contains 242 terms · This page displays 30 terms, you can enter keywords to query the complete range
Structural Biology高通量基因克隆技术Gateway克隆方法是Invitrogen自20世纪90年代末发明并商业化的一种分子克隆方法，它利用λ噬菌体感染细菌时发生的整合和切除重组反应。该技术提供了一种快速高效的方法，使用 Gateway att 位点和两种专有酶混合物（BP Clonase 和 LR Clonase）将 DNA 序列转运到多载体系统中进行功能分析和蛋白质表达。在体内，这些重组反应是通过 lambda/噬菌体染色体 (attP) 和细菌 (attB) 附着位点的重组来促进的。由于 attP 和 attB 位点之间重组，噬菌体整合到细菌基因组中，两侧有两个新的重组位点（attLeft 和 attRight）。
The Gateway cloning method is a method of molecular cloning invented and commercialized by Invitrogen since the late 1990s, which makes use of the integration and excision recombination reactions that take place when bacteriophage lambda infects bacteria. This technology provides a fast and highly efficient way to transport DNA sequences into multi-vector systems for functional analysis and protein expression using Gateway att sites and two proprietary enzyme mixes called BP Clonase and LR Clonase. In vivo, these recombination reactions are facilitated by the recombination of attachment sites from the lambda/phage chromosome (attP) and the bacteria (attB). As a result of recombination between the attP and attB sites, the phage integrates into the bacterial genome flanked by two new recombination sites (attLeft and attRight).
Sources, licensing and use
Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 在分子生物学中，GC盒，也称为GSG盒，是在一些真核基因的启动子区域中发现的一种独特的核苷酸模式。 GC盒位于TATA盒的上游，距转录起始位点上游约110个碱基。它具有位置依赖性和方向无关的共有序列GGGCGG。 GC元件与转录因子结合，具有与增强子相似的功能。一些已知的 GC 盒结合蛋白包括 Sp1、Krox/Egr、Wilms 瘤、MIGI 和 CREA。 GC 盒通常是锌指蛋白的结合位点。蛋白质的 α 螺旋部分与 DNA 中的主沟相对应。锌指结合三联体碱基对序列，残基 21 结合第一碱基对，残基 18 结合第二碱基对，残基 15 结合第三碱基对。
In molecular biology, a GC box, also known as a GSG box, is a distinct pattern of nucleotides found in the promoter region of some eukaryotic genes. The GC box is upstream of the TATA box, and approximately 110 bases upstream from the transcription initiation site. It has a consensus sequence GGGCGG which is position-dependent and orientation-independent. The GC elements are bound by transcription factors and have similar functions to enhancers. Some known GC box-binding proteins include Sp1, Krox/Egr, Wilms' tumor, MIGI, and CREA. The GC box is commonly the binding site for zinc finger proteins. An alpha helix section of the protein corresponds with a major groove in the DNA. Zinc-fingers bind to triplet base pair sequences, with residue 21 binding to the first base pair, residue 18 binding to the second base pair, and residue 15 binding to the third base pair.
Sources, licensing and use
Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ G-less 盒式转录测定是分子生物学中用于体外确定启动子强度的一种方法。该技术涉及使用质粒对 mRNA 产物进行定量。 G-less 盒是预构建载体的一部分，通常在盒上游包含多克隆位点 (MCS)。因此，可以将感兴趣的启动子直接插入 MCS，以最终测量启动子在招募转录机制中的准确性和效率。
The G-less cassette transcription assay is a method used in molecular biology to determine promoter strength in vitro. The technique involves quantification of an mRNA product with the use of a plasmid. The G-less cassette is part of a pre-constructed vector, usually containing a multiple cloning site (MCS) upstream of the cassette. For this reason, promoters of interest can be inserted directly into the MCS to ultimately measure the accuracy and efficiency of a promoter in recruiting transcription machinery.
