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Structural Biology解剖学基础模型解剖学基础模型，又称解剖学基础模型本体（Foundational Model of Anatomy Ontology, FMA），是解剖学领域的一部参考本体。它是对生物体典型的表现型结构的符号表达形式；FMA是一部由解剖学实体和关系所构成的空间结构本体，而这些实体和关系在所有显著的粒度层次之上构成的则是生物体的实际组织结构。
The Foundational Model of Anatomy Ontology (FMA) is a reference ontology for the domain of human anatomy. It is a symbolic representation of the canonical, phenotypic structure of an organism; a spatial-structural ontology of anatomical entities and relations which form the physical organization of an organism at all salient levels of granularity. FMA is developed and maintained by the Structural Informatics Group at the University of Washington.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements.
View content license ↗ 基因共表达网络是一种无向图，每个节点代表基因，如果二者存在明显的共表达关系，就用一个边连接两个节点。 对不同的样本或者不同的实验条件建立基因表达谱后，可以通过查看不同样本间产生相似表达模式的基因对建立基因共表达网络。原因是，两个共表达基因在不同的样本中应以相同模式变化。共同表达的基因是由同一转录控制程序控制、功能相关、同一通路或蛋白结构的组成部分，所以基因共表达网络具有生物学意义。 基因共表达网络不指定共表达关系的方向和类型。然而在基因调控网络中，边是有方向的，代表着反应、变换、互作、激活或者抑制的生化过程。而基因共表达网络并不尝试判定因果关系，边只代表基因之间的相关或者依赖关系。有类似功能或参与统一生物功能的基因会产生很多相互作用，在基因共表达网络中会体现为模块或连接丰富的子图。 基因共表达网络一般是用高通量基因表达谱技术（如微阵列和RNA测序）生成的数据集建立的。
A gene co-expression network (GCN) is an undirected graph, where each node corresponds to a gene, and a pair of nodes is connected with an edge if there is a significant co-expression relationship between them. Having gene expression profiles of a number of genes for several samples or experimental conditions, a gene co-expression network can be constructed by looking for pairs of genes which show a similar expression pattern across samples, since the transcript levels of two co-expressed genes rise and fall together across samples. Gene co-expression networks are of biological interest since co-expressed genes are controlled by the same transcriptional regulatory program, functionally related, or members of the same pathway or protein complex. The direction and type of co-expression relationships are not determined in gene co-expression networks; whereas in a gene regulatory network (GRN) a directed edge connects two genes, representing a biochemical process such as a reaction, transformation, interaction, activation or inhibition.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements.
View content license ↗ 蛋白质一级结构（protein primary structure）是肽或蛋白质中氨基酸的线性序列，即氨基酸序列（amino acid sequence）。按照惯例，蛋白质的一级结构被报道从氨基末端（N）端到羧基末端（C）端。蛋白质生物合成最通常由细胞中的核糖体进行。肽也可以在实验室中合成。蛋白质一级结构可以直接进行蛋白质测序，或从DNA序列推断。 在生物化学里，生物分子的一级结构是其分子组成和分子间化学键结的精确模样。对于一典型的无分支、无交叉的生物聚合物（如DNA、RNA或典型的细胞内蛋白质等分子），其第一结构等同于描述其单体单位的序列，即如DNA序列和肽序列。“一级结构”这一名词在Linderstrom-Lang于1951年的Lane Medical Lectures上首次被提到。一级结构和一级序列有一点相似，即使在二级或三级结构中并没有平行的概念。
Protein primary structure is the linear sequence of amino acids in a peptide or protein. By convention, the primary structure of a protein is reported starting from the amino-terminal (N) end to the carboxyl-terminal (C) end. Protein biosynthesis is most commonly performed by ribosomes in cells. Peptides can also be synthesized in the laboratory. Protein primary structures can be directly sequenced, or inferred from DNA sequences.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements.
