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Structural Biology抗微生物肽抗菌肽 (AMP)，也称为宿主防御肽 (HDP)，是所有生命类别中发现的先天免疫反应的一部分。原核细胞和真核细胞之间存在根本差异，这可能代表抗菌肽的靶标。这些肽是有效的广谱抗菌剂，具有作为新型治疗剂的潜力。抗菌肽已被证明可以杀死革兰氏阴性和革兰氏阳性细菌、包膜病毒、真菌，甚至转化细胞或癌细胞。与大多数传统抗生素不同的是，抗菌肽经常破坏生物膜的稳定性，可以形成跨膜通道，并且还可能具有通过充当免疫调节剂来增强免疫力的能力。
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), also called host defence peptides (HDPs) are part of the innate immune response found among all classes of life. Fundamental differences exist between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells that may represent targets for antimicrobial peptides. These peptides are potent, broad spectrum antimicrobials which demonstrate potential as novel therapeutic agents. Antimicrobial peptides have been demonstrated to kill Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria, enveloped viruses, fungi and even transformed or cancerous cells. Unlike the majority of conventional antibiotics it appears that antimicrobial peptides frequently destabilize biological membranes, can form transmembrane channels, and may also have the ability to enhance immunity by functioning as immunomodulators.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 在流行病学中，发病率是指在特定时间间隔内感染该疾病的高危人群的比例。它用于假设预测和疾病的实际爆发。高危人群被定义为对攻击病原体没有免疫力的人群，这种病原体可以是一种新的病原体，也可以是一种既定的病原体。它用于预测流行病期间预期的感染数量。这有助于整合资源以提供医疗服务以及生产疫苗和/或抗病毒和抗菌药物。该比率是通过将高危人群中的新病例数除以高危人群中的人数得出的。
In epidemiology, the attack rate is the proportion of an at-risk population that contracts the disease during a specified time interval. It is used in hypothetical predictions and during actual outbreaks of disease. An at-risk population is defined as one that has no immunity to the attacking pathogen, which can be either a novel pathogen or an established pathogen. It is used to project the number of infections to expect during an epidemic. This aids in marshalling resources for delivery of medical care as well as production of vaccines and/or anti-viral and anti-bacterial medicines. The rate is arrived at by taking the number of new cases in the population at risk and dividing by the number of persons at risk in the population.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 方差分析-同时成分分析（ASCA 或 ANOVA-SCA）是一种统计技术，用于分析复杂的数据集，特别是那些由多因素设计的实验产生的数据集，特别是在计算生物学和生物信息学领域。它结合了其他两种方法的原理：方差分析 (ANOVA)，它评估数据集中有多少变异是由不同的实验条件或因素解释的；同时成分分析 (SCA)，在数学上相当于主成分分析 (PCA)，它简化了多维数据的解释。该方法是方差分析 (ANOVA) 的多变量甚至巨变量扩展。变异划分类似于方差分析。每个分区都匹配由效应或因素（通常是治疗方案或实验条件）引起的所有变化。
ANOVA–simultaneous component analysis (ASCA or ANOVA-SCA) is a statistical technique used to analyze complex datasets, particularly those arising from designed experiments with multiple factors, notably in the fields of computational biology and bioinformatics. It combines the principles of two other methods: Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), which assesses how much of the variation in a dataset is explained by different experimental conditions or factors, and Simultaneous Component Analysis (SCA), mathematically equivalent to Principal Component Analysis (PCA), which simplifies the interpretation of multi-dimensional data. This method is a multivariate or even megavariate extension of analysis of variance (ANOVA). The variation partitioning is similar to ANOVA. Each partition matches all variation induced by an effect or factor, usually a treatment regime or experimental condition.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 碱基识别是将核碱基分配给色谱峰、光强度信号或核苷酸通过纳米孔引起的电流变化的过程。完成这项工作的计算机程序是 Phred，它是学术和商业 DNA 测序实验室广泛使用的碱基识别软件程序，因为它具有很高的碱基识别准确性。目前，碱基检出通常由仪器上的软件处理，例如专有的实时分析 (RTA) 管道，该管道高度集成并随每个平台版本进行更新。纳米孔测序的碱基识别器（例如 Guppy 或 Dorado）使用根据从准确测序数据获得的当前信号进行训练的神经网络。
