机械工程Compressible flow可压缩流动（或气体动力学）是流体力学的一个分支，处理流体密度发生显着变化的流动。虽然所有流动都是可压缩的，但当马赫数（流动速度与声速之比）小于 0.3 时，流动通常被视为不可压缩（因为在这种情况下，由于速度引起的密度变化约为 5%）。可压缩流的研究与高速飞机、喷气发动机、火箭发动机、高速进入行星大气层、天然气管道、喷砂等商业应用以及许多其他领域相关。
Compressible flow (or gas dynamics) is the branch of fluid mechanics that deals with flows having significant changes in fluid density. While all flows are compressible, flows are usually treated as being incompressible when the Mach number (the ratio of the speed of the flow to the speed of sound) is smaller than 0.3 (since the density change due to velocity is about 5% in that case). The study of compressible flow is relevant to high-speed aircraft, jet engines, rocket motors, high-speed entry into a planetary atmosphere, gas pipelines, commercial applications such as abrasive blasting, and many other fields.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗惯性波，也称为惯性振荡、惯性内波，是一种可能出现在旋转流体中的机械波。与通常在海滩或浴缸中看到的表面引力波不同，惯性波流过流体内部，而不是表面。与任何其他类型的波一样，惯性波是由恢复力引起的，并以其波长和频率为特征。因为惯性波的恢复力是科里奥利力，它们的波长和频率以一种特殊的方式相关。惯性波是横向的。最常见的是在大气、海洋、湖泊和实验室实验中观察到它们。罗斯贝波、地转流和地转风是惯性波的例子。惯性波也可能存在于旋转地球的熔融核心中。
Inertial waves, also known as inertial oscillations, are a type of mechanical wave possible in rotating fluids. Unlike surface gravity waves commonly seen at the beach or in the bathtub, inertial waves flow through the interior of the fluid, not at the surface. Like any other kind of wave, an inertial wave is caused by a restoring force and characterized by its wavelength and frequency. Because the restoring force for inertial waves is the Coriolis force, their wavelengths and frequencies are related in a peculiar way. Inertial waves are transverse. Most commonly they are observed in atmospheres, oceans, lakes, and laboratory experiments. Rossby waves, geostrophic currents, and geostrophic winds are examples of inertial waves. Inertial waves are also likely to exist in the molten core of the rotating Earth.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。
查看内容许可 ↗质量注入流（又名林巴赫流）是指通过恒定面积管道的无粘性绝热流，其中考虑了质量添加的影响。对于该模型，管道面积保持恒定，假设流动稳定且一维，并且在管道内添加质量。由于流动是绝热的，与瑞利流不同，停滞温度是一个常数。尽管这种流动模型也适用于不可压缩流动，但通常会考虑可压缩性效应。对于超音速流（上游马赫数大于 1），随着质量增加到管道中，会发生减速，并且流动可能会被阻塞。相反，对于亚音速流（上游马赫数小于 1），会发生加速，并且如果有足够的质量添加，流可能会变得阻塞。
Mass injection flow (a.k.a. Limbach Flow) refers to inviscid, adiabatic flow through a constant area duct where the effect of mass addition is considered. For this model, the duct area remains constant, the flow is assumed to be steady and one-dimensional, and mass is added within the duct. Because the flow is adiabatic, unlike in Rayleigh flow, the stagnation temperature is a constant. Compressibility effects often come into consideration, though this flow model also applies to incompressible flow. For supersonic flow (an upstream Mach number greater than 1), deceleration occurs with mass addition to the duct and the flow can become choked. Conversely, for subsonic flow (an upstream Mach number less than 1), acceleration occurs and the flow can become choked given sufficient mass addition.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗含颗粒流是指一类两相流体流，其中一相连续连接（称为连续相或载体相），另一相由小的、不混溶且通常是稀释的颗粒组成（称为分散相或颗粒相）。空气中的细小气溶胶颗粒是充满颗粒的流动的一个例子；气溶胶是分散相，空气是载体相。两相流建模具有广泛的工程和科学应用：大气中的污染扩散、燃烧过程中的流化、喷雾药物中的气溶胶沉积等等。
Particle-laden flows refers to a class of two-phase fluid flow, in which one of the phases is continuously connected (referred to as the continuous or carrier phase) and the other phase is made up of small, immiscible, and typically dilute particles (referred to as the dispersed or particle phase). Fine aerosol particles in air is an example of a particle-laden flow; the aerosols are the dispersed phase, and the air is the carrier phase. The modeling of two-phase flows has a tremendous variety of engineering and scientific applications: pollution dispersion in the atmosphere, fluidization in combustion processes, aerosol deposition in spray medication, along with many others.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗压力 （pressure）是物体间相互挤压而垂直作用在物体表面的一种弹性力，其作用效果用压力除以受力面积表示，同称压力（pressure，常以 P {\displaystyle P} 为符号），在中国大陆又称压强（如物理学中通称“压强”、基础教育阶段只称“压强”，而将“压力”一词指称“compressive force”）。压力可用任意之力单位与面积单位进行测量，但因各学科与历史因素，其单位多样化，如：mmHg、mmH2O、torr、Pa、bar、psi、atm、Ba、g/cm2、kg/cm2、msw、fsw等等。但是，国际单位制以帕斯卡（每单位平方米的牛顿）为压力单位。 绝对压力为相对压力（又称计式压强）加上该地大气压力。日常生活中用的压力计，如车胎压、血压通常是测量相对压力。
