农业与微气候Boundary layer边界层，又称附面层是一个流体力学名词，表示流体中紧接着管壁或其他固定表面的部分。边界层是由黏滞力产生的效应，和雷诺数Re有关。 一般提到的边界层是指速度的边界层。在边界层外，流体的速度接近定值，不随位置而变化。在边界层内，在固定表面上流速为0，距固定表面越远，速度会趋近一定值。
In physics and fluid mechanics, a boundary layer is the thin layer of fluid in the immediate vicinity of a bounding surface formed by the fluid flowing along the surface. The fluid's interaction with the wall induces a no-slip boundary condition (zero velocity at the wall). The flow velocity then monotonically increases above the surface until it returns to the bulk flow velocity. The thin layer consisting of fluid whose velocity has not yet returned to the bulk flow velocity is called the velocity boundary layer. The air next to a human is heated, resulting in gravity-induced convective airflow, which results in both a velocity and thermal boundary layer. A breeze disrupts the boundary layer, and hair and clothing protect it, making the human feel cooler or warmer.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。
查看内容许可 ↗再现性与可重复性和可重复性密切相关，是支撑科学方法的主要原则。研究结果的可重复性意味着，当研究被重复时，通过实验或观察性研究或数据集统计分析获得的结果应该再次获得高度的可靠性。复制有不同类型，但复制研究通常涉及使用相同方法的不同研究人员。只有在一次或多次成功复制之后，结果才能被视为科学知识。
Reproducibility, closely related to replicability and repeatability, is a major principle underpinning the scientific method. For the findings of a study to be reproducible means that results obtained by an experiment or an observational study or in a statistical analysis of a data set should be achieved again with a high degree of reliability when the study is replicated. There are different kinds of replication but typically replication studies involve different researchers using the same methodology. Only after one or several such successful replications should a result be recognized as scientific knowledge.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗侵蚀作用（英语：erosion）是自然界的一种现象，是指地球的表面不断受到风、水的磨损。这个过程，陆地除了被侵蚀之外，蚀出的物质还会被带走，堆积在其他地方，主要堆积在海里。 侵蚀由水流、冰移或风吹造成。 而由雪、霜、阳光、雨水对地表的作用则叫做风化作用，暴露在空气中的岩石会受到天气影响，长期冷热交替，有些岩石会因而裂开。岩石中的水结冰时会膨胀，这个也会使岩石开裂。石头受到重力的挤压后突然减压，也会使岩石碎裂。雨水是稀酸，可溶化或改变岩石内的化学物质。植物的根和穴居动物也会加速风化。 因为风化而碎裂的石块会由水、冰、风带走，而如果水、冰、风内如有石块，即使非常细小，也能大大加强侵蚀的作用，改变地貌。
Erosion is the action of surface processes (such as water flow or wind) that removes soil, rock, or dissolved material from one location on the Earth's crust and then transports it to another location where it is deposited. Erosion is distinct from weathering which involves no movement. Removal of rock or soil as clastic sediment is referred to as physical or mechanical erosion; this contrasts with chemical erosion, where soil or rock material is removed from an area by dissolution. Eroded sediment or solutes may be transported just a few millimetres, or for thousands of kilometres. Agents of erosion include rainfall; bedrock wear in rivers; coastal erosion by the sea and waves; glacial plucking, abrasion, and scour; areal flooding; wind abrasion; groundwater processes; and mass movement processes in steep landscapes like landslides and debris flows.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。
查看内容许可 ↗空间气候是日光层内太阳活动的长期变化，包括太阳风、行星际磁场（IMF）及其对近地环境（包括地球磁层和电离层、上层和下层大气、气候和其他相关系统）的影响。空间气候科学研究是空间物理学、太阳物理学、太阳物理学和地球物理学的交叉学科领域。因此，它在概念上与陆地气候学相关，并且它对地球大气的影响在气候科学中得到考虑。
Space climate is the long-term variation in solar activity within the heliosphere, including the solar wind, the Interplanetary magnetic field (IMF), and their effects in the near-Earth environment, including the magnetosphere of Earth and the ionosphere, the upper and lower atmosphere, climate, and other related systems. The scientific study of space climate is an interdisciplinary field of space physics, solar physics, heliophysics, and geophysics. It is thus conceptually related to terrestrial climatology, and its effects on the atmosphere of Earth are considered in climate science.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗风化作用（英语：weathering）为岩石、土壤以及矿物等与地球大气层接触而分解。侵蚀作用包括岩石和矿物经由媒介如水、冰及重力等引起其瓦解。侵蚀作用常伴随着搬运作用，要注意两者并非相同，风化作用着重于由内而外去崩解，侵蚀作用则是由外而内去剥落。 风化作用可以分为物理性与化学性。物理性的风化作用包括因为大气情况如热力、水、冰及压力导致岩石及土壤的分解；化学性的风化作用包括与大气化学物的直接反应，或与生物产生的化学反应，最终令岩石、土壤及矿物分解。 岩石分解后的物质与有机物质结合制成土壤。土壤的矿物成分取决于母质，所以由一种岩石形成的土壤常常会缺乏一种或多种肥沃土壤所需的矿物质，而由多种岩石混合形成的土壤（如冰川、风成或冲积沉积物）常常会形成肥沃土壤。
Weathering is the deterioration of rocks, soils and minerals (as well as wood and artificial materials) through contact with water, atmospheric gases, sunlight, and biological organisms. It occurs in situ (on-site, with little or no movement), and so is distinct from erosion, which involves the transport of rocks and minerals by agents such as water, ice, snow, wind, waves and gravity. Weathering processes are either physical or chemical. The former involves the breakdown of rocks and soils through such mechanical effects as heat, water, ice, and wind. The latter covers reactions to water, atmospheric gases and biologically produced chemicals with rocks and soils. Water is the principal agent behind both kinds, though atmospheric oxygen and carbon dioxide and the activities of biological organisms are also important. Biological chemical weathering is also called biological weathering.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。