Base calling is the process of assigning nucleobases to chromatogram peaks, light intensity signals, or electrical current changes resulting from nucleotides passing through a nanopore. One computer program for accomplishing this job is Phred, which was a widely used base calling software program by both academic and commercial DNA sequencing laboratories because of its high base calling accuracy. Currently basecalling is commonly handled by on-instrument software, such as the proprietary Real-Time Analysis (RTA) pipeline, which is highly integrated and updated with each platform release. Base callers for Nanopore sequencing like Guppy or Dorado, use neural networks trained on current signals obtained from accurate sequencing data.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 分析信息标记语言 (AnIML) 是一种开放式 ASTM XML 标准，用于存储和共享分析化学和生物数据。
The Analytical Information Markup Language (AnIML) is an open ASTM XML standard for storing and sharing analytical chemistry and biological data.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ BED（浏览器可扩展数据）格式是一种文本文件格式，用于将基因组区域存储为坐标和相关注释。数据以由空格或制表符分隔的列的形式呈现。这种格式是在人类基因组计划期间开发的，然后被其他测序项目采用。由于这种日益广泛的使用，在正式规范编写之前，这种格式已经成为生物信息学事实上的标准。这种格式的优点之一是操纵坐标而不是核苷酸序列，这在比较全部或部分基因组时优化了能力和计算时间。此外，它的简单性使得使用文字处理和脚本语言（例如 Python、Ruby 或 Perl）或更专业的工具（例如 BEDTools）来操作和读取（或解析）坐标或注释变得容易。
The BED (Browser Extensible Data) format is a text file format used to store genomic regions as coordinates and associated annotations. The data are presented in the form of columns separated by spaces or tabs. This format was developed during the Human Genome Project and then adopted by other sequencing projects. As a result of this increasingly wide use, this format had already become a de facto standard in bioinformatics before a formal specification was written. One of the advantages of this format is the manipulation of coordinates instead of nucleotide sequences, which optimizes the power and computation time when comparing all or part of genomes. In addition, its simplicity makes it easy to manipulate and read (or parsing) coordinates or annotations using word processing and scripting languages such as Python, Ruby, or Perl or more specialized tools such as BEDTools.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 在生物化学中，主链依赖性旋转异构体库提供蛋白质中氨基酸侧链离散构象（称为旋转异构体）的频率、平均二面角和标准差，作为 Ramachandran 图的主链二面角 φ 和 ψ 的函数。相比之下，主链独立的旋转异构体文库表达蛋白质中所有侧链的频率和平均二面角，无论每种残基类型的主链构象如何。与主链无关的旋转异构体文库相比，主链依赖性旋转异构体文库已被证明具有显着优势，主要是在用作能量项时，通过加快蛋白质结构预测和蛋白质设计中使用的侧链包装算法的搜索时间。
In biochemistry, a backbone-dependent rotamer library provides the frequencies, mean dihedral angles, and standard deviations of the discrete conformations (known as rotamers) of the amino acid side chains in proteins as a function of the backbone dihedral angles φ and ψ of the Ramachandran map. By contrast, backbone-independent rotamer libraries express the frequencies and mean dihedral angles for all side chains in proteins, regardless of the backbone conformation of each residue type. Backbone-dependent rotamer libraries have been shown to have significant advantages over backbone-independent rotamer libraries, principally when used as an energy term, by speeding up search times of side-chain packing algorithms used in protein structure prediction and protein design.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 块式 GNU Zip 格式 (BGZF) 是 gzip 文件格式的一种变体，它使用块压缩，这是一种将数据压缩为独立内容块的方法，每个块都是一个有效的 gzip 文件。这种设计广泛应用于生物信息学中的基因组数据压缩。基于块的设计提供了高效的存储、带索引查询的随机访问以及并行处理；允许大规模数据处理。该格式是作为 SAM/BAM 规范和 SAMtools 的一部分而开发的。它是通用 BAM 格式（序列比对图格式的二进制版本）的核心组件，也用于压缩和索引 Variant Call Format (VCF)、FASTA 和 BED 文件。由于每个块都是标准 gzip 块，因此 BGZF 文件可以由任何标准 gzip 兼容工具解压缩，确保向后兼容性。