Sources, licensing and use
Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 气体信号分子是在生物体、组织或细胞内部（内源性）合成的或由生物体、组织或细胞从外部（例如，从大气或水圈，如氧气的情况）接收的气体分子，并且用于传递诱导生物体、组织或细胞中某些生理或生化变化的化学信号。该术语适用于例如氧气、二氧化碳、二氧化硫、一氧化二氮、氰化氢、氨、甲烷、氢气、乙烯等。选择的气体信号分子充当神经递质并被称为气体递质。这些包括一氧化氮、一氧化碳和硫化氢。从历史上看，气体和生理效应的研究被归类为人为的。下面概述了每种气体信号分子的生物学作用。
Gaseous signaling molecules are gaseous molecules that are either synthesized internally (endogenously) in the organism, tissue or cell or are received by the organism, tissue or cell from outside (say, from the atmosphere or hydrosphere, as in the case of oxygen) and that are used to transmit chemical signals which induce certain physiological or biochemical changes in the organism, tissue or cell. The term is applied to, for example, oxygen, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrous oxide, hydrogen cyanide, ammonia, methane, hydrogen, ethylene, etc. Select gaseous signaling molecules behave as neurotransmitters and are called gasotransmitters. These include nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, and hydrogen sulfide. Historically, the study of gases and physiological effects was categorized under factitious airs. The biological roles of each of the gaseous signaling molecules are outlined below.
Sources, licensing and use
Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 在分子生物学中，组蛋白八聚体是在核小体核心颗粒中心发现的八种蛋白质复合物。它由四种核心组蛋白（H2A、H2B、H3 和 H4）各两个拷贝组成。当包含两个 H3 副本和两个 H4 副本的四聚体与两个 H2A/H2B 二聚体复合时，八聚体就会组装起来。每个组蛋白都有一个 N 末端尾部和一个 C 末端组蛋白折叠。这些关键成分中的每一个都通过一系列弱相互作用（包括氢键和盐桥）以自己的方式与 DNA 相互作用。这些相互作用使 DNA 和组蛋白八聚体保持松散的关联，并最终使两者重新定位或完全分离。
In molecular biology, a histone octamer is the eight-protein complex found at the center of a nucleosome core particle. It consists of two copies of each of the four core histone proteins (H2A, H2B, H3, and H4). The octamer assembles when a tetramer, containing two copies of H3 and two of H4, complexes with two H2A/H2B dimers. Each histone has both an N-terminal tail and a C-terminal histone-fold. Each of these key components interacts with DNA in its own way through a series of weak interactions, including hydrogen bonds and salt bridges. These interactions keep the DNA and the histone octamer loosely associated, and ultimately allow the two to re-position or to separate entirely.
Sources, licensing and use
Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 组蛋白折叠是位于组蛋白 (H2/H3/H4) C 末端附近的结构基序，其特征是由两个环分隔的三个 α 螺旋。该基序促进组蛋白异二聚体的形成，随后组蛋白异二聚体组装成组蛋白八聚体，在将 DNA 包装到染色质内的核小体中发挥关键作用。这种折叠是一种古老且高度保守的结构基序，对于多种物种的 DNA 压缩和调节至关重要。
The histone fold is a structural motif located near the C-terminus of histone proteins (H2/H3/H4), characterized by three alpha helices separated by two loops. This motif facilitates the formation of histone heterodimers, which subsequently assemble into a histone octamer, playing a crucial role in the packaging of DNA into nucleosomes within chromatin. This fold is an ancient and highly conserved structural motif, essential for DNA compaction and regulation across a wide range of species.
Sources, licensing and use
Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 异源双链体分析 (HDA) 是自 1992 年以来用于检测 DNA（脱氧核糖核酸）点突变的生物化学方法。异源双链体是具有一个或多个错配对的 dsDNA 分子，而同源双链体是完美配对的 dsDNA。这种分析方法依赖于异源双链体相对于同源双链体 DNA 表现出较低的迁移率这一事实。异源双链体在不同的DNA等位基因之间形成。在野生型和突变体扩增DNA的混合物中，突变型等位基因中形成异源双链体，野生型等位基因中形成同源双链体。根据 DNA 突变的类型和程度，异源双链体有两种类型。小的缺失或插入产生凸出型异源双链体，该异源双链体是稳定的并通过电子显微镜验证。
Heteroduplex analysis (HDA) is a method in biochemistry used to detect point mutations in DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) since 1992. Heteroduplexes are dsDNA molecules that have one or more mismatched pairs, on the other hand homoduplexes are dsDNA which are perfectly paired. This method of analysis depend up on the fact that heteroduplexes shows reduced mobility relative to the homoduplex DNA. heteroduplexes are formed between different DNA alleles. In a mixture of wild-type and mutant amplified DNA, heteroduplexes are formed in mutant alleles and homoduplexes are formed in wild-type alleles. There are two types of heteroduplexes based on type and extent of mutation in the DNA. Small deletions or insertion create bulge-type heteroduplexes which is stable and is verified by electron microscope.