查看内容许可 ↗排水是指从水过多的区域自然或人工去除地表水和地下水。大多数农业土壤的内部排水可以防止严重的涝灾（损害根系生长的厌氧条件），但许多土壤需要人工排水来提高产量或管理供水。
Drainage is the natural or artificial removal of a surface's water and sub-surface water from an area with excess water. The internal drainage of most agricultural soils can prevent severe waterlogging (anaerobic conditions that harm root growth), but many soils need artificial drainage to improve production or to manage water supplies.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗在物理、化学和材料科学中，渗滤（源自拉丁语 percolare，意为“过滤、滴流通过”，由 Edward Loysel 在 1840 年代创造）是指流体通过多孔材料的运动和过滤。达西定律没有描述它。此后开发了更广泛的应用，涵盖了许多建模为晶格或图形的系统的连接性，类似于调节渗透能力的过滤问题中晶格组件的连接性。
In physics, chemistry, and materials science, percolation (from Latin percolare 'to filter, trickle through', coined in the 1840s by Edward Loysel) refers to the movement and filtering of fluids through porous materials. It is not described by Darcy's law. Broader applications have since been developed that cover connectivity of many systems modeled as lattices or graphs, analogous to connectivity of lattice components in the filtration problem that modulates capacity for percolation.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗在岩土工程中，土壤结构描述了土壤固体部分以及它们之间的孔隙空间的排列。它取决于单个土壤颗粒如何聚集、结合在一起和聚集，从而导致它们之间土壤孔隙的排列。土壤对水和空气运动、生物活动、根系生长和幼苗出苗有重大影响。有几种不同类型的土壤结构。它本质上是一个动态且复杂的系统，受到不同生物和非生物因素的影响。
In geotechnical engineering, soil structure describes the arrangement of the solid parts of the soil and of the pore space located between them. It is determined by how individual soil granules clump, bind together, and aggregate, resulting in the arrangement of soil pores between them. Soil has a major influence on water and air movement, biological activity, root growth and seedling emergence. There are several different types of soil structure. It is inherently a dynamic and complex system that is affected by different biotic and abiotic factors.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗有机物、有机材料或天然有机物 (NOM) 是自然和工程、陆地和水生环境中发现的碳基化合物的主要来源。它是由来自植物和动物等有机体的粪便和残骸的有机化合物组成的物质。有机分子也可以通过不涉及生命的化学反应产生。基本结构由纤维素、单宁、角质和木质素以及其他各种蛋白质、脂质和碳水化合物组成。有机物对于环境中营养物质的移动非常重要，并且在地球表面的保水方面发挥着作用。
Organic matter, organic material or natural organic matter (NOM) is the large source of carbon-based compounds found within natural and engineered, terrestrial, and aquatic environments. It is matter composed of organic compounds that have come from the feces and remains of organisms such as plants and animals. Organic molecules can also be made by chemical reactions that do not involve life. Basic structures are created from cellulose, tannin, cutin, and lignin, along with other various proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. Organic matter is very important in the movement of nutrients in the environment and plays a role in water retention on the surface of the planet.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗在科学和工程中，导水率（K，国际单位制米每秒）是多孔材料、土壤和岩石的一种属性，它描述了流体（通常是水）穿过孔隙空间或裂缝网络的难易程度。它取决于材料的固有渗透率（k，单位：m2）、饱和度以及流体的密度和粘度。饱和导水率 Ksat 描述了水通过饱和介质的运动。根据定义，导水率是体积通量与水力梯度之比，可定量测量饱和土壤在承受水力梯度时传输水的能力。
In science and engineering, hydraulic conductivity (K, in SI units of meters per second) is a property of porous materials, soils and rocks, that describes the ease with which a fluid (usually water) can move through the pore space, or fracture network. It depends on the intrinsic permeability (k, unit: m2) of the material, the degree of saturation, and on the density and viscosity of the fluid. Saturated hydraulic conductivity, Ksat, describes water movement through saturated media. By definition, hydraulic conductivity is the ratio of volume flux to hydraulic gradient yielding a quantitative measure of a saturated soil's ability to transmit water when subjected to a hydraulic gradient.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗在材料科学中，堆积密度，也称为表观密度，是一种材料属性，定义为材料的许多颗粒的质量除以堆积体积。堆积体积定义为颗粒占据的总体积，包括颗粒自身的体积、颗粒间空隙体积和颗粒的内部孔隙体积。堆积密度适用于粉末、颗粒和其他“分散”固体等材料，特别是用于矿物成分（土壤、砾石）、化学物质、药物成分、食品或任何其他颗粒状或颗粒状物质（颗粒）的质量。堆积密度与颗粒密度不同，颗粒密度是固体的固有属性，不包括颗粒之间空隙的体积（参见：非致密材料的密度）。
In materials science, bulk density, also called apparent density, is a material property defined as the mass of the many particles of the material divided by the bulk volume. Bulk volume is defined as the total volume the particles occupy, including particle's own volume, inter-particle void volume, and the particles' internal pore volume. Bulk density is useful for materials such as powders, granules, and other "divided" solids, