 系统医学是医学、基因组学和进化论交叉领域的一门新兴学科。它侧重于利用进化知识来预测个人基因组和群体中发现的突变的功能后果。
Phylomedicine is an emerging discipline at the intersection of medicine, genomics, and evolution. It focuses on the use of evolutionary knowledge to predict functional consequences of mutations found in personal genomes and populations.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ Phyloscan 是一项用于 DNA 序列分析的 Web 服务，免费向所有用户开放（无需登录）。为了定位与用户指定的调控结合位点序列基序的匹配，Phyloscan 提供了对用户提供的混合比对和未比对 DNA 序列数据的统计敏感扫描。 Phyloscan 的优势在于，它汇集了用于计算统计显着性的 Staden 方法、模拟比对序列之间进化关系的 MONKEY 软件的“系统发育基序模型”扫描功能、使用 Bailey & Gribskov 方法来组合非比对序列数据的统计数据，以及用于组合单个基因启动子区域内发现的多个结合位点的统计数据的 Neuwald & Green 技术。
Phyloscan is a web service for DNA sequence analysis that is free and open to all users (without login requirement). For locating matches to a user-specified sequence motif for a regulatory binding site, Phyloscan provides a statistically sensitive scan of user-supplied mixed aligned and unaligned DNA sequence data. Phyloscan's strength is that it brings together the Staden method for computing statistical significance, the "phylogenetic motif model" scanning functionality of the MONKEY software that models evolutionary relationships among aligned sequences, the use of the Bailey & Gribskov method for combining statistics across non-aligned sequence data, and the Neuwald & Green technique for combining statistics across multiple binding sites found within a single gene promoter region.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ Phytozome 是一个在线生物信息学数据库和比较基因组学平台，可提供对植物和绿藻基因组测序的访问。该资源由联合基因组研究所 (JGI) 开发和维护，该研究所是美国能源部 (DOE) 的用户设施，由劳伦斯伯克利国家实验室运营。 Phytozome 为 1,200 多种绿色植物和藻类物种提供高质量的带注释的基因组序列、基因模型、直系同源分配和比较分析工具。该平台使研究人员能够在序列、基因结构、基因家族和基因组组织水平上研究植物基因的进化史。它是植物基因组学研究的核心资源，支持作物改良、生态学、生物能源和植物进化的研究。
Phytozome is an online bioinformatics database and comparative genomics platform that provides access to sequenced plant and green algal genomes. The resource is developed and maintained by the Joint Genome Institute (JGI), a U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) user facility operated by the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Phytozome provides high-quality annotated genome sequences, gene models, orthology assignments, and comparative analysis tools for over 1,200 green plant and algal species. The platform enables researchers to study the evolutionary history of plant genes at the level of sequence, gene structure, gene family, and genome organization. It serves as a central resource for plant genomics research, supporting studies in crop improvement, ecology, bioenergy, and plant evolution.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ Pileup 格式是一种基于文本的格式，用于总结比对读数的碱基检出到参考序列。这种格式有利于 SNP/indel 调用和比对的可视化显示。它首先由 Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute 的 Tony Cox 和 Zemin Ning 使用，并通过在 SAMtools 软件套件中的实施而广为人知。
Pileup format is a text-based format for summarizing the base calls of aligned reads to a reference sequence. This format facilitates visual display of SNP/indel calling and alignment. It was first used by Tony Cox and Zemin Ning at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, and became widely known through its implementation within the SAMtools software suite.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 植物基因组组装代表了植物物种的完整基因组序列，通过使用从不同类型的测序技术获得的DNA（脱氧核糖核酸）片段将其组装成染色体和其他细胞器。
A plant genome assembly represents the complete genomic sequence of a plant species, which is assembled into chromosomes and other organelles by using DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) fragments that are obtained from different types of sequencing technology.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 在计算生物学领域，植入基序搜索（PMS）也称为（l，d）基序搜索（LDMS），是一种识别一组核酸或肽序列内保守基序的方法。众所周知，PMS 是 NP 完全的。大多数植入主题搜索算法的时间复杂度以指数方式取决于字母表大小和 l。经前综合症问题首先由 Keich 和 Pevzner 提出。从生物数据中识别有意义的模式（例如基序）的问题已得到广泛研究，因为它们在理解基因功能、人类疾病方面发挥着至关重要的作用，并且可以作为治疗药物靶点。