Sources, licensing and use
Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 在遗传学中，水平抗性一词首先由 J. E. Vanderplank 用于描述多基因抗性，有时也称为广义抗性。这与用于描述单基因抗性的术语垂直抗性形成对比。 Raoul A. Robinson 进一步完善了水平阻力的定义。与垂直抗性和寄生能力不同，水平抗性和水平寄生能力在遗传方面完全彼此独立。连续几轮的水平抗性育种以更传统的方式进行，根据产量来选择植物的抗病性。这些植物暴露于当地的本地病原体，并且在对抗它们方面只得到了极少的帮助。
In genetics, the term horizontal resistance was first used by J. E. Vanderplank to describe many-gene resistance, which is sometimes also called generalized resistance. This contrasts with the term vertical resistance which was used to describe single-gene resistance. Raoul A. Robinson further refined the definition of horizontal resistance. Unlike vertical resistance and parasitic ability, horizontal resistance and horizontal parasitic ability are entirely independent of each other in genetic terms. Successive rounds of breeding for horizontal resistance proceed in a more traditional fashion, selecting plants for disease resistance as measured by yield. These plants are exposed to native regional pathogens, and given minimal assistance in fighting them.
Sources, licensing and use
Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 归巢核酸内切酶是核酸内切酶的集合，其编码为内含子内的独立基因、与宿主蛋白的融合物或自剪接内含肽。它们在合成它们的细胞内催化基因组 DNA 的水解，但在很少的、甚至是单一的位置上进行。宿主细胞对水解DNA的修复经常导致编码归巢核酸内切酶的基因被复制到切割位点，因此术语“归巢”来描述这些基因的运动。因此，归巢核酸内切酶可以在宿主群体内水平传递其基因，以高于孟德尔速率的速度增加其等位基因频率。
The homing endonucleases are a collection of endonucleases encoded either as freestanding genes within introns, as fusions with host proteins, or as self-splicing inteins. They catalyze the hydrolysis of genomic DNA within the cells that synthesize them, but do so at very few, or even singular, locations. Repair of the hydrolyzed DNA by the host cell frequently results in the gene encoding the homing endonuclease having been copied into the cleavage site, hence the term 'homing' to describe the movement of these genes. Homing endonucleases can thereby transmit their genes horizontally within a host population, increasing their allele frequency at greater than Mendelian rates.
Sources, licensing and use
Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 术语“宿主细胞再激活”或“HCR”首先用于描述经紫外线照射的噬菌体的存活，这些噬菌体被转染到经紫外线预处理的细胞中。这种现象最初被认为是细菌和噬菌体之间同源重组的结果，但后来被认为是酶促修复。后来对该测定法进行了改进，在永生化成纤维细胞上使用瞬时表达质粒 DNA 载体，最近又在人淋巴细胞上使用。 HCR 测定也称为质粒再激活测定，间接监测细胞转录修复系统，该系统通过紫外线辐射对质粒造成的转录抑制损伤而激活。鉴于紫外线诱导的 DNA 损伤被用作诱变剂，细胞使用核苷酸切除修复 NER 途径，该途径由 DNA 螺旋的扭曲激活。
The term host cell reactivation or HCR was first used to describe the survival of UV-irradiated bacteriophages, that were transfected to UV-pretreated cells. This phenomenon was first thought to be the result of homologous recombination between both bacteria and phage, but later recognized as enzymatic repair. Modifications of the assay were later developed, using transient expression plasmid DNA vectors on immortalized fibroblasts, and lately on human lymphocytes. The HCR assay known also as plasmid reactivation assay, indirectly monitors cellular transcriptional repair system, that is activated by the transcriptional-inhibited damage inflicted by UV-Radiation into the plasmid. Given that UV-induced DNA damage is used as mutagen, the cell uses nucleotide excision repair NER pathway, that is activated by distortion in the DNA helix.