View content license ↗ 表现型（英语：Phenotype），或称表型，是指一个个体的可观测性状的集合，如身高，瞳孔颜色与血型等，或一些疾病的症状。 这个术语亦涵盖生物体除基因组以外的所有性状如：生物体的形态、发育过程、生化和生理特性，以及所有行为，例如孔雀的炫耀行为。 由于基因表达共同的受基因（基因型遗传、表观遗传）和环境及发育的影响，基因型与表现型会有差异，而进一步加强了遗传变异所带来的个体差异，同一群体的个体之间，复杂性状上的表达差异被称为表现型变异（Phenotypic variation）；由于环境影响，表现型在个体的一生中是可变的。这种多态性奠定自然选择的基础，如果表型都一样，族群只能依突变、漂变等机制演化。 表现型多态性在人类中亦十分普遍，例如镰刀型红血球疾病，该疾病会引起红血球中的载氧血红蛋白异常，缺氧时红血球会变成镰刀型。截至2021年，全球估计有774万人患有镰状细胞疾病，共占当时世界人口约0.1%。值得注意的是，表现型与基因型并不完全等同，世界上共有约5%的人口为镰刀型红血球疾病基因携带者，但由于只携带了一个致病等位基因故未致病，即隐性遗传。 威廉·约翰森于 1911 年提出将基因型与表现型区分，以厘清生物体的遗传物质与“有机界的所有典型现象”之间的差异；这些现象的描述，涉及“形态、结构、大小、颜色以及其他生物特征”。 早期的遗传学家欠缺分子生物学技术，无从直接观察DNA构造，生物和其后代的表型就是他们判别其基因型的工具。
In genetics, the phenotype (from Ancient Greek φαίνω (phaínō) 'to appear, show' and τύπος (túpos) 'mark, type') is the set of observable characteristics or traits of an organism. The term covers all traits of an organism other than its genome, however transitory: the organism's morphology (physical form and structure), its developmental processes, its biochemical and physiological properties whether reversible or irreversible, and all its behavior, such as a peacock's display. An organism's phenotype results from two basic factors: the expression of an organism's unique profile of genes (its genotype) and the influence of environmental factors experienced by that same organism which influence the variable expression of said genes, and thereby shape the resulting profile of defining traits. Since the developmental process is a complex interplay of gene-environment, gene-gene interactions, there is a high degree of phenotypic variation in a given population that extends beyond mere genotypic variation.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements.
View content license ↗ 蛋白质家族数据库（英语：Pfam，为Protein family〔蛋白质家族〕的混成词），是一个蛋白质家族数据库。此数据库会利用隐马尔可夫模型进行多重序列比对以及加上蛋白脚注。目前Pfam数据库内容透过IntroPro网站提供。
Pfam is a database of protein families that includes their annotations and multiple sequence alignments generated using hidden Markov models. The latest version of Pfam, 37.0, was released in June 2024 and contains 21,979 families. It is currently provided through InterPro website.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements.
View content license ↗ 在统计学里，“Phi相关系数”（英语：Phi coefficient）（符号表示为： ϕ {\displaystyle \phi } 或 r ϕ {\displaystyle r_{\phi }} ）是测量两个二元变量（英语：binary variables or dichotomous variables）之间相关性的工具，由卡尔·皮尔逊所发明 。他也发明了与Phi相关系数有密切关联的皮尔逊卡方检验（英语：Pearson's chi-squared test。一般所称的卡方检验，若未明指种类，即指此），以及发明了测量两个连续变量之间相关程度的皮尔逊积差相关系数（英语：Pearson's r。一般所称的相关系数，若未明指种类，即指此）。 Phi 相关系数在机器学习的领域又称为Matthews相关系数。
In statistics, the phi coefficient, also known as the mean square contingency coefficient or Yule coefficient of correlation and commonly denoted by φ or rφ, is a measure of association between two binary variables. In machine learning and bioinformatics, it is known as the Matthews correlation coefficient (MCC). In meteorology and elsewhere, it is referred to as the Doolittle Measure of Association or Doolittle Skill Score. Described by Udny Yule in 1912 and given the name phi by Karl Pearson in the 1930s, it is a special case of the Pearson correlation coefficient.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements.
View content license ↗ Peak calling是一种用于鉴定经染色质免疫沉淀-测序或MeDIP-测序实验后所得到的比对读段富集在基因组哪些区域中的一种计算方法。当免疫沉淀的蛋白质是一种转录因子时，那么DNA的富集区域就是这种它的转录因子结合位点（TFBS）。主流的Peak calling软件有MACS等。 Peak calling可应用于转录组/外显组测序，亦可用于对MeRIP-测序或m6A-测序的RNA表观基因组测序数据进行分析；利用如exomePeak等的软件程序，可检测出转录后RNA修饰位点。
Peak calling is a computational method used to identify areas in a genome that have been enriched with aligned reads as a consequence of performing a ChIP-sequencing (ChIP-seq) or MeDIP-seq experiment. These areas are those where a protein interacts with DNA. When the protein is a transcription factor, the enriched area is its transcription factor binding site (TFBS). Popular software programs include MACS. Wilbanks and colleagues is a survey of the ChIP-seq peak callers, and Bailey et al. is a description of practical guidelines for peak calling in ChIP-seq data.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements.