Blocked GNU Zip Format (BGZF) is a variant of gzip file format that uses block compression, a method that compresses data in independent blocks of content—each of which is a valid gzip file. This design is utilized widely in bioinformatics for genomic data compression. The block-based design provides efficient storage, random access with indexed queries, and parallel processing; allowing large-scale data processing. The format was developed as part of SAM/BAM specification and SAMtools. It is a core component of the common BAM format (the binary version of the Sequence Alignment Map format) and is also used to compress and index Variant Call Format (VCF), FASTA, and BED files. Because each block is a standard gzip block, a BGZF file can be decompressed by any standard gzip-compatible tool, ensuring backward compatibility.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 基因命名法是基因的科学命名，基因是生物体的遗传单位。它还与蛋白质命名法密切相关，因为基因和它们编码的蛋白质通常具有相似的命名法。一个国际委员会于 1957 年发布了关于遗传符号和命名法的建议。在 20 世纪 60 年代，人们认识到需要制定人类基因名称和符号的正式指南，并于 1979 年发布了完整的指南（爱丁堡人类基因组会议）。其他几个属特定研究团体（例如果蝇、小鼠）也采用了命名标准，并将其发布在相关模式生物网站和科学期刊上，包括《遗传学趋势遗传命名指南》。
Gene nomenclature is the scientific naming of genes, the units of heredity in living organisms. It is also closely associated with protein nomenclature, as genes and the proteins they code for usually have similar nomenclature. An international committee published recommendations for genetic symbols and nomenclature in 1957. The need to develop formal guidelines for human gene names and symbols was recognized in the 1960s and full guidelines were issued in 1979 (Edinburgh Human Genome Meeting). Several other genus-specific research communities (e.g., Drosophila fruit flies, Mus mice) have adopted nomenclature standards as well, and have published them on the relevant model organism websites and in scientific journals, including the Trends in Genetics Genetic Nomenclature Guide.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ Gene Designer 是一个生物信息学计算机软件包。学术界、政府以及制药、化学、农业和生物技术行业的分子生物学家使用它来设计、克隆和验证基因序列。它是专有软件，作为免费软件发布，需要注册。
Gene Designer is a computer software package for bioinformatics. It is used by molecular biologists from academia, government, and the pharmaceutical, chemical, agricultural, and biotechnology industries to design, clone, and validate genetic sequences. It is proprietary software, released as freeware needing registration.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ GC 偏差是指 DNA 或 RNA 的特定区域中核苷酸鸟嘌呤和胞嘧啶过多或不足。 GC 偏差也是一种测量链特异性鸟嘌呤过度表达的统计方法。在平衡条件下（没有突变或选择压力，并且核苷酸随机分布在基因组内），DNA 分子的两条单链上的四种 DNA 碱基（腺嘌呤、鸟嘌呤、胸腺嘧啶和胞嘧啶）的频率相等。然而，在大多数细菌（例如大肠杆菌）和一些古细菌（例如硫磺菌）中，前导链和滞后链之间的核苷酸组成是不对称的：前导链含有更多的鸟嘌呤（G）和胸腺嘧啶（T），而滞后链含有更多的腺嘌呤（A）和胞嘧啶（C）。
GC skew is when the nucleotides guanine and cytosine are over- or under-abundant in a particular region of DNA or RNA. GC skew is also a statistical method for measuring strand-specific guanine overrepresentation. In equilibrium conditions (without mutational or selective pressure and with nucleotides randomly distributed within the genome) there is an equal frequency of the four DNA bases (adenine, guanine, thymine, and cytosine) on both single strands of a DNA molecule. However, in most bacteria (e.g. E. coli) and some archaea (e.g. Sulfolobus solfataricus), nucleotide compositions are asymmetric between the leading strand and the lagging strand: the leading strand contains more guanine (G) and thymine (T), whereas the lagging strand contains more adenine (A) and cytosine (C).
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 基因本体（GO）术语富集是一种利用基因本体分类系统解释基因组的技术，其中基因根据其功能特征被分配到一组预定义的箱中。例如，FasR 基因被归类为受体，参与细胞凋亡并位于质膜上。研究人员进行高通量实验来产生基因组（例如，在不同条件下差异表达的基因），通常希望检索该基因组的功能图谱，以便更好地了解潜在的生物过程。这可以通过将输入基因集与 GO 中的每个 bin（术语）进行比较来完成 - 可以对每个 bin 进行统计测试，看看它是否富含输入基因。
Gene Ontology (GO) term enrichment is a technique for interpreting sets of genes making use of the Gene Ontology system of classification, in which genes are assigned to a set of predefined bins depending on their functional characteristics. For example, the gene FasR is categorized as being a receptor, involved in apoptosis and located on the plasma membrane. Researchers performing high-throughput experiments that yield sets of genes (for example, genes that are differentially expressed under different conditions) often want to retrieve a functional profile of that gene set, in order to better understand the underlying biological processes. This can be done by comparing the input gene set with each of the bins (terms) in the GO – a statistical test can be performed for each bin to see if it is enriched for the input genes.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 真菌 DNA 条形码是通过特定 DNA 序列的 PCR 扩增和测序以及与存储在 DNA 条形码数据库（例如 ISHAM 参考数据库或生命条形码数据系统 (BOLD)）中的序列进行比较来识别真菌生物界物种的过程。在这一尝试中，DNA条形码依赖于理想情况下存在于所有真菌中且具有相同程度序列变异的通用基因。所选 DNA 条形码基因中的种间变异，即物种之间的变异，应超过种内（种内）变异。真菌系统学的一个基本问题是其生命周期中存在有形阶段和变形阶段。这些变体通常在表型外观上存在巨大差异，从而阻止了无性无性型与有性有性型的直接关联。
Fungal DNA barcoding is the process of identifying species of the biological kingdom Fungi through the PCR amplification and sequencing of specific DNA sequences and their comparison with sequences deposited in a DNA barcode database such as the ISHAM reference database, or the Barcode of Life Data System (BOLD). In this attempt, DNA barcoding relies on universal genes that are ideally present in all fungi with the same degree of sequence variation. The interspecific variation, i.e., the variation between species, in the chosen DNA barcode gene should exceed the intraspecific (within-species) variation. A fundamental problem in fungal systematics is the existence of teleomorphic and anamorphic stages in their life cycles. These morphs usually differ drastically in their phenotypic appearance, preventing a straightforward association of the asexual anamorph with the sexual teleomorph.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 在分子生物学中，相互作用组是特定细胞中的整套分子相互作用。该术语特指分子之间的物理相互作用（例如蛋白质之间的相互作用，也称为蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用 (PPI)；或小分子和蛋白质之间的相互作用。），但也可以描述基因之间的一组间接相互作用（遗传相互作用）。 “interactome”这个词最初是由伯纳德·雅克（Bernard Jacq）为首的一群法国科学家于1999年创造的。从数学上讲，相互作用组通常显示为图表。虽然相互作用组可以被描述为生物网络，但不应将它们与其他网络（例如神经网络或食物网）混淆。
In molecular biology, an interactome is the whole set of molecular interactions in a particular cell. The term specifically refers to physical interactions among molecules (such as those among proteins, also known as protein–protein interactions (PPIs); or between small molecules and proteins.) but can also describe sets of indirect interactions among genes (genetic interactions). The word "interactome" was originally coined in 1999 by a group of French scientists headed by Bernard Jacq. Mathematically, interactomes are generally displayed as graphs. While interactomes may be described as biological networks, they should not be confused with other networks such as neural networks or food webs.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ Information Hyperlinked over Proteins（或 iHOP）是一种在线文本挖掘服务，提供基因引导网络来访问 PubMed 摘要。该服务由 Robert Hoffmann 和 Alfonso Valencia 于 2004 年建立。iHOP 的基本概念是，通过使用基因和蛋白质作为句子和摘要之间的超链接，PubMed 中的信息可以转换为一种可导航资源。在该网络内浏览相互关联的句子而不是使用传统的关键字搜索可以逐步且受控地获取信息。此外，该文献网络可以叠加在实验交互数据上，以方便同时分析新知识和现有知识。