Sources, licensing and use
Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 高分辨率熔解 (HRM) 分析是分子生物学中一项强大的技术，用于检测双链 DNA 样品中的突变、多态性和表观遗传差异。它是由爱达荷科技公司和犹他大学发现和开发的。与其他基因分型技术相比，它具有以下优势： 与测序和 TaqMan SNP 分型等其他基因分型技术相比，它具有成本效益。这使其成为大规模基因分型项目的理想选择。它快速而强大，因此能够快速准确地对许多样本进行基因分型。这很简单。通过高质量的 HRM 检测，非遗传学家可以在任何能够使用具有 HRM 功能的实时 PCR 机器的实验室中进行强大的基因分型。
High Resolution Melt (HRM) analysis is a powerful technique in molecular biology for the detection of mutations, polymorphisms and epigenetic differences in double-stranded DNA samples. It was discovered and developed by Idaho Technology and the University of Utah. It has advantages over other genotyping technologies, namely: It is cost-effective vs. other genotyping technologies such as sequencing and TaqMan SNP typing. This makes it ideal for large scale genotyping projects. It is fast and powerful thus able to accurately genotype many samples rapidly. It is simple. With a good quality HRM assay, powerful genotyping can be performed by non-geneticists in any laboratory with access to an HRM capable real-time PCR machine.
Sources, licensing and use
Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 高性能集成虚拟环境（HIVE）是用于医疗保健IT和生物研究的分布式计算环境，包括下一代测序（NGS）数据、临床前、临床和上市后数据、不良事件、宏基因组数据等的分析。目前它得到美国食品和药物管理局（政府领域）、乔治华盛顿大学（学术领域）以及DNA-HIVE、WHISE-Global和Embleema（商业领域）的支持和持续开发。 HIVE 目前在美国 FDA 内全面运作，支持各种 (+60) 监管研究和监管审查项目以及支持 MDEpiNet 医疗器械上市后注册。
The High-performance Integrated Virtual Environment (HIVE) is a distributed computing environment used for healthcare-IT and biological research, including analysis of Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) data, preclinical, clinical and post market data, adverse events, metagenomic data, etc. Currently it is supported and continuously developed by US Food and Drug Administration (government domain), George Washington University (academic domain), and by DNA-HIVE, WHISE-Global and Embleema (commercial domain). HIVE currently operates fully functionally within the US FDA supporting wide variety (+60) of regulatory research and regulatory review projects as well as for supporting MDEpiNet medical device postmarket registries.
Sources, licensing and use
Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 冬眠因子是细胞用来通过减慢或停止细胞代谢来诱导休眠状态的蛋白质。这可能发生在压力时期，随机地在群体中分配“指定幸存者”，或者当细菌停止生长（进入稳定期）时。冬眠因子可以做很多事情，包括拆除细胞机器和停止基因表达，但最重要的冬眠因子与核糖体结合并停止蛋白质生产，这消耗了细胞中的很大一部分能量。
A hibernation factor is a protein used by cells to induce a dormant state by slowing or halting the cellular metabolism. This can occur during periods of stress, randomly in order to allocate "designated survivors" in a population, or when bacteria cease growth (enter stationary phase). Hibernation factors can do a variety of things, including dismantling cellular machinery and halting gene expression, but the most important hibernation factors bind to the ribosome and halt protein production, which consumes a large fraction of the energy in a cell.
Sources, licensing and use
Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 组蛋白单氨酰化是指翻译后修饰，其中单胺（即多巴胺、血清素、组胺）通过转酰胺基作用共价连接到组蛋白 H3 的谷氨酰胺残基位置 5 (Gln5)。一般来说，单胺化是指涉及单胺的所有翻译后修饰；然而，这些反应根据它们描述的单个单胺反应物进一步分类（即多巴胺酰化、血清酰化、组胺酰化）。迄今为止，组蛋白 H3 是已知唯一进行单氨酰化修饰的组蛋白，并且仅报道了组蛋白 H3（以下简称 H3Q5）的谷氨酰胺位置 5 (Gln5) 的此类修饰。因此，组蛋白单氨酰化目前是指单胺与组蛋白 H3 5 位 (Gln5) 上的谷氨酰胺共价添加。
Histone monoaminylation refers to the post-translational modification in which monoamines (ie., dopamine, serotonin, histamine) are covalently attached to glutamine residue position 5 (Gln5) of histone H3 via transamidation. In general, monoaminylation refers to the overall class of post-translational modifications involving monoamines; however, these reactions are further classified by the individual monoamine reactant they describe (ie., dopaminylation, serotonylation, histaminylation). To date, histone H3 is the only histone protein known to undergo monoaminylation modifications, and such modifications have only been reported for glutamine position 5 (Gln5) of histone H3 (hereafter referred to as H3Q5). Thus, histone monoaminylation currently refers to the covalent addition of monoamines to glutamine at position 5 (Gln5) of histone H3.