In the field of computational biology, a planted motif search (PMS) also known as a (l, d)-motif search (LDMS) is a method for identifying conserved motifs within a set of nucleic acid or peptide sequences. PMS is known to be NP-complete. The time complexities of most of the planted motif search algorithms depend exponentially on the alphabet size and l. The PMS problem was first introduced by Keich and Pevzner. The problem of identifying meaningful patterns (e.g., motifs) from biological data has been studied extensively since they play a vital role in understanding gene function, human disease, and may serve as therapeutic drug targets.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 点接受突变（也称为 PAM）是将蛋白质一级结构中的单个氨基酸替换为另一个单个氨基酸，这是自然选择过程所接受的。该定义不包括生物体 DNA 中的所有点突变。特别是，沉默突变不是点接受突变，也不是致命的突变或以其他方式被自然选择拒绝的突变。 PAM 矩阵是其中每列和行代表二十种标准氨基酸之一的矩阵。在生物信息学中，PAM 矩阵有时用作替换矩阵来对蛋白质的序列比对进行评分。
A point accepted mutation — also known as a PAM — is the replacement of a single amino acid in the primary structure of a protein with another single amino acid, which is accepted by the processes of natural selection. This definition does not include all point mutations in the DNA of an organism. In particular, silent mutations are not point accepted mutations, nor are mutations that are lethal or that are rejected by natural selection in other ways. A PAM matrix is a matrix where each column and row represents one of the twenty standard amino acids. In bioinformatics, PAM matrices are sometimes used as substitution matrices to score sequence alignments for proteins.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 质粒是细胞内的一种小的染色体外 DNA 分子，与染色体 DNA 物理分离，可以独立复制。它们最常见于细菌和古细菌中，以小圆形双链 DNA 分子的形式存在。然而，质粒有时也存在于真核生物中。质粒通常携带有用的基因，例如涉及抗生素抗性、毒力、次级代谢和生物修复的基因。虽然染色体很大并且包含正常条件下生存的所有必需遗传信息，但质粒通常非常小并且包含特殊情况下的额外基因。人工质粒广泛用作分子克隆中的载体，用于驱动重组 DNA 序列在宿主生物体内的复制。在实验室中，可以通过转化将质粒引入细胞中。
A plasmid is a small, extrachromosomal DNA molecule within a cell that is physically separated from chromosomal DNA and can replicate independently. They are most commonly found as small circular, double-stranded DNA molecules in bacteria and archaea; however plasmids are sometimes present in eukaryotic organisms as well. Plasmids often carry useful genes, such as those involved in antibiotic resistance, virulence, secondary metabolism and bioremediation. While chromosomes are large and contain all the essential genetic information for living under normal conditions, plasmids are usually very small and contain additional genes for special circumstances. Artificial plasmids are widely used as vectors in molecular cloning, serving to drive the replication of recombinant DNA sequences within host organisms. In the laboratory, plasmids may be introduced into a cell via transformation.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 接合（英文：Conjugation，又译结合），又称为接合作用、细菌接合，是发生于原核生物间的现象，指的是两个细菌之间发生的一种遗传物质交换现象，属于细菌有性生殖的一个重要阶段。在接合现象发生时，两个细胞直接接合或者通过类似于桥一样的通道接合，并且发生基因的转移。这种现象是在1946年被Joshua Lederberg和Edward Tatum所发现，接合与转化和转导都被称作基因水平转移机制，注意的是这种机制并不一定需要两个细胞-细胞间的直接接触。 接合经常被认为是细菌中有性生殖，相当于动物间的交配，因为它有涉及到基因的交换。在接合的过程中的供体细胞提供了一种结合或者可移动的遗传成分，这些成分一般是质粒或转座子。大多数接合质粒有一个确保受体细胞并不含有相似的遗传成分的系统。 遗传信息的转移通常对受体是有益的。好处包括获得抗生素耐药性，或者获得其他的特异性以应对环境的变化。这种对受体有益的质粒可以被视作内共生生物。然而从别的方面来看，细菌的寄生和接合可以作为细菌的一种进化方式使它们得到个体的繁衍与基因的扩散。
Bacterial conjugation is the transfer of genetic material between bacterial cells by direct cell-to-cell contact or by a bridge-like connection between two cells. This typically takes place through a type IV secretion system, a type of pilus. It is a parasexual mode of reproduction in bacteria. It is a mechanism of horizontal gene transfer as are transformation and transduction although these two other mechanisms do not involve cell-to-cell contact. Classical E. coli bacterial conjugation is often regarded as the bacterial equivalent of sexual reproduction or mating, since it involves the exchange of genetic material. However, it is not sexual reproduction, since no exchange of gamete occurs, and indeed no generation of a new organism: instead, an existing organism is transformed.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements.