Information Hyperlinked over Proteins (or iHOP) is an online text mining service that provides a gene-guided network to access PubMed abstracts. The service was established by Robert Hoffmann and Alfonso Valencia in 2004. The concept underlying iHOP is that by using genes and proteins as hyperlinks between sentences and abstracts, the information in PubMed can be converted into one navigable resource. Navigating across interrelated sentences within this network rather than the use of conventional keyword searches allows for stepwise and controlled acquisition of information. Moreover, this literature network can be superimposed upon experimental interaction data to facilitate the simultaneous analysis of novel and existing knowledge.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 间同源物是一对蛋白质之间的保守相互作用，这对蛋白质在另一个生物体中具有相互作用的同源物。该术语是 Walhout 等人在 2000 年的一篇论文中引入的。
An interolog is a conserved interaction between a pair of proteins which have interacting homologs in another organism. The term was introduced in a 2000 paper by Walhout et al.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 整合生物信息学是生物信息学的一门学科，重点研究生命科学的数据集成问题。随着生命科学领域，特别是分子生物学领域高通量 (HTP) 技术的兴起，收集的数据量呈指数级增长。此外，数据分散在大量公共和私人存储库中，并使用大量不同的格式存储。这种情况使得搜索这些数据并执行从完整的可用数据集中提取新知识所需的分析变得非常困难。综合生物信息学试图通过提供对生命科学数据的统一访问来解决这个问题。
Integrative bioinformatics is a discipline of bioinformatics that focuses on problems of data integration for the life sciences. With the rise of high-throughput (HTP) technologies in the life sciences, particularly in molecular biology, the amount of collected data has grown in an exponential fashion. Furthermore, the data are scattered over a plethora of both public and private repositories, and are stored using a large number of different formats. This situation makes searching these data and performing the analysis necessary for the extraction of new knowledge from the complete set of available data very difficult. Integrative bioinformatics attempts to tackle this problem by providing unified access to life science data.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 在生物信息学中，k-mers 是生物序列中包含的长度为 k {\displaystyle k} 的子串。主要用于计算基因组学和序列分析，其中 k 聚体由核苷酸（即 A、T、G 和 C）组成，k 聚体可用于组装 DNA 序列、改善异源基因表达、识别宏基因组样本中的物种以及创建减毒疫苗。通常，术语 k-mer 是指长度为 k {\displaystyle k} 的序列的所有子序列，因此序列 AGAT 将具有四个单体（A、G、A 和 T）、三个 2-mer（AG、GA、AT）、两个 3-mer（AGA 和 GAT）和一个 4-mer（AGAT）。
In bioinformatics, k-mers are substrings of length k {\displaystyle k} contained within a biological sequence. Primarily used within the context of computational genomics and sequence analysis, in which k-mers are composed of nucleotides (i.e. A, T, G, and C), k-mers are capitalized upon to assemble DNA sequences, improve heterologous gene expression, identify species in metagenomic samples, and create attenuated vaccines. Usually, the term k-mer refers to all of a sequence's subsequences of length k {\displaystyle k} , such that the sequence AGAT would have four monomers (A, G, A, and T), three 2-mers (AG, GA, AT), two 3-mers (AGA and GAT) and one 4-mer (AGAT).
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ iTools 是一个用于管理、发现、比较和集成计算生物学资源的分布式基础设施。 iTools 采用 Biositemap 技术来检索和服务有关各种生物信息学数据服务、工具和 Web 服务的元数据。 iTools 由国家生物医学计算中心开发，作为 NIH 路线图计划的一部分。
iTools is a distributed infrastructure for managing, discovery, comparison and integration of computational biology resources. iTools employs Biositemap technology to retrieve and service meta-data about diverse bioinformatics data services, tools, and web-services. iTools is developed by the National Centers for Biomedical Computing as part of the NIH Road Map Initiative.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ ISCB 奖学金是授予国际计算生物学学会 (ISCB) 判定“对计算生物学和生物信息学领域做出杰出贡献”的科学家的奖项。截至 2025 年，ISCB 共有 161 名院士，包括 Michael Ashburner、Alex Bateman、Bonnie Berger、Helen M. Berman、Steven E. Brenner、Janet Kelso、Daphne Koller、Michael Levitt、Sarah Teichmann、Janet Thornton 和 Shoshana Wodak。有关完整列表，请参阅国际计算生物学学会会员名单。
ISCB Fellowship is an award granted to scientists that the International Society for Computational Biology (ISCB) judges to have made "outstanding contributions to the fields of computational biology and bioinformatics". As of 2025, there are 161 Fellows of the ISCB including Michael Ashburner, Alex Bateman, Bonnie Berger, Helen M. Berman, Steven E. Brenner, Janet Kelso, Daphne Koller, Michael Levitt, Sarah Teichmann, Janet Thornton, and Shoshana Wodak. See List of Fellows of the International Society for Computational Biology for a comprehensive listing.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 在分子生物学和遗传学中，阅读框被定义为起始密码子和终止密码子之间的 DNA 序列跨度。通常，这被认为是在原核 DNA 序列的研究区域内，其中只有六个可能的阅读框之一是“开放的”（然而，“阅读”是指由 DNA 转录及其随后与翻译中的核糖体相互作用产生的 RNA）。这样的开放阅读框（ORF）可以包含起始密码子（通常在RNA中为AUG）并且根据定义不能延伸超出终止密码子（在RNA中通常为UAA、UAG或UGA）。该起始密码子（不一定是第一个）指示翻译可以开始的位置。转录终止位点位于 ORF 之后，翻译终止密码子之外。如果转录在终止密码子之前停止，则翻译过程中将产生不完整的蛋白质。
In molecular biology and genetics, reading frames are defined as spans of DNA sequence between the start and stop codons. Usually, this is considered within a studied region of a prokaryotic DNA sequence, where only one of the six possible reading frames will be "open" (the "reading", however, refers to the RNA produced by transcription of the DNA and its subsequent interaction with the ribosome in translation). Such an open reading frame (ORF) may contain a start codon (usually AUG in terms of RNA) and by definition cannot extend beyond a stop codon (usually UAA, UAG or UGA in RNA). That start codon (not necessarily the first) indicates where translation may start. The transcription termination site is located after the ORF, beyond the translation stop codon. If transcription were to cease before the stop codon, an incomplete protein would be made during translation.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 开放生物和生物医学本体论 (OBO) Foundry 是一群构建和维护与生命科学相关的本体论的人。 OBO Foundry 建立了一套本体开发原则，用于在生物医学领域创建一套可互操作的参考本体。目前，有一百多个本体遵循 OBO Foundry 原则。 OBO Foundry 的努力使整合生物医学结果和进行生物信息学分析变得更加容易。它通过为不同研究领域的术语及其相互关系（例如：小鼠模型中的表型及其斑马鱼中的相关表型）提供结构化参考来实现这一点。
The Open Biological and Biomedical Ontologies (OBO) Foundry is a group of people who build and maintain ontologies related to the life sciences. The OBO Foundry establishes a set of principles for ontology development for creating a suite of interoperable reference ontologies in the biomedical domain. Currently, there are more than a hundred ontologies that follow the OBO Foundry principles. The OBO Foundry effort makes it easier to integrate biomedical results and carry out analysis in bioinformatics. It does so by offering a structured reference for terms of different research fields and their interconnections (ex: a phenotype in a mouse model and its related phenotype in zebrafish).