Pressure (symbol: p or P) is the force applied perpendicular to the surface of an object per unit area over which that force is distributed. Gauge pressure (also spelled gage pressure) is the pressure relative to the ambient pressure. Various units are used to express pressure. Some of these derive from a unit of force divided by a unit of area; the SI unit of pressure, the pascal (Pa), for example, is one newton per square metre (N/m2); similarly, the pound-force per square inch (psi, symbol lbf/in2) is the traditional unit of pressure in the imperial and US customary systems. Pressure may also be expressed in terms of standard atmospheric pressure; the unit atmosphere (atm) is equal to this pressure, and the torr is defined as 1⁄760 of this.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。
查看内容许可 ↗在流体动力学中，瑞利流（以英国物理学家瑞利勋爵命名）是指通过考虑传热效应的恒定面积管道的无摩擦、非绝热流体流动。尽管瑞利流模型当然也适用于不可压缩流，但通常会考虑可压缩性效应。对于该模型，管道面积保持恒定，并且管道内没有添加质量。因此，与范诺流不同，停滞温度是一个变量。热量的增加会导致停滞压力降低，这被称为瑞利效应，在燃烧系统的设计中至关重要。热量的增加将导致超音速和亚音速马赫数接近 1 马赫数，从而导致阻塞流。相反，排热会降低沿管道的亚音速马赫数并增加超音速马赫数。
In fluid dynamics, Rayleigh flow (after English physicist Lord Rayleigh) refers to frictionless, non-adiabatic fluid flow through a constant-area duct where the effect of heat transfer is considered. Compressibility effects often come into consideration, although the Rayleigh flow model certainly also applies to incompressible flow. For this model, the duct area remains constant and no mass is added within the duct. Therefore, unlike Fanno flow, the stagnation temperature is a variable. The heat addition causes a decrease in stagnation pressure, which is known as the Rayleigh effect and is critical in the design of combustion systems. Heat addition will cause both supersonic and subsonic Mach numbers to approach Mach 1, resulting in choked flow. Conversely, heat rejection decreases a subsonic Mach number and increases a supersonic Mach number along the duct.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗在流体动力学中，二次循环或二次流是一种弱循环，在维持包含流动的大部分动能和动量的更强的主循环方面发挥着关键的维持作用。例如，热带气旋的主要风是切向的（水平旋转），但其演变和抵抗摩擦的维持涉及到内向上外的二次环流，这对其云和雨也很重要。在行星尺度上，地球的风主要是东西向或纬向风，但这种流动是通过作用在小型南北向或经向次级环流上的科里奥利力来抵抗摩擦而维持的。
In fluid dynamics, a secondary circulation or secondary flow is a weak circulation that plays a key maintenance role in sustaining a stronger primary circulation that contains most of the kinetic energy and momentum of a flow. For example, a tropical cyclone's primary winds are tangential (horizontally swirling), but its evolution and maintenance against friction involves an in-up-out secondary circulation flow that is also important to its clouds and rain. On a planetary scale, Earth's winds are mostly east–west or zonal, but that flow is maintained against friction by the Coriolis force acting on a small north–south or meridional secondary circulation.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗剪切速度，也称为摩擦速度，是一种可以用速度单位重写剪切应力的形式。它作为流体力学中的一种方法非常有用，可以将真实速度（例如流中的流动速度）与与流层之间的剪切力相关的速度进行比较。剪切速度用于描述移动流体中与剪切相关的运动。它用于描述： 流体流中颗粒、示踪剂和污染物的扩散和分散 流边界附近的速度分布（参见壁定律） 通道中沉积物的输送 剪切速度也有助于考虑流中的剪切速率和分散速率。剪切速度与分散率和床质沉积物迁移率成正比。一般规则是剪切速度在平均流速的 5% 到 10% 之间。
Shear velocity, also called friction velocity, is a form by which a shear stress may be re-written in units of velocity. It is useful as a method in fluid mechanics to compare true velocities, such as the velocity of a flow in a stream, to a velocity that relates shear between layers of flow. Shear velocity is used to describe shear-related motion in moving fluids. It is used to describe: Diffusion and dispersion of particles, tracers, and contaminants in fluid flows The velocity profile near the boundary of a flow (see Law of the wall) Transport of sediment in a channel Shear velocity also helps in thinking about the rate of shear and dispersion in a flow. Shear velocity scales well to rates of dispersion and bedload sediment transport. A general rule is that the shear velocity is between 5% and 10% of the mean flow velocity.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗对于流体动力，工作流体是主要传递力、运动或机械能的气体或液体。在液压系统中，水或液压流体在组装成液压机械、液压驱动系统等的液压泵、液压缸和液压马达等液压部件之间传递力。在气动系统中，工作流体是空气或其他气体，在压缩机、真空泵、气缸和气动马达等气动部件之间传递力。在气动系统中，工作气体还可以储存能量，因为它是可压缩的。 （气体在压缩时也会升温，在膨胀时会冷却。