View content license ↗ 分子动力学（MD）是一种分析原子和分子物理运动的计算机模拟方法。原子和分子可以在固定的时间内相互作用，从而可以看到系统的动态“演化”。在最常见的版本中，原子和分子的轨迹是通过数值求解相互作用粒子系统的牛顿运动方程来确定的，其中粒子之间的力及其势能通常使用原子间势或分子机械力场来计算。 MD模拟广泛应用于化学物理、材料科学和生物物理学。由于分子系统通常由大量粒子组成，因此不可能通过分析确定此类复杂系统的性质； MD模拟通过使用数值方法来规避这个问题。
Molecular dynamics (MD) is a computer simulation method for analyzing the physical movements of atoms and molecules. The atoms and molecules are allowed to interact for a fixed period of time, giving a view of the dynamic "evolution" of the system. In the most common version, the trajectories of atoms and molecules are determined by numerically solving Newton's equations of motion for a system of interacting particles, where forces between the particles and their potential energies are often calculated using interatomic potentials or molecular mechanical force fields. MD simulations are widely applied in chemical physics, materials science, and biophysics. Because molecular systems typically consist of a vast number of particles, it is impossible to determine the properties of such complex systems analytically; MD simulation circumvents this problem by using numerical methods.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 材料组学是材料系统的整体研究。材料组学研究物理化学材料特性与材料特性和功能之间的联系。材料组学的重点是系统功能和行为，而不是属性的分段集合，这是类似于系统生物学的范式。虽然材料组学通常应用于复杂的生物系统和生物材料，但它同样适用于非生物系统。材料组学通过使用系统的实验、理论或计算方法，在从纳米到宏观的多个尺度上检查过程、结构和特性之间的基本联系，研究天然和合成材料的材料特性。该术语由 T. Akita 等人于 2004 年独立提出，定义略有不同。 （AIST/日本），2008 年，Markus J.
Materiomics is the holistic study of material systems. Materiomics examines links between physicochemical material properties and material characteristics and function. The focus of materiomics is system functionality and behavior, rather than a piecewise collection of properties, a paradigm similar to systems biology. While typically applied to complex biological systems and biomaterials, materiomics is equally applicable to non-biological systems. Materiomics investigates the material properties of natural and synthetic materials by examining fundamental links between processes, structures and properties at multiple scales, from nano to macro, by using systematic experimental, theoretical or computational methods. The term has been independently proposed with slightly different definitions in 2004 by T. Akita et al. (AIST/Japan), in 2008 by Markus J.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 生物采矿是指利用生物体从矿石和其他固体材料中提取金属的过程。目前最大的应用是处理含有铁、铜、锌和金的采矿废料。它也可能有助于最大限度地提高品位越来越低的矿床的产量。生物采矿已被提议作为传统采矿的相对环境友好的替代方案和/或补充。目前的生物采矿方法是改进的浸出采矿工艺。这些恰当命名的生物浸出过程最常见的包括用细菌和酸性溶液接种提取的岩石，然后回收渗滤液并加工成有价值的金属。理想的应用包括空间生物采矿、真菌生物浸出和混合生物材料的生物采矿。
Biomining refers to processes that use organisms to extract metals from ores and other solid materials. The largest application currently being used is the treatment of mining waste containing iron, copper, zinc, and gold. It may also be useful in maximizing the yields of increasingly low grade ore deposits. Biomining has been proposed as a relatively environmentally friendly alternative and/or supplementation to traditional mining. Current methods of biomining are modified leach mining processes. These aptly named bioleaching processes most commonly includes the inoculation of extracted rock with bacteria and acidic solution, with the leachate salvaged and processed for the metals of value. Aspirational applications include space biomining, fungal bioleaching and biomining with hybrid biomaterials.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 生物信息学 (Bioinformatics) 是一个跨学科的科学领域，它开发用于理解生物数据的计算方法和软件工具，特别是当数据集庞大且复杂时。生物信息学整合了生物学、化学、物理学、计算机科学、数据科学、计算机编程、信息工程、数学和统计学的原理来分析和解释生物数据。这个过程有时可以被称为计算生物学；然而，这两个术语之间的区别经常引起争议。术语计算生物学可以指构建和使用生物系统模型。生物信息学的一些主要分支是计算基因组学、计算表观遗传学、计算免疫学和计算代谢组学。