Sources, licensing and use
Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 倍数变化是描述原始测量值和后续测量值之间数量变化程度的度量。在利用病例对照研究的生物信息学中，惯例是将病例的给定指标与对照进行比较，例如，将“病例”中特定代谢物（或基因或蛋白质）的信号除以“对照”中相同参数的信号。在药理学研究中，实验组的“反应”除以对照组的“反应”。倍数变化定义为两个量之间的比率；对于数量 A 和 B，B 相对于 A 的倍数变化为 B/A。换句话说，从 30 到 60 的变化被定义为 2 倍变化。这也称为“1 倍增加”。类似地，从 30 到 15 的变化被称为“0.5 倍减少”。
Fold change is a measure describing how much a quantity changes between an original and a subsequent measurement. In bioinformatics that utilize case-control studies, the convention is to compare a given metric of the case relative to the control, e.g., divide the signal of a particular metabolite (or gene or protein) in the "case" by the signal of the same parameter in the "control". In pharmacological studies, the "response" of the experimental group would be divided by the "response" in the control group. Fold change is defined as the ratio between two quantities; for quantities A and B the fold change of B with respect to A is B/A. In other words, a change from 30 to 60 is defined as a fold-change of 2. This is also referred to as a "one fold increase". Similarly, a change from 30 to 15 is referred to as a "0.5-fold decrease".
Sources, licensing and use
Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 在分子生物学中，扩增子是一段 DNA，是扩增或复制事件的来源和/或产物。它可以使用各种方法人工形成，包括聚合酶链式反应（PCR）或连接酶链式反应（LCR），或通过基因复制自然形成。在本文中，扩增是指基因片段或靶序列的一个或多个拷贝的产生，特别是扩增子。由于扩增子指的是扩增反应的产物，因此它可以与常见的实验室术语（例如“PCR 产物”）互换使用。人工扩增用于研究、法医学和医学，其目的包括检测和量化传染源、识别人类遗骸以及从人类头发中提取基因型。自然基因复制在进化中起着重要作用。
In molecular biology, an amplicon is a piece of DNA that is the source and/or product of amplification or replication events. It can be formed artificially, using various methods including polymerase chain reactions (PCR) or ligase chain reactions (LCR), or naturally through gene duplication. In this context, amplification refers to the production of one or more copies of a genetic fragment or target sequence, specifically the amplicon. As it refers to the product of an amplification reaction, amplicon is used interchangeably with common laboratory terms, such as "PCR product." Artificial amplification is used in research, forensics, and medicine for purposes that include detection and quantification of infectious agents, identification of human remains, and extracting genotypes from human hair. Natural gene duplication plays a major role in evolution.
Sources, licensing and use
Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 重叠群（来自连续的）是一组重叠的 DNA 片段，它们一起代表 DNA 的共有区域。在自下而上的测序项目中，重叠群是指重叠的序列数据（reads）；在自上而下的测序项目中，重叠群是指形成基因组物理图谱的重叠克隆，用于指导测序和组装。因此，重叠群可以指重叠的 DNA 序列，也可以指克隆中包含的重叠的物理片段（片段），具体取决于上下文。
A contig (from contiguous) is a set of overlapping DNA segments that together represent a consensus region of DNA. In bottom-up sequencing projects, a contig refers to overlapping sequence data (reads); in top-down sequencing projects, contig refers to the overlapping clones that form a physical map of the genome that is used to guide sequencing and assembly. Contigs can thus refer both to overlapping DNA sequences and to overlapping physical segments (fragments) contained in clones depending on the context.