For fluid power, a working fluid is a gas or liquid that primarily transfers force, motion, or mechanical energy. In hydraulics, water or hydraulic fluid transfers force between hydraulic components such as hydraulic pumps, hydraulic cylinders, and hydraulic motors that are assembled into hydraulic machinery, hydraulic drive systems, etc. In pneumatics, the working fluid is air or another gas which transfers force between pneumatic components such as compressors, vacuum pumps, pneumatic cylinders, and pneumatic motors. In pneumatic systems, the working gas also stores energy because it is compressible. (Gases also heat up as they are compressed and cool as they expand.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗热机、制冷循环和热泵通常涉及流体，在经历热力循环时热量从流体传递到流体。这种流体称为工作流体。制冷和热泵技术通常将工作流体称为制冷剂。大多数热力循环利用工作流体的潜热（相变的优点）。在其他循环的情况下，工作流体在经历循环的所有过程时保持气相。当涉及热机时，工作流体通常也会经历燃烧过程，例如在内燃机或燃气轮机中。热泵和制冷领域也有工作流体不发生相变的技术，例如反向布雷顿循环或斯特林循环。
Heat engines, refrigeration cycles and heat pumps usually involve a fluid to and from which heat is transferred while undergoing a thermodynamic cycle. This fluid is called the working fluid. Refrigeration and heat pump technologies often refer to working fluids as refrigerants. Most thermodynamic cycles make use of the latent heat (advantages of phase change) of the working fluid. In case of other cycles the working fluid remains in gaseous phase while undergoing all the processes of the cycle. When it comes to heat engines, working fluid generally undergoes a combustion process as well, for example in internal combustion engines or gas turbines. There are also technologies in heat pump and refrigeration, where working fluid does not change phase, such as reverse Brayton or Stirling cycle.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗气流台是一种用于测试发动机部件内部空气动力质量的设备，与更熟悉的风洞有关。主要用于检测内燃机气缸盖进、排气口。它还用于测试任何组件的流动能力，例如空气过滤器、化油器、歧管或气体流动所需的任何其他部件。流动台是高性能发动机制造商的主要工具之一，如果没有它，气缸盖的移植将会受到严重影响。流动工作台由某种空气泵、计量元件、压力和温度测量仪器（例如压力计）以及各种控制装置组成。测试件与泵和测量元件串联连接，空气被泵送通过整个系统。
An air flow bench is a device used for testing the internal aerodynamic qualities of an engine component and is related to the more familiar wind tunnel. It is used primarily for testing the intake and exhaust ports of cylinder heads of internal combustion engines. It is also used to test the flow capabilities of any component such as air filters, carburetors, manifolds or any other part that is required to flow gas. A flow bench is one of the primary tools of high-performance engine builders, and porting cylinder heads would be strictly hit or miss without it. A flow bench consists of an air pump of some sort, a metering element, pressure and temperature measuring instruments such as manometers, and various controls. The test piece is attached in series with the pump and measuring element and air is pumped through the whole system.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗空气轴承（Air Bearing）又称气浮轴承，是一种轴承，它通过向轴腔内注入压缩空气，使轴承悬浮。它的最大优点为转速高、振动小和使轴承寿命延长。目前最大的制造商是"西风"(Westwind)公司。与Westwind不同，位于德国慕尼黑的AeroLas公司，在掌握了空气轴承技术之后，并没有把自己的产品目录化和标准化，而是按照客户具体要求设计气浮系统。
Air bearings (also known as aerostatic or aerodynamic bearings) are bearings that use a thin film of pressurized gas to provide a low friction load-bearing interface between surfaces. The two surfaces do not touch, thus avoiding the problems of friction, wear, particulates, and lubricant handling associated with conventional bearings, and air bearings offer distinct advantages in precision positioning, such as lacking backlash and static friction, as well as in high-speed applications. Spacecraft simulators now most often use air bearings, and 3D printers are now used to make air-bearing–based attitude simulators for CubeSat satellites. A differentiation is made between aerodynamic bearings, which establish the air cushion through the relative motion between static and moving parts, and aerostatic bearings, in which the pressure is being externally inserted.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。
查看内容许可 ↗在工业中，管道是用于将流体（液体和气体）从一个位置输送到另一个位置的管道系统。管道设计的工程学科研究流体的有效输送。工业过程管道（以及随附的在线组件）可由木材、玻璃纤维、玻璃、钢、铝、塑料、铜和混凝土制成。称为管件、阀门和其他装置的在线组件通常感测和控制所传输流体的压力、流量和温度，并且通常包含在管道设计（或管道工程）领域中，尽管传感器和自动控制装置也可以被视为仪表和控制设计的一部分。管道系统记录在管道和仪表图 (P&ID) 中。如有必要，可采用管道清洗工艺对管道进行清洗。
Within industry, piping is a system of pipes used to convey fluids (liquids and gases) from one location to another. The engineering discipline of piping design studies the efficient transport of fluid. Industrial process piping (and accompanying in-line components) can be manufactured from wood, fiberglass, glass, steel, aluminum, plastic, copper, and concrete. The in-line components, known as fittings, valves, and other devices, typically sense and control the pressure, flow rate and temperature of the transmitted fluid, and usually are included in the field of piping design (or piping engineering), though the sensors and automatic controlling devices may alternatively be treated as part of instrumentation and control design. Piping systems are documented in piping and instrumentation diagrams (P&IDs). If necessary, pipes can be cleaned by the tube cleaning process.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗气升泵是一种吸力低、液体和夹带固体排放量适中的泵。泵将压缩空气注入浸入液体中的排出管底部。压缩空气与液体混合，导致空气-水混合物的密度低于其周围其余液体的密度，因此通过排放管被周围密度较高的液体向上移动。固体可能夹带在流体中，如果小到足以通过管道，则固体将与其余流体一起在较浅的深度或表面上方排出。气升泵广泛用于水产养殖中，在封闭的再循环系统和池塘中泵送水、循环水和给水充气。其他应用包括疏浚、水下考古、打捞作业和科学标本收集。
An airlift pump is a pump that has low suction and moderate discharge of liquid and entrained solids. The pump injects compressed air at the bottom of the discharge pipe which is immersed in the liquid. The compressed air mixes with the liquid causing the air-water mixture to be less dense than the rest of the liquid around it and therefore is displaced upwards through the discharge pipe by the surrounding liquid of higher density. Solids may be entrained in the flow and if small enough to fit through the pipe, will be discharged with the rest of the flow at a shallower depth or above the surface. Airlift pumps are widely used in aquaculture to pump, circulate and aerate water in closed, recirculating systems and ponds. Other applications include dredging, underwater archaeology, salvage operations and collection of scientific specimens.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗在流体动力学中，管网分析是对通过液压网络的流体流动的分析，其中包含多个或多个互连的分支。目的是确定网络各个部分的流量和压降。这是水利设计中常见的问题。
In fluid dynamics, pipe network analysis is the analysis of the fluid flow through a hydraulics network, containing several or many interconnected branches. The aim is to determine the flow rates and pressure drops in the individual sections of the network. This is a common problem in hydraulic design.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗亨利定律，是由威廉·亨利所发现的一个气体的定律。 表述为：在一定温度和平衡状态下，气体在液体中的溶解度和该气体的平衡分压成正比。
In physical chemistry, Henry's law is a gas law that states that the amount of dissolved gas in a liquid is directly proportional at equilibrium to its partial pressure above the liquid. The proportionality factor is called Henry's law constant. It was formulated by the English chemist William Henry, who studied the topic in the early 19th century. An example where Henry's law is at play is the depth-dependent dissolution of oxygen and nitrogen in the blood of underwater divers that changes during decompression, possibly causing decompression sickness if the decompression happens too quickly. An everyday example is carbonated soft drinks, which contain dissolved carbon dioxide. Before opening, the gas above the drink in its container is almost pure carbon dioxide, at a pressure higher than atmospheric pressure.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。