View content license ↗ 水平基因转移 (HGT) 或横向基因转移 (LGT) 是生物体之间遗传物质的移动，而不是通过 DNA 从亲本到后代（繁殖）的（“垂直”）传递。 HGT 是许多生物体进化的重要因素。 HGT 正在影响对高阶进化的科学理解，同时更显着地改变对细菌进化的看法。水平基因转移是细菌中抗生素耐药性传播的主要机制，在能够降解新型化合物（例如人造农药）的细菌进化以及毒力的进化、维持和传播中发挥着重要作用。它通常涉及温和的噬菌体和质粒。
Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) or lateral gene transfer (LGT) is the movement of genetic material between organisms other than by the ("vertical") transmission of DNA from parent to offspring (reproduction). HGT is an important factor in the evolution of many organisms. HGT is influencing scientific understanding of higher-order evolution while more significantly shifting perspectives on bacterial evolution. Horizontal gene transfer is the primary mechanism for the spread of antibiotic resistance in bacteria, and plays an important role in the evolution of bacteria that can degrade novel compounds such as human-created pesticides and in the evolution, maintenance, and transmission of virulence. It often involves temperate bacteriophages and plasmids.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 整合子是一种遗传机制，允许细菌通过新基因的储存和表达来快速适应和进化。这些基因嵌入一种称为基因盒（该术语最近改为整合子盒）的特定遗传结构中，该结构通常携带一个无启动子开放阅读框（ORF）和一个重组位点（attC）。通过整合酶介导的位点特异性重组反应，整合子盒被整合到整合子平台的attI位点。
Integrons are genetic mechanisms that allow bacteria to adapt and evolve rapidly through the stockpiling and expression of new genes. These genes are embedded in a specific genetic structure called gene cassette (a term that is lately changing to integron cassette) that generally carries one promoterless open reading frame (ORF) together with a recombination site (attC). Integron cassettes are incorporated to the attI site of the integron platform by site-specific recombination reactions mediated by the integrase.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 逆转录病毒整合酶 (IN) 是逆转录病毒（例如 HIV）产生的一种酶，可将其遗传信息整合到其感染的宿主细胞的遗传信息中（在其间形成共价连接）。逆转录病毒 IN 不应与生物技术中使用的噬菌体整合酶（重组酶）相混淆，例如 λ 噬菌体整合酶，如位点特异性重组中所讨论的。与病毒DNA末端结合的IN大分子的大分子复合物被称为整合体； IN 是该复合物和逆转录病毒预整合复合物的关键成分。
Retroviral integrase (IN) is an enzyme produced by a retrovirus (such as HIV) that integrates (forms covalent links between) its genetic information into that of the host cell it infects. Retroviral INs are not to be confused with phage integrases (recombinases) used in biotechnology, such as λ phage integrase, as discussed in site-specific recombination. The macromolecular complex of an IN macromolecule bound to the ends of the viral DNA ends has been referred to as the intasome; IN is a key component in this and the retroviral pre-integration complex.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 解旋酶-引物酶复合物（也称为解旋酶-引物酶、Hel/Prim、H-P 或 H/P）是包括 DNA 解旋酶和 DNA 引物酶的酶复合物。还可能存在解旋酶-引物酶相关因子蛋白。该复合物被疱疹病毒使用，负责裂解 DNA 病毒的复制。在许多 dsDNA 病毒中，引物酶和解旋酶融合成一条多肽链，因此引物酶和解旋酶结构域分别对应于蛋白质的 N 端和 C 端部分。解旋酶引物酶抑制剂 (HPI) 是一种通过充当酶抑制剂来阻断这种作用的药物。
A helicase–primase complex (also helicase-primase, Hel/Prim, H-P or H/P) is a complex of enzymes including DNA helicase and DNA primase. A helicase-primase associated factor protein may also be present. The complex is used by herpesviruses, in which it is responsible for lytic DNA virus replication. In many dsDNA viruses, primase and helicase are fused into a single polypeptide chain, so that the primase and helicase domains correspond to the N-terminal and C-terminal parts of the protein, respectively. A helicase-primase inhibitor (HPI) is a drug that blocks this action through acting as an enzyme inhibitor.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
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