Sources, licensing and use
Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 在生态学中，α多样性（α-多样性）是一个地点在局部范围内的平均物种多样性。该术语由 R. H. Whittaker 与术语 beta 多样性 (β-diversity) 和 gamma 多样性 (γ-diversity) 一起引入。惠特克的想法是，景观中的总物种多样性（伽玛多样性）由两个不同的因素决定，即更局部范围内的站点的平均物种多样性（α多样性）和这些站点之间的差异（β多样性）。
In ecology, alpha diversity (α-diversity) is the mean species diversity in a site at a local scale. The term was introduced by R. H. Whittaker together with the terms beta diversity (β-diversity) and gamma diversity (γ-diversity). Whittaker's idea was that the total species diversity in a landscape (gamma diversity) is determined by two different things, the mean species diversity in sites at a more local scale (alpha diversity) and the differentiation among those sites (beta diversity).
Sources, licensing and use
Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 在生态学中，β多样性（β-多样性或真正的β多样性）是区域和当地物种多样性之间的比率。该术语由 R. H. Whittaker 与术语 alpha 多样性（α-diversity）和 gamma 多样性（γ-diversity）一起引入。这个想法是，景观中的总物种多样性（γ）由两个不同的因素决定：当地水平的平均物种多样性（α）和当地地点之间的差异（β）。 β多样性的其他表述包括“绝对物种更替”、“惠特克物种更替”和“比例物种更替”。惠特克提出了几种量化分化的方法，后来的生态学家发明了更多方法。因此，现在有许多已定义的 beta 多样性类型。有些人使用β多样性来指代与成分异质性相关的几个指标中的任何一个。
In ecology, beta diversity (β-diversity or true beta diversity) is the ratio between regional and local species diversity. The term was introduced by R. H. Whittaker together with the terms alpha diversity (α-diversity) and gamma diversity (γ-diversity). The idea was that the total species diversity in a landscape (γ) is determined by two different things: the mean species diversity at the local level (α) and the differentiation among local sites (β). Other formulations for beta diversity include "absolute species turnover", "Whittaker's species turnover" and "proportional species turnover". Whittaker proposed several ways of quantifying differentiation, and subsequent generations of ecologists have invented more. As a result, there are now many defined types of beta diversity. Some use beta diversity to refer to any of several indices related to compositional heterogeneity.
Sources, licensing and use
Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 再现性与可重复性和可重复性密切相关，是支撑科学方法的主要原则。研究结果的可重复性意味着，当研究被重复时，通过实验或观察性研究或数据集统计分析获得的结果应该再次获得高度的可靠性。复制有不同类型，但复制研究通常涉及使用相同方法的不同研究人员。只有在一次或多次成功复制之后，结果才能被视为科学知识。
Reproducibility, closely related to replicability and repeatability, is a major principle underpinning the scientific method. For the findings of a study to be reproducible means that results obtained by an experiment or an observational study or in a statistical analysis of a data set should be achieved again with a high degree of reliability when the study is replicated. There are different kinds of replication but typically replication studies involve different researchers using the same methodology. Only after one or several such successful replications should a result be recognized as scientific knowledge.
Sources, licensing and use
Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 3D-Jury 是一个元服务器，可以聚合和比较来自各种蛋白质结构预测服务器的模型。 3D-Jury 算法接受一组服务器做出的预测组，并根据结构相似性为每对分配一个 3D-Jury 分数。为了提高最终模型的准确性，用户可以选择从中聚合结果的预测服务器。 3D-Jury 的作者将该系统设计为元预测器，因为早期的结果得出结论，平均低能蛋白质构象（通过聚集）比简单的最低能量蛋白质构象更符合真实构象。 Robetta 自动蛋白质结构预测服务器将 3D-Jury 纳入其预测流程中。自 2024 年 1 月起，最初由 BioInfoBank Institute 主办的 3D-Jury 链接不再有效。
3D-Jury is a metaserver that aggregates and compares models from various protein structure prediction servers. The 3D-Jury algorithm takes in groups of predictions made by a collection of servers and assigns each pair a 3D-Jury score, based on structural similarity. To improve accuracy of the final model, users can select the prediction servers from which to aggregate results. The authors of 3D-Jury designed the system as a meta-predictor because earlier results concluded that the average low-energy protein conformation (by way of aggregation) fit the true conformation better than simply the lowest-energy protein conformation. The Robetta automatic protein structure prediction server incorporates 3D-Jury into its prediction pipeline. As of January 2024, the links to 3D-Jury originally hosted by the BioInfoBank Institute are no longer valid.