查看内容许可 ↗喷气发动机（英语：Jet engine）是一种通过加速和排出的高速流体做功的热机或电机。它既可以输出推力，也可以输出轴功率。 大部分喷气发动机都是依靠牛顿第三定律工作的内燃机，但也有一些例外。常见的喷气发动机有涡轮风扇发动机、涡轮喷气发动机、超音速燃烧冲压发动机、冲压发动机、脉冲压式喷气发动机等。
A jet engine is a type of reaction engine, discharging a fast-moving jet of heated gas (usually air) that generates thrust by jet propulsion. While this broad definition may include rocket, water jet, and hybrid propulsion, the term jet engine typically refers to an internal combustion air-breathing jet engine such as a turbojet, turbofan, ramjet, pulse jet, or scramjet. In general, jet engines are internal combustion engines. Air-breathing jet engines typically feature a rotating air compressor powered by a turbine, with the leftover power providing thrust through the propelling nozzle—this process is known as the Brayton thermodynamic cycle. Jet aircraft use such engines for long-distance travel. Early jet aircraft used turbojet engines that were relatively inefficient for subsonic flight. Most modern subsonic jet aircraft use more complex high-bypass turbofan engines.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。
查看内容许可 ↗材料示波器是一种时间分辨同步加速器高能 X 射线技术，用于研究多晶样品中的快速相组成和微观结构相关变化。这种装置是为对进行物理热机械模拟的样本进行现场研究而开发的。
A materials oscilloscope is a time-resolved synchrotron high-energy X-ray technique to study rapid phase composition and microstructural related changes in a polycrystalline sample. Such device has been developed for in-situ studies of specimens undergoing physical thermo-mechanical simulation.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗相对挥发度是比较化学液体混合物中各组分的蒸气压的量度。该量广泛用于设计大型工业蒸馏过程。实际上，它表明使用蒸馏将混合物中挥发性较高的成分与挥发性较低的成分分离的难易程度。按照惯例，相对波动率通常表示为 α {\displaystyle \alpha } 。相对挥发度用于设计所有类型的蒸馏过程以及涉及气相和液相在一系列平衡阶段中接触的其他分离或吸收过程。相对挥发度不用于涉及组分相互反应的分离或吸收过程（例如，在氢氧化钠水溶液中吸收气态二氧化碳）。
Relative volatility is a measure comparing the vapor pressures of the components in a liquid mixture of chemicals. This quantity is widely used in designing large industrial distillation processes. In effect, it indicates the ease or difficulty of using distillation to separate the more volatile components from the less volatile components in a mixture. By convention, relative volatility is usually denoted as α {\displaystyle \alpha } . Relative volatilities are used in the design of all types of distillation processes as well as other separation or absorption processes that involve the contacting of vapor and liquid phases in a series of equilibrium stages. Relative volatilities are not used in separation or absorption processes that involve components reacting with each other (for example, the absorption of gaseous carbon dioxide in aqueous solutions of sodium hydroxide).
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗标准温度与压力（英语：standard temperature and pressure，简称STP），或称标准状况，是一组用于实验测量的标准化环境设定，目的在于让不同数据间具有可比性。目前最常采用的标准来自国际纯化学和应用化学联合会（IUPAC）与国家标准技术研究所（NIST），但这些标准尚未获得全球一致认可。其他机构也各自制定了不同的标准定义。 在工业与商业应用中，标准温压条件对于气体与液体体积的表示，以及相关数据如体积流率的表达，至关重要，因为气体体积会随温度与压力而显著变化。例如常见的单位包括：标准立方米每秒（Sm³/s）与常态立方米每秒（Nm³/s）。 许多技术性出版物（如书籍、学术期刊、机械设备广告）常简略地标示“标准状况”，而未明确说明其实际定义；有时甚至以旧用语“常态条件”（normal conditions，简称NC）取代。这样的模糊用法在某些情况下容易引发误解与错误。较为严谨的做法，是明确标示所采用的温压参考条件。若未特别说明，则通常预设为近似室温环境：约1个大气压、273.15 K（0°C）、以及0%的相对湿度。
Standard temperature and pressure (STP), or standard conditions for temperature and pressure, are various standard sets of conditions for experimental measurements used to allow comparisons to be made between different sets of data. The most used standards are those of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) and the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), although these are not universally accepted. Other organizations have established a variety of other definitions. In industry and commerce, the standard conditions for temperature and pressure are often necessary for expressing the volumes of gases and liquids and related quantities such as the rate of volumetric flow (the volumes of gases vary significantly with temperature and pressure): standard cubic meters per second (Sm3/s), and normal cubic meters per second (Nm3/s).