Bioinformatics ( ) is an interdisciplinary field of science that develops computational methods and software tools for understanding biological data, especially when the data sets are large and complex. Bioinformatics integrates principles from biology, chemistry, physics, computer science, data science, computer programming, information engineering, mathematics, and statistics to analyze and interpret biological data. This process can sometimes be referred to as computational biology; however, the distinction between the two terms is often disputed. The term computational biology can refer to building and using models of biological systems. Some of the main sub-branches of bioinformatics are computational genomics, computational epigenetics, computational immunology, and computational metabolomics.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 细胞生物学，细胞生物学或细胞学，是研究细胞的结构、功能和行为的生物学分支。所有生物体都是由细胞组成的。细胞是生命的基本单位，负责有机体的生存和功能。细胞生物学涵盖原核细胞和真核细胞，子主题包括细胞代谢、细胞通讯、细胞周期、生物化学和细胞组成的研究。细胞研究是利用显微镜技术、细胞培养和细胞分级进行的。这些用于研究细胞如何发挥作用，最终深入了解更大的生物体。了解细胞的组成部分以及细胞如何工作是所有生物科学的基础，对于癌症和其他疾病等生物医学领域的研究也至关重要。
Cell biology, cellular biology, or cytology, is the branch of biology that studies the structure, function, and behavior of the cells. All organisms are made of cells. A cell is the basic unit of life that is responsible for the living and functioning of an organism. Cell biology encompasses both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, with subtopics including the study of cell metabolism, cell communication, cell cycle, biochemistry, and cell composition. The study of cells is performed using microscopy techniques, cell culture, and cell fractionation. These are used for research into how cells function, which ultimately gives insight into larger organisms. Knowing the components of cells and how cells work is fundamental to all biological sciences and is essential for research in biomedical fields such as cancer, and other diseases.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 遗传学是对生物体中的基因、遗传变异和遗传的研究。它是生物学的一个重要分支，因为遗传对于生物体的进化至关重要。格雷戈尔·孟德尔 (Gregor Mendel) 是一位 19 世纪在布尔诺工作的摩拉维亚奥古斯丁修士，他是第一个对遗传学进行科学研究的人。孟德尔研究了“特质遗传”，即随着时间的推移，特质从父母传给后代的模式。他观察到生物体（豌豆植物）通过离散的“遗传单位”来遗传性状。这个术语至今仍在使用，它对基因的定义有些模糊。基因的性状遗传和分子遗传机制仍然是21世纪遗传学的主要原理，但现代遗传学已扩展到研究基因的功能和行为。
Genetics is the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in organisms. It is an important branch in biology because heredity is vital to organisms' evolution. Gregor Mendel, a Moravian Augustinian friar working in the 19th century in Brno, was the first to study genetics scientifically. Mendel studied "trait inheritance", patterns in the way traits are handed down from parents to offspring over time. He observed that organisms (pea plants) inherit traits by way of discrete "units of inheritance". This term, still used today, is a somewhat ambiguous definition of what is referred to as a gene. Trait inheritance and molecular inheritance mechanisms of genes are still primary principles of genetics in the 21st century, but modern genetics has expanded to study the function and behavior of genes.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 分子生物学是生物学的一个分支，旨在了解作为细胞内和细胞间生物活性基础的分子结构和化学过程。它主要集中于核酸（例如 DNA 和 RNA）和蛋白质的研究。它检查这些大分子的结构、功能和相互作用，因为它们协调复制、转录、翻译、蛋白质合成和复杂的生物分子相互作用等过程。分子生物学领域是多学科的，依赖于遗传学、生物化学、物理学、数学以及最近的计算机科学（生物信息学）的原理。
Molecular biology is a branch of biology that seeks to understand the molecular structures and chemical processes that are the basis of biological activity within and between cells. It is centered largely on the study of nucleic acids (such as DNA and RNA) and proteins. It examines the structure, function, and interactions of these macromolecules as they orchestrate processes such as replication, transcription, translation, protein synthesis, and complex biomolecular interactions. The field of molecular biology is multi-disciplinary, relying on principles from genetics, biochemistry, physics, mathematics, and more recently computer science (bioinformatics).
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 结构生物学涉及生物材料在各个组织层面的结构分析。在 19 世纪和 20 世纪初，结构研究很大程度上局限于肉眼或通过放大镜和光学显微镜可见的结构。 20 世纪，人们开发了多种实验技术来检查生物分子的 3D 结构。最突出的技术是 X 射线晶体学、核磁共振和电子显微镜。 X 射线的发现及其在蛋白质晶体中的应用改变了结构生物学，使研究人员能够确定生物分子的原子细节三维结构。同样，核磁共振波谱可以获取有关蛋白质结构和动力学的信息。
Structural biology is concerned with the structural analysis of biological material at every level of organization. During the 19th and early 20th centuries, structural studies were largely limited to structures visible to the naked eye or through magnifying glasses and light microscopes. In the 20th century, a variety of experimental techniques were developed to examine the 3D structures of biological molecules. The most prominent techniques are X-ray crystallography, nuclear magnetic resonance, and electron microscopy. The discovery of X-rays and their application to protein crystals transformed structural biology by allowing researchers to determine the three-dimensional structures of biological molecules in atomic detail. Likewise, NMR spectroscopy allowed information about protein structure and dynamics to be obtained.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 基因组学是分子生物学的一个跨学科领域，专注于基因组的结构、功能、进化、作图和编辑。基因组是生物体的完整 DNA 集，包括其所有基因及其分层的三维结构配置。遗传学是指研究个体基因及其在遗传中的作用，与此相反，基因组学旨在对生物体的所有基因、它们的相互关系以及对生物体的影响进行集体表征和量化。基因可以在酶和信使分子的帮助下指导蛋白质的产生。反过来，蛋白质构成器官和组织等身体结构，并控制化学反应并在细胞之间传递信号。
Genomics is an interdisciplinary field of molecular biology focusing on the structure, function, evolution, mapping, and editing of genomes. A genome is an organism's complete set of DNA, including all of its genes as well as its hierarchical, three-dimensional structural configuration. In contrast to genetics, which refers to the study of individual genes and their roles in inheritance, genomics aims at the collective characterization and quantification of all of an organism's genes, their interrelations and influence on the organism. Genes may direct the production of proteins with the assistance of enzymes and messenger molecules. In turn, proteins make up body structures such as organs and tissues as well as control chemical reactions and carry signals between cells.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 蛋白质组学是对蛋白质的大规模研究。蛋白质组是由生物体或系统产生或修饰的整套蛋白质。蛋白质组学是一个跨学科领域，涵盖从蛋白质组成、结构和活性的整体水平对蛋白质组的探索。虽然蛋白质组的规模和复杂性非常巨大，但最近的技术进步大大扩展了蛋白质组分析的灵敏度和范围。蛋白质组学通常指蛋白质和蛋白质组的大规模实验分析，但通常特指蛋白质纯化和质谱分析。事实上，无论是在由数百万个细胞组成的大样本中，还是在单个细胞中，质谱分析都是分析蛋白质组的最强大的方法。
Proteomics is the large-scale study of proteins. The proteome is the entire set of proteins produced or modified by an organism or system. Proteomics is an interdisciplinary field that covers the exploration of proteomes from the overall level of protein composition, structure, and activity. While the scale and complexity of the proteome is formidable, recent technological progress has substantially expanded the sensitivity and scope of proteome analysis. Proteomics generally denotes the large-scale experimental analysis of proteins and proteomes, but often refers specifically to protein purification and mass spectrometry. Indeed, mass spectrometry is the most powerful method for analysis of proteomes, both in large samples composed of millions of cells, and in single cells.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 系统生物学是复杂生物系统的计算和数学分析和建模。它是一个基于生物学的跨学科研究领域，专注于生物系统内复杂的相互作用，使用整体方法（整体论而不是更传统的还原论）进行生物学研究。这个多方面的研究领域需要化学家、生物学家、数学家、物理学家和工程师的共同努力，通过将各种定量分子测量与精心构建的数学模型相结合来破译复杂生命系统的生物学。它代表了理解生物系统内复杂关系的综合方法。
Systems biology is the computational and mathematical analysis and modeling of complex biological systems. It is a biology-based interdisciplinary field of study that focuses on complex interactions within biological systems, using a holistic approach (holism instead of the more traditional reductionism) to biological research. This multifaceted research domain necessitates the collaborative efforts of chemists, biologists, mathematicians, physicists, and engineers to decipher the biology of intricate living systems by merging various quantitative molecular measurements with carefully constructed mathematical models. It represents a comprehensive method for comprehending the complex relationships within biological systems.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 代谢组学是对涉及代谢物、小分子底物、中间体和细胞代谢产物的化学过程的科学研究。具体来说，代谢组学是“对特定细胞过程留下的独特化学指纹的系统研究”，即对其小分子代谢物谱的研究。代谢组代表生物细胞、组织、器官或生物体中完整的代谢物集，它们是细胞过程的最终产物。信使 RNA (mRNA)、基因表达数据和蛋白质组分析揭示了细胞中产生的一组基因产物，这些数据代表了细胞功能的一个方面。相反，代谢分析可以提供该细胞生理学的即时快照，因此，代谢组学提供了生物体的直接“生理状态的功能读数”。
Metabolomics is the scientific study of chemical processes involving metabolites, the small molecule substrates, intermediates, and products of cell metabolism. Specifically, metabolomics is the "systematic study of the unique chemical fingerprints that specific cellular processes leave behind", the study of their small-molecule metabolite profiles. The metabolome represents the complete set of metabolites in a biological cell, tissue, organ, or organism, which are the end products of cellular processes. Messenger RNA (mRNA), gene expression data, and proteomic analyses reveal the set of gene products being produced in the cell, data that represents one aspect of cellular function. Conversely, metabolic profiling can give an instantaneous snapshot of the physiology of that cell, and thus, metabolomics provides a direct "functional readout of the physiological state" of an organism.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 转录组学技术是用于研究生物体转录组（其所有 RNA 转录本的总和）的技术。生物体的信息内容记录在其基因组的DNA中并通过转录表达。在这里，mRNA 充当信息网络中的瞬时中间分子，而非编码 RNA 则执行其他不同的功能。转录组捕获细胞中存在的总转录本的及时快照。转录组学技术广泛描述了哪些细胞过程是活跃的，哪些是休眠的。分子生物学的一个主要挑战是了解单个基因组如何产生多种细胞。另一个是基因表达的调控方式。研究整个转录组的第一次尝试始于 20 世纪 90 年代初。
Transcriptomics technologies are the techniques used to study an organism's transcriptome, the sum of all of its RNA transcripts. The information content of an organism is recorded in the DNA of its genome and expressed through transcription. Here, mRNA serves as a transient intermediary molecule in the information network, whilst non-coding RNAs perform additional diverse functions. A transcriptome captures a snapshot in time of the total transcripts present in a cell. Transcriptomics technologies provide a broad account of which cellular processes are active and which are dormant. A major challenge in molecular biology is to understand how a single genome gives rise to a variety of cells. Another is how gene expression is regulated. The first attempts to study whole transcriptomes began in the early 1990s.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 在统计学中，最大似然估计 (MLE) 是一种在给定一些观测数据的情况下估计假设概率分布参数的方法。这是通过最大化似然函数来实现的，以便在假设的统计模型下，观察到的数据是最可能的。参数空间中使似然函数最大化的点称为最大似然估计。最大似然法的逻辑既直观又灵活，因此该方法已成为统计推断的主要手段。如果似然函数可微，则可以应用求最大值的导数检验。
In statistics, maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) is a method of estimating the parameters of an assumed probability distribution, given some observed data. This is achieved by maximizing a likelihood function so that, under the assumed statistical model, the observed data is most probable. The point in the parameter space that maximizes the likelihood function is called the maximum likelihood estimate. The logic of maximum likelihood is both intuitive and flexible, and as such the method has become a dominant means of statistical inference. If the likelihood function is differentiable, the derivative test for finding maxima can be applied.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 在生物信息学中，邻接是一种自下而上（凝聚）的聚类方法，用于创建系统发育树，由 Naruya Saitou 和 Masatoshi Nei 于 1987 年创建。该算法通常基于 DNA 或蛋白质序列数据，需要了解每对类群（例如物种或序列）之间的距离才能创建系统发育树。
In bioinformatics, neighbor joining is a bottom-up (agglomerative) clustering method for the creation of phylogenetic trees, created by Naruya Saitou and Masatoshi Nei in 1987. Usually based on DNA or protein sequence data, the algorithm requires knowledge of the distance between each pair of taxa (e.g., species or sequences) to create the phylogenetic tree.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 基因本体论 (GO) 是一项重要的生物信息学计划，旨在统一所有物种的基因和基因产物属性的表示。更具体地说，该项目旨在：1）维护和开发其基因和基因产品属性的受控词汇表； 2）对基因和基因产物进行注释，并同化和传播注释数据； 3) 提供工具，以便轻松访问项目提供的数据的各个方面，并使用 GO 对实验数据进行功能解释，例如通过富集分析。 GO 是开放生物医学本体这一更大的分类工作的一部分，是 OBO Foundry 的初始候选成员之一。基因命名法侧重于基因和基因产物，而基因本体论侧重于基因和基因产物的功能。
The Gene Ontology (GO) is a major bioinformatics initiative to unify the representation of gene and gene product attributes across all species. More specifically, the project aims to: 1) maintain and develop its controlled vocabulary of gene and gene product attributes; 2) annotate genes and gene products, and assimilate and disseminate annotation data; and 3) provide tools for easy access to all aspects of the data provided by the project, and to enable functional interpretation of experimental data using the GO, for example via enrichment analysis. GO is part of a larger classification effort, the Open Biomedical Ontologies, being one of the Initial Candidate Members of the OBO Foundry. Whereas gene nomenclature focuses on gene and gene products, the Gene Ontology focuses on the function of the genes and gene products.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ Indel（插入-删除）是一个分子生物学术语，指生物体基因组中碱基的插入或删除。长度≥ 50 个碱基的插入缺失被归类为结构变体。在基因组的编码区，除非插入缺失的长度是3的倍数，否则就会产生移码突变。例如，导致移码的常见微插入会导致犹太人或日本人群中的布卢姆综合症。插入缺失可以与点突变进行对比。插入或删除是从序列中插入或删除核苷酸，而点突变是一种替换形式，替换其中一个核苷酸而不改变 DNA 中的总数。 Indels 也可以与串联碱基突变 (TBM) 进行对比，后者可能是由根本不同的机制引起的。
Indel (insertion-deletion) is a molecular biology term for an insertion or deletion of bases in the genome of an organism. Indels ≥ 50 bases in length are classified as structural variants. In coding regions of the genome, unless the length of an indel is a multiple of 3, it will produce a frameshift mutation. For example, a common microindel which results in a frameshift causes Bloom syndrome in the Jewish or Japanese population. Indels can be contrasted with a point mutation. An indel inserts or deletes nucleotides from a sequence, while a point mutation is a form of substitution that replaces one of the nucleotides without changing the overall number in the DNA. Indels can also be contrasted with Tandem Base Mutations (TBM), which may result from fundamentally different mechanisms.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 拷贝数变异（CNV）是一种基因组部分重复的现象，并且基因组中的重复次数因个体而异。拷贝数变异是一种结构变异：具体来说，它是一种影响大量碱基对的重复或删除事件。整个人类基因组的大约三分之二可能由重复组成，并且人类基因组的 4.8-9.5% 可归类为拷贝数变异。在哺乳动物中，拷贝数变异在群体和疾病表型中产生必要的变异方面发挥着重要作用。拷贝数变异通常可分为两大类：短重复和长重复。然而，两组之间没有明确的界限，分类取决于感兴趣基因座的性质。
Copy number variation (CNV) is a phenomenon in which sections of the genome are repeated and the number of repeats in the genome varies between individuals. Copy number variation is a type of structural variation: specifically, it is a type of duplication or deletion event that affects a considerable number of base pairs. Approximately two-thirds of the entire human genome may be composed of repeats and 4.8–9.5% of the human genome can be classified as copy number variations. In mammals, copy number variations play an important role in generating necessary variation in the population as well as disease phenotype. Copy number variations can be generally categorized into two main groups: short repeats and long repeats. However, there are no clear boundaries between the two groups and the classification depends on the nature of the loci of interest.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 系统发育的贝叶斯推理结合了先验和数据似然中的信息来创建所谓的树的后验概率，即给定数据、先验和似然模型时树正确的概率。贝叶斯推理在 20 世纪 90 年代被三个独立的小组引入分子系统发育学：伯克利的 Bruce Rannala 和 Ziheng Yang、麦迪逊的 Bob Mau 以及爱荷华大学的 Shuying Li，最后两位当时是博士生。自 2001 年 MrBayes 软件发布以来，该方法变得非常流行，现在是分子系统发育学中最流行的方法之一。
Bayesian inference of phylogeny combines the information in the prior and in the data likelihood to create the so-called posterior probability of trees, which is the probability that the tree is correct given the data, the prior and the likelihood model. Bayesian inference was introduced into molecular phylogenetics in the 1990s by three independent groups: Bruce Rannala and Ziheng Yang in Berkeley, Bob Mau in Madison, and Shuying Li in University of Iowa, the last two being PhD students at the time. The approach has become very popular since the release of the MrBayes software in 2001, and is now one of the most popular methods in molecular phylogenetics.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 基因组结构变异是生物体染色体结构的变异，例如缺失、重复、拷贝数变异、插入、倒位和易位。最初，结构变异影响的序列长度约为 1kb 至 3Mb，该长度大于 SNP，小于染色体异常（尽管定义有一些重叠）。然而，结构变体的操作范围已扩大到包括 > 50bp 的事件。一些结构变异与遗传疾病有关，但大多数则不然。大约13%的人类基因组在正常人群中被定义为结构变异，并且在人群中至少有240个基因以纯合缺失多态性存在，表明这些基因在人类中是可有可无的。
Genomic structural variation is the variation in structure of an organism's chromosome, such as deletions, duplications, copy-number variants, insertions, inversions and translocations. Originally, a structure variation affects a sequence length about 1kb to 3Mb, which is larger than SNPs and smaller than chromosome abnormality (though the definitions have some overlap). However, the operational range of structural variants has widened to include events > 50bp. Some structural variants are associated with genetic diseases, however most are not. Approximately 13% of the human genome is defined as structurally variant in the normal population, and there are at least 240 genes that exist as homozygous deletion polymorphisms in human populations, suggesting these genes are dispensable in humans.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 荧光各向异性或荧光偏振是荧光团发射的光沿不同偏振轴具有不相等强度的现象。该领域的早期先驱包括 Aleksander Jablonski、Gregorio Weber 和 Andreas Albrecht。 Lakowicz 的书中介绍了荧光偏振的原理以及该方法的一些应用。
Fluorescence anisotropy or fluorescence polarization is the phenomenon where the light emitted by a fluorophore has unequal intensities along different axes of polarization. Early pioneers in the field include Aleksander Jablonski, Gregorio Weber, and Andreas Albrecht. The principles of fluorescence polarization and some applications of the method are presented in Lakowicz's book.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 在分子生物学中，生物芯片是可以同时进行大量生化反应的工程基质（“小型实验室”）。生物芯片技术的目标之一是有效筛选大量生物分析物，其潜在应用范围从疾病诊断到生物恐怖分子检测。例如，数字微流控生物芯片正在研究在生物医学领域的应用。在数字微流控生物芯片中，微流控阵列中的一组（相邻）单元可以配置为用作存储、功能操作以及动态传输液滴。
In molecular biology, biochips are engineered substrates ("miniaturized laboratories") that can host large numbers of simultaneous biochemical reactions. One of the goals of biochip technology is to efficiently screen large numbers of biological analytes, with potential applications ranging from disease diagnosis to detection of bioterrorism agents. For example, digital microfluidic biochips are under investigation for applications in biomedical fields. In a digital microfluidic biochip, a group of (adjacent) cells in the microfluidic array can be configured to work as storage, functional operations, as well as for transporting fluid droplets dynamically.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 双聚类、块聚类、共聚类或双模式聚类是一种数据挖掘技术，允许同时对矩阵的行和列进行聚类。该术语最初由 Boris Mirkin 提出，用于命名多年前由 John A. Hartigan 于 1972 年引入的一项技术。给定一组由 n 维特征向量表示的 m {\displaystyle m} 个样本，整个数据集可以表示为 n {\displaystyle n} 列中的 m {\displaystyle m} 行（即 m × n {\displaystyle m\times n} 矩阵）。双聚类算法生成双聚类。双簇是行的子集，它在列的子集中表现出类似的行为，反之亦然。
Biclustering, block clustering, co-clustering or two-mode clustering is a data mining technique which allows simultaneous clustering of the rows and columns of a matrix. The term was first introduced by Boris Mirkin to name a technique introduced many years earlier, in 1972, by John A. Hartigan. Given a set of m {\displaystyle m} samples represented by an n {\displaystyle n} -dimensional feature vector, the entire dataset can be represented as m {\displaystyle m} rows in n {\displaystyle n} columns (i.e., an m × n {\displaystyle m\times n} matrix). The Biclustering algorithm generates Biclusters. A Bicluster is a subset of rows which exhibit similar behavior across a subset of columns, or vice versa.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