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 生物医学研究本体 (OBI) 是一个开放访问的集成本体，用于描述生物学和临床研究。 OBI 提供了一个模型，用于设计调查、使用的协议和仪器、使用的材料、生成的数据以及对其进行的分析类型。该项目是作为 OBO Foundry 的一部分进行开发的，因此遵守其中的所有原则，例如正交覆盖（即与其他 Foundry 成员本体的明确划分）和使用通用形式语言。在 OBI 中，常用的形式语言是 Web 本体语言 (OWL)。截至 2008 年 3 月，本体的预发布版本已在项目的 SVN 存储库中提供。
The Ontology for Biomedical Investigations (OBI) is an open-access, integrated ontology for the description of biological and clinical investigations. OBI provides a model for the design of an investigation, the protocols and instrumentation used, the materials used, the data generated and the type of analysis performed on it. The project is being developed as part of the OBO Foundry and as such adheres to all the principles therein such as orthogonal coverage (i.e. clear delineation from other foundry member ontologies) and the use of a common formal language. In OBI the common formal language used is the Web Ontology Language (OWL). As of March 2008, a pre-release version of the ontology was made available at the project's SVN repository.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 在计算机科学、信息科学和系统工程中，本体工程是研究构建本体的方法和方法的领域，本体包括给定感兴趣领域的概念、数据和实体之间的类别、属性和关系的表示、形式命名和定义。从更广泛的意义上讲，该领域还包括使用 OWL/RDF 等形式本体表示的领域知识构建。诸如动作、时间、物理对象和信念等抽象概念的大规模表示将是本体工程的一个例子。本体工程是应用本体论的领域之一，可以看作是哲学本体论的应用。本体工程的核心思想和目标也是概念建模的核心。
In computer science, information science and systems engineering, ontology engineering is a field which studies the methods and methodologies for building ontologies, which encompasses a representation, formal naming and definition of the categories, properties and relations between the concepts, data and entities of a given domain of interest. In a broader sense, this field also includes a knowledge construction of the domain using formal ontology representations such as OWL/RDF. A large-scale representation of abstract concepts such as actions, time, physical objects and beliefs would be an example of ontological engineering. Ontology engineering is one of the areas of applied ontology, and can be seen as an application of philosophical ontology. Core ideas and objectives of ontology engineering are also central in conceptual modeling.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 在分子生物学和遗传学领域，泛基因组（泛基因组或超基因组）是来自一个分支内所有菌株的整套基因。更一般地说，它是一个分支的所有基因组的联合。泛基因组可以分为核心泛基因组（包含所有个体中存在的基因）、外壳泛基因组（包含两个或多个菌株中存在的基因）和云泛基因组（包含仅在单个菌株中发现的基因）。一些作者还将云基因组称为辅助基因组，其中包含菌株子集中存在的“可有可无的”基因和菌株特异性基因。请注意，“可有可无”一词的使用受到了质疑，至少在植物基因组中，因为辅助基因“在基因组进化以及基因组与环境之间复杂的相互作用中发挥着重要作用”。泛基因组的研究领域称为泛基因组学。
In the fields of molecular biology and genetics, a pan-genome (pangenome or supragenome) is the entire set of genes from all strains within a clade. More generally, it is the union of all the genomes of a clade. The pan-genome can be broken down into a core pangenome that contains genes present in all individuals, a shell pangenome that contains genes present in two or more strains, and a cloud pangenome that contains genes only found in a single strain. Some authors also refer to the cloud genome as accessory genome containing 'dispensable' genes present in a subset of the strains and strain-specific genes. Note that the use of the term 'dispensable' has been questioned, at least in plant genomes, as accessory genes play "an important role in genome evolution and in the complex interplay between the genome and the environment". The field of study of pangenomes is called pangenomics.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 父系谱是一种分支分支模式，通过使用父系距离（即谱系之间的分歧）进行了精确修改；种系图的一种。父系距离被定义为“分支图上分隔两个分类单元的非同构步长变化的数量”，并且专门用于确定特征与共同祖先的分歧量。这意味着将分支距离和父系距离结合起来，使用各种表型算法构建一棵新树。生物分类中的谱系图的目的是在做出分类决策之前形成关于实际涉及哪些进化过程的假设。谱图基于生物统计学，包括但不限于：简约法、距离矩阵、似然法和贝叶斯概率。