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。
查看内容许可 ↗汪－山德勒混合律（英语：Wong–Sandler mixing rule）是一个用于计算气液平衡的热力学混合律，由汪上晓与史丹利·山德勒于1992年提出。
The Wong–Sandler mixing rule is a thermodynamic mixing rule used for vapor–liquid equilibrium and liquid-liquid equilibrium calculations.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。
查看内容许可 ↗风扇，日本和韩国称为扇风机，风扇通过驱动扇叶旋转使空气加速流通，风扇中包括旋转的叶片，叶片材质有木头、塑胶或是金属，对空气作用，以产生气流。叶片和轮毂会合称叶轮或是转子。有时风扇会装在一外壳内。外壳可以导引气流，也避免其他物品接触到旋转中的扇叶，提升其安全性。目前大部分的风扇是由电动机驱动，因此也称电风扇或是电扇，不过也可以用其他的动力来源来驱动风扇，例如油压马达、曲柄及内燃机。 若以机械的观点来看，任何可以旋转产生气流的设备都是风扇。风扇可以产生大量的气流，压力较低（不过仍比外界压力要大），压缩机则和其相反，产生的气流压力很大，但流量较小。一般扇叶在气流底下会开始旋转，其他利用此性质的设备（像是风速计和风力发动机）也会设计成和风扇类似。 风扇常见的应用包括空调控制、维持个人的热舒适性（像是电子的桌扇及落地扇）、汽车引擎冷却系统（风扇会放在水箱散热器之前）、机器冷却系统（例如电脑内，或是音频功率放大器内）、通风、排烟、扬谷（分离谷壳和谷物）、除尘（例如吸尘器内）、干燥（一般会配合热源进行）。有些工业热交换器中会装风扇来间接冷却。 风扇对物体冷却的效果很好，但风扇不会直接降低空气温度，风扇可以让人凉爽，是因为汗水的蒸发冷却，并且因为风扇产生的气流，增加和周围空气的热对流。因此若周围空气温度很高，或是湿度很高，风扇冷却的效果就比较差。
A fan is a powered machine that creates airflow. A fan consists of rotating vanes or blades, generally made of wood, plastic, or metal, which act on the air. The rotating assembly of blades and hub is known as an impeller, rotor, or runner. Usually, it is contained within some form of housing, or case. This housing will allow air to pass through as well as directing the airflow, or increasing safety by preventing objects from contacting the fan blades. Most fans are powered by electric motors, but other sources of power may be used, including hydraulic motors, handcranks, and internal combustion engines. Mechanically, a fan can be any revolving vane, or vanes used for producing currents of air. Fans produce air flows with high volume and low pressure (although higher than ambient pressure), as opposed to compressors which produce high pressures at a comparatively low volume.
来源、授权与使用说明
维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。
查看内容许可 ↗气动夹具是一种特定类型的气动执行器，通常涉及表面的平行运动或角运动，也称为表面运动。将夹紧物体的“工具钳口或手指”。夹具利用压缩空气为工具内部的活塞杆提供动力。由于平行滑动部分中交叉滚子数量的增加，同一设备上的夹具同时存在内孔夹具和外孔夹具。
A pneumatic gripper is a specific type of pneumatic actuator that typically involves either parallel or angular motion of surfaces, A.K.A. “tooling jaws or fingers” that will grip an object. The gripper makes use of compressed air which powers a piston rod inside the tool.Grippers exist both internal with and external bore grip with the same equipment because of an increased quantity of cross rollers in the parallel slide part.
来源、授权与使用说明
维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗热压配合是一种通过装配后相对尺寸变化实现过盈配合的技术。这通常是通过在组装前加热或冷却一个部件并在组装后使其恢复到环境温度，利用热膨胀现象进行连接来实现的。例如，一段金属排水管的热膨胀允许建筑商在其上安装冷却器。当相邻的部件达到相同的温度时，接头就会变得紧张且更坚固。其他例子包括由车轮工匠将锻铁轮胎安装在木制车轮的轮辋上，或者将钢轮胎安装在铁路发动机或机车车辆的车轮上。在这两种情况下，轮胎都会被加热并膨胀到略大于车轮的直径，然后安装在车轮周围。冷却后，轮胎收缩，紧紧固定到位。
Shrink-fitting is a technique in which an interference fit is achieved by a relative size change after assembly. This is usually achieved by heating or cooling one component before assembly and allowing it to return to the ambient temperature after assembly, employing the phenomenon of thermal expansion to make a joint. For example, the thermal expansion of a piece of a metallic drainpipe allows a builder to fit the cooler piece to it. As the adjoined pieces reach the same temperature, the joint becomes strained and stronger. Other examples are the fitting of a wrought iron tyre around the rim of a wooden cart wheel by a wheelwright, or of a steel tyre to the wheel of a railway engine or rolling stock. In both cases the tyre will be heated and expands to slightly greater than the wheel's diameter, and is fitted around it. After cooling, the tyre contracts, binding tightly in place.
来源、授权与使用说明
维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗引力散射是两个或多个天体通过紧密的引力相遇交换能量和动量时轨迹的改变。这个过程是天体物理学中许多动力学现象的基础，从双星系统的形成到行星系统中物体的喷射。当恒星、行星或黑洞等物体距离足够近以影响彼此的运动时，它们的路径可能会发生巨大的变化。大质量物体（例如恒星、行星或黑洞）之间的紧密通道可以产生束缚对或未束缚的喷射物。一个例子是木星将柯伊伯带物体散射出太阳系。
Gravitational scattering is the alteration of trajectories when two or more celestial objects exchange energy and momentum through close gravitational encounters. This process underpins many dynamical phenomena in astrophysics, from the formation of binary star systems to the ejection of bodies from planetary systems. When objects like stars, planets, or black holes pass close enough to influence each other’s motions, their paths can shift dramatically. Close passages between massive objects—such as stars, planets, or black holes—can produce either bound pairs or unbound ejecta. An example is Jupiter scattering Kuiper belt objects out of the Solar System.