Sources, licensing and use
Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 100,000 基因组计划是一个现已完成的英国政府项目，由 Genomics England 管理，该项目正在对国家卫生服务患者的整个基因组进行测序。该项目的重点是罕见疾病、一些常见类型的癌症和传染病。参与者同意将他们的基因组数据与其医疗状况和健康记录的信息相关联。与研究人员共享医学和基因组数据，以提高对疾病原因、治疗和护理的了解。该项目已获得超过 3 亿英镑的公共和私人投资。
The 100,000 Genomes Project is a now-completed UK Government project managed by Genomics England that is sequencing whole genomes from National Health Service patients. The project is focusing on rare diseases, some common types of cancer, and infectious diseases. Participants give consent for their genome data to be linked to information about their medical condition and health records. The medical and genomic data is shared with researchers to improve knowledge of the causes, treatment, and care of diseases. The project has received over £300 million from public and private investment.
Sources, licensing and use
Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 千人基因组计划 (1KGP) 于 2008 年 1 月至 2015 年进行，是一项国际研究工作，旨在建立当时最详细的人类遗传变异目录。科学家计划在接下来的三年内利用新开发的技术进步，对来自多个不同种族的至少一千名匿名健康参与者的基因组进行测序。 2010年，该项目完成了试验阶段，《自然》杂志上的一篇文章对此进行了详细描述。 2012 年，《自然》杂志宣布对 1092 个基因组进行测序。 2015年，《自然》杂志上的两篇论文报道了该项目的成果和完成情况以及未来研究的机会。鉴定了许多仅限于密切相关群体的罕见变异，并分析了八个结构变异类别。
The 1000 Genomes Project (1KGP), taken place from January 2008 to 2015, was an international research effort to establish the most detailed catalogue of human genetic variation at the time. Scientists planned to sequence the genomes of at least one thousand anonymous healthy participants from a number of different ethnic groups within the following three years, using advancements in newly developed technologies. In 2010, the project finished its pilot phase, which was described in detail in a publication in the journal Nature. In 2012, the sequencing of 1092 genomes was announced in a Nature publication. In 2015, two papers in Nature reported results and the completion of the project and opportunities for future research. Many rare variations, restricted to closely related groups, were identified, and eight structural-variation classes were analyzed.
Sources, licensing and use
Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 生物收集数据访问 (ABCD) 模式是一种高度结构化的数据交换和访问模型，用于分类单元发生数据（生物体的标本、观察结果等），即原始生物多样性数据。 2006 年，“地球科学扩展”被添加到该架构中，形成 ABCDEFG 架构；2010 年，生物多样性信息标准 (TDWG) 发布了 DNA 标准扩展草案，称为 ABCDDNA。
The Access to Biological Collections Data (ABCD) schema is a highly structured data exchange and access model for taxon occurrence data (specimens, observations, etc. of living organisms), i.e. primary biodiversity data. In 2006, an 'Extension For Geosciences' was added to the schema, to form the ABCDEFG Schema, and in 2010, Biodiversity Information Standards (TDWG) published a draft standard extension for DNA, called ABCDDNA.
Sources, licensing and use
Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 在生物信息学中，登录号是赋予 DNA 或蛋白质序列记录的唯一标识符，以允许在单个数据存储库中跟踪该序列记录的不同版本以及随时间推移的相关序列。由于其相对稳定性，登录号可用作引用序列对象的外键，但不一定引用唯一的序列。所有序列信息存储库都实现“登录号”的概念，但可能会有细微的变化。
An accession number, in bioinformatics, is a unique identifier given to a DNA or protein sequence record to allow for tracking of different versions of that sequence record and the associated sequence over time in a single data repository. Because of its relative stability, accession numbers can be utilized as foreign keys for referring to a sequence object, but not necessarily to a unique sequence. All sequence information repositories implement the concept of "accession number" but might do so with subtle variations.