A patrocladogram is a cladistic branching pattern that has been precisely modified by use of patristic distances (i.e., divergences between lineages); a type of phylogram. The patristic distance is defined as, "the number of apomorphic step changes separating two taxa on a cladogram," and is used exclusively to determine the amount of divergence of a characteristic from a common ancestor. This means that cladistic and patristic distances are combined to construct a new tree using various phenetic algorithms. The purpose of the patrocladogram in biological classification is to form a hypothesis about which evolutionary processes are actually involved before making a taxonomic decision. Patrocladograms are based on biostatistics that include but are not limited to: parsimony, distance matrix, likelihood methods, and Bayesian probability.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ PathoPhenoDB 是一个生物数据库。该数据库使用多个数据库（例如 NCBI、人类疾病本体论、人类表型本体论、哺乳动物表型本体论、PubChem、SIDER 和 CARD）将病原体与其表型联系起来。病原体与疾病的关联主要通过疾病预防控制中心和维基百科上的传染病列表页面收集。他们分配分类的方式是半自动的。当根据 NCBI 分类法进行映射时，如果病原体不完全匹配，则会将其映射到父类。 PathoPhenoDB 使用 NPMI 来根据共现统计数据过滤对。
PathoPhenoDB is a biological database. The database connects pathogens to their phenotypes using multiple databases such as NCBI, Human Disease Ontology Human Phenotype Ontology, Mammalian Phenotype Ontology, PubChem, SIDER and CARD. Pathogen-disease associations were gathered mainly through the CDC and the List of Infectious Diseases page on Wikipedia. The manner by which they assigned taxonomy was semi-automatic. When mapped against NCBI Taxonomy, if the pathogen was not an exact match, it was then mapped to the parent class. PathoPhenoDB employs NPMI in order to filter pairs based on their co-occurrence statistics.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 患者相似性网络 (PSN) 是一种基于图论的数学模型，可对个体之间的复杂关系进行可视化和分析性探索。在此图形表示中，节点代表单个患者，而边则测量他们之间的临床、表型或分子相似性程度。 PSN 越来越多地用于临床研究以支持临床决策，将重点从一般统计平均值转移到高度个性化的治疗，这是精准医学的核心概念。通过采用机器学习技术，这些网络能够预测患者的治疗结果并改善患者分层，从而促进复杂疾病中新亚型的识别。
A patient similarity network (PSN) is a mathematical model based on graph theory that allows for the visual and analytical exploration of complex relationships among individuals. In this graph representation, nodes represent single patients, while edges measure the degree of clinical, phenotypic, or molecular similarity between them. PSNs are increasingly utilized in clinical research to support clinical decision-making, shifting the focus from general statistical averages to highly personalized treatments, the core concept of precision medicine. By employing machine learning techniques, these networks enable the prediction of patient outcomes and improve patient stratification, facilitating the identification of novel subtypes in complex diseases.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 在社会科学和其他领域，代表性序列是最好地表征或总结一组序列的整个序列。在生物信息学中，代表性序列还指定表征序列的序列子串。
In social sciences and other domains, representative sequences are whole sequences that best characterize or summarize a set of sequences. In bioinformatics, representative sequences also designate substrings of a sequence that characterize the sequence.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 调节组是指细胞中的整套调节成分。这些成分可以是调节元件、基因、mRNA、蛋白质和代谢物。该描述包括这些成分之间调节作用的相互作用，以及它们对亚细胞定位、组织、发育阶段和病理状态等变量的依赖性。
Regulome refers to the whole set of regulatory components in a cell. Those components can be regulatory elements, genes, mRNAs, proteins, and metabolites. The description includes the interplay of regulatory effects between these components, and their dependence on variables such as subcellular localization, tissue, developmental stage, and pathological state.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
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