来源、授权与使用说明
维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗拉格朗日点（英语：Lagrange point，亦称平动点）是天体力学中两个大质量轨道物体的引力影响下，小质量物体的力学平衡点。在数学上，这涉及到限制性三体问题的解。 通常情况下，两个大质量物体对任意一点施加的力是不平衡的，这会改变该点上任何物体的轨道。在拉格朗日点，两个大物体的引力和离心力相互平衡。这可以使拉格朗日点成为卫星的绝佳位置，因为轨道校正时维持所需轨道的燃料需求保持在最低限度。 对于两个轨道体的任何组合都有五个拉格朗日点，L1至 L5，而所有这些都在两个大天体的轨道平面内。太阳-地球系统有五个拉格朗日点，而地月系统也有五个“不同的”拉格朗日点。L1、 L2、和L3在穿过两个大物体的中心的线上，而 L4和L5每个都位于由两个大物体的中心形成的正三角形的第三个顶点。 当两个物体的质量比足够大时，L4和L5点是稳定点，这意味着物体可以围绕它们运行，并且它们有将物体拉入其中的趋势。有几颗行星在它们相对于太阳的L4和L5点附近有特洛伊小行星，木星有超过一百万个这样的特洛伊天体。 一些拉格朗日点正被用于太空探索。日地系统中两个重要的拉格朗日点是在太阳和地球之间的L1，和在地球另一侧的同一条线上的L2；两者都在月球轨道之外。现时，一颗名为深空气候观测站（英语：Deep Space Climate Observatory，DSCOVR）的人造卫星位于L1通过拍摄影像并将其发回，以研究从太阳吹向地球的太阳风并监测地球气候。强大的红外层空间天文台，詹姆斯·韦伯太空望远镜位于L2。这使得卫星的大型遮阳板可以保护望远镜免受太阳、地球和月球的光和热的影响。L1和 L2拉格朗日点距离地球大约1,500,000 km（930,000 mi）。 欧洲航天局早期的盖亚望远镜，及其新发射的欧几里得都位于L2的利萨如轨道，而欧几里得遵循类似于JWST的晕轮轨道。每个太空天文台都受益于距离地球阴影足够远，可以利用太阳能电池板发电，不需要太多的电力或推进剂来维持空间站，不受地球磁层效应的影响，以及可以直接看到地球进行资料传输。
In celestial mechanics, the Lagrange points (), also called the Lagrangian points or libration points, are points of equilibrium for small-mass objects under the gravitational influence of two massive orbiting bodies. Mathematically, this involves the solution of the restricted three-body problem. Normally, the two massive bodies exert an unbalanced gravitational force at a point, altering the orbit of any other celestial body at that point. At the Lagrange points, the gravitational forces of the two large bodies and the centrifugal pseudo-force balance each other. This can make Lagrange points an excellent location for satellites, as orbit corrections, and hence fuel requirements, needed to maintain the desired orbit are kept at a minimum. For any combination of two orbital bodies, there are five Lagrange points, L1 to L5, all in the orbital plane of the two large bodies.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。
查看内容许可 ↗在物理学中，轨道是一个物体在引力作用下绕空间中一点运行的路径，比如行星绕一颗恒星的轨迹，或天然卫星绕一颗行星的轨迹。行星的轨道一般都是椭圆，而且其绕行的质量中心在椭圆的一个焦点上。 当前人们对轨道运动原理的认识基于爱因斯坦的广义相对论，认为引力是由时空弯曲造成的，而轨道则是时空场的几何测地线。为了简化计算，通常用基于开普勒定律的万有引力理论来作为相对论的近似。
In celestial mechanics, an orbit is the curved trajectory of an object under the influence of an attracting force. Alternatively, it is known as an orbital revolution, because it is a rotation around an axis external to the moving body. Examples for orbits include the trajectory of a planet around a star, a natural satellite around a planet, or an artificial satellite around an object or position in space such as a planet, moon, asteroid, or Lagrange point. Normally, orbit refers to a regularly repeating trajectory, although it may also refer to a non-repeating trajectory. To a close approximation, planets, and satellites follow elliptic orbits, with the center of mass being orbited at a focal point of the ellipse, as described by Kepler's laws of planetary motion.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。
查看内容许可 ↗太空动力学是研究火箭和航天器在飞行中所受的力及其在力作用下的运动的学科，又称轨道力学、天体动力学、航天动力学和星际航行动力学。这些物体的运动通常是根据牛顿运动定律和万有引力定律计算的。 太空动力学是太空任务设计和控制中的核心学科。 太空动力学研究的运动包括航天器的质心运动，称轨道运动；航天器相对于自身质心的运动和各部分的相对运动，称姿态运动；以及与航天器发射、航天器轨道机动飞行有关的火箭运动。航天器的飞行过程一般分为三个阶段。 发射段：航天器由运载器（多级火箭、航天飞机等）携带，从地面起飞达到预定的高度和速度。 运行轨道段：航天器主要在万有引力等自然界外力作用下运动。为了保持预定的轨道，有时需要少量的推力;有时为了轨道机动则需要较大的推力。 降落轨道段：一些航天器需要返回地球表面或者降落在目标天体的表面。这时航天器在火箭推力和介质阻力等作用下，离开运行轨道降落到天体表面。 在以上各个阶段中，航天器的运动都包含了轨道运动和姿态运动两个部分。在运行轨道段，一般可以将两种运动分别求解。而在发射段和降落段，两种运动关系密切，需要联立求解。研究航天器的运动是以牛顿力学和火箭力学为基础的，一般不考虑相对论效应。太空动力学以数学、力学、控制理论为基础。它的研究内容分为轨道运动、姿态运动和火箭运动三个部分。
Orbital mechanics , astrodynamics or space dynamics is the application of ballistics and celestial mechanics to rockets, satellites, and other spacecraft. The motion of these objects is usually calculated from laws of motion and of universal gravitation derived by Isaac Newton. Astrodynamics is a core discipline within space-mission design and control. Celestial mechanics treats more broadly the orbit dynamics of systems under the influence of gravity, including both spacecraft and natural astronomical bodies such as star systems, planets, moons, and comets. Orbital mechanics focuses on spacecraft trajectories, including orbital maneuvers, orbital plane changes, and interplanetary transfers, and is used by mission planners to predict the results of propulsive maneuvers.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。
查看内容许可 ↗辐射压（英语：Radiation pressure），亦称光压，是电磁辐射对所有暴露在其下的物体表面所施加的压力。如果被吸收，压力是流量密度除以光速；如果完全被反射，辐射压将会加倍。例如，太阳辐射的能量在地球的流量密度是 1367 W / m 2 {\displaystyle 1367W/m^{2}} ，所以吸收状态下的辐射压是 4.6 μ P a {\displaystyle 4.6\mu Pa} （参考气候模型）。
Radiation pressure (also known as light pressure) is mechanical pressure exerted upon a surface due to the exchange of momentum between the object and the electromagnetic field. This includes the momentum of light or electromagnetic radiation of any wavelength that is absorbed, reflected, or otherwise emitted (e.g. black-body radiation) by matter on any scale (from macroscopic objects to dust particles to gas molecules). The associated force is called the radiation pressure force, or sometimes just the force of light. The forces generated by radiation pressure are generally too small to be noticed under everyday circumstances; however, they are important in some physical processes and technologies.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。
查看内容许可 ↗电动式推进是指利用电力或磁场作为航天器的动力。这系统大多采用加速电离子的技术。 比冲越高代表效率越好，亦即可以用相同质量的燃料产生更多的动量。因为电动发动机比化学燃料火箭有更高的排气速度，所以比化学燃料火箭消耗更少燃料，但由于能源所限，其推力会比化学燃料火箭弱得多。虽然电动助推器的推力较少，但推力却可维持一段很长的时间。经过长时间后，电动发动机能加速到一个相当可观的速度，因此电动发动机比化学燃料火箭更适合于深太空任务。 目前，电动式推进发展已相当成熟，已广泛应用于各种太空任务上。俄罗斯的卫星已经采用电动推进有几十年。到2019年，在太阳系运行的500多个航天器采用电动推进系统。其系统除了作为它们的主要动力外，亦会用作固定航天器在轨道上及轨道提升等功能。而日后所发展出电动发动机更可产生每秒100公里的速度增量（Δv）。虽然这速度能使航天器（且是核能驱动）前往至太阳系外围的星球，却还不足以进行星际间的穿梭。理论上，电动式推进如能搭配外部能源（透过激光方式传送动力）运作，是有可能进行星际穿梭。由于电动式推进产生的推力不够强，所以并不适合用于火箭从地球发射上太空的过程。
Spacecraft electric propulsion encompasses spacecraft propulsion systems that use electric energy to accelerate and expel propellant, generating thrust through electric or magnetic fields. Their principal advantage over chemical rockets is much higher specific impulse, meaning greater propellant efficiency, but the limited electrical power available aboard spacecraft yields much lower thrust, making electric propulsion unsuitable for launch from Earth's surface and better suited to long-duration in-space maneuvers. The main families of spacecraft electric propulsion include electrostatic devices such as gridded ion engines, Hall-effect thrusters, and colloid thrusters; electromagnetic devices such as pulsed plasma thrusters, magnetoplasmadynamic thrusters, and pulsed inductive thrusters; and electrothermal devices such as resistojets and arcjets.
来源、授权与使用说明
维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。
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