Sources, licensing and use
Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ Actino-ugpB RNA 基序是生物信息学发现的保守 RNA 结构。 Actino-ugpB 基序存在于放线菌门的阴道加德纳菌菌株中。 Actino-ugpB RNA 是否作为顺式调控元件发挥作用还是反式发挥作用尚不明确。许多 RNA 位于“ugpB”基因的上游，该基因编码一种推测参与糖转运的蛋白质。然而，一些 RNA 并不位于蛋白质编码基因的上游。在结构上，该基序由两个发夹组成，保守核苷酸位于茎中和发夹外部，但不在其末端环中。
The Actino-ugpB RNA motif is a conserved RNA structure that was discovered by bioinformatics. Actino-ugpB motifs are found in strains of the species Gardnerella vaginalis, within the phylum Actinomycetota. It is ambiguous whether Actino-ugpB RNAs function as cis-regulatory elements or whether they operate in trans. Many of the RNAs are upstream of the gene 'ugpB', which encodes a protein putatively involved in sugar transport. However, several of the RNAs are not located upstream of a protein-coding gene. Structurally, the motif consists of two hairpins with conserved nucleotides located in the stems and outside of the hairpins, but not in their terminal loops.
Sources, licensing and use
Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 自适应采样是一种使用启发式方法来提高效率的采样方法。术语“自适应采样”代表采样问题的通用方法，而不是本身的特殊方法，这意味着它可以与合适的其他方法/方法相结合。在一些现实世界的问题中，隐式/显式地需要采样并用于获得实际的解决方案。采样过程需要资源，有效利用这些资源通常至关重要。这就是为什么有多种采样方法而不是暴力方法的原因。令 f(x) 为要采样的函数。为简单起见，令 C(x,s) 为给定前一组样本 s 的样本 x 的成本（为简单起见，我们可以假设 C(x,s) 是常数，因为采样成本通常不依赖于先前的样本和函数的采样输入 x。
Adaptive sampling is an approach to sampling that uses heuristics to provide efficiency. The term adaptive sampling represents a general approach to the problem of sampling, rather than being a special method itself, meaning it can be combined with suitable other approaches/methods. In some real world problems, sampling is implicitly/explicitly needed and used to obtain practical solutions. The sampling process will need resources and efficient usage of these resources is usually crucial. This is why there are multiple sampling methods instead of the brute-force approach. Let f(x) be a function that is to be sampled. For simplicity, let C(x,s) be the cost for sample x given the previous set of samples s (For simplicity, we can assume that C(x,s) is constant since sampling cost usually does not depend on the previous samples and the sampling input x to the function.
Sources, licensing and use
Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 非洲生物基因组计划 (African BioGenome Project) 或 AfricaBP 是一项国际努力，旨在对非洲本土的所有动物、所有植物、所有真菌和所有原生生物（因此统称为所有真核生物）进行基因组测序，估计成本达 10 亿美元。该项目优先在非洲大陆进行测序工作和数据存储。
The African BioGenome Project, or AfricaBP, is an international effort to sequence the genomes of all animals, all plants, all fungi, and all protists (and so, collectively, all eukaryotes) that are native to Africa at an estimated cost of $1 billion U.S. dollars. The project prioritizes doing its sequencing work and data storage within the African continent.
Sources, licensing and use
Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 藻类 DNA 条形码通常用于物种鉴定和系统发育研究。藻类形成系统发育异质群体，这意味着应用单一通用条形码/标记进行物种界定是不可行的，因此在不同的藻类群体中为此目的应用不同的标记/条形码。
DNA barcoding of algae is commonly used for species identification and phylogenetic studies. Algae form a phylogenetically heterogeneous group, meaning that the application of a single universal barcode/marker for species delimitation is unfeasible, thus different markers/barcodes are applied for this aim in different algal groups.
Sources, licensing and use
Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ Align-m 是由 Ivo Van Walle 编写的多序列比对程序。 Align-m 能够完成以下任务：多重序列比对，包括指导序列比对的额外信息，多重结构比对，通过（迭代）组合序列和结构比对数据进行同源建模，“过滤”BLAST 或其他成对比对，将许多比对组合成一个共有序列，多重基因组比对（可以应对重排）。
Align-m is a multiple sequence alignment program written by Ivo Van Walle. Align-m has the ability to accomplish the following tasks: multiple sequence alignment, include extra information to guide the sequence alignment, multiple structural alignment, homology modeling by (iteratively) combining sequence and structure alignment data, 'filtering' of BLAST or other pairwise alignments, combining many alignments into one consensus sequence, multiple genome alignment (can cope with rearrangements).
Sources, licensing and use
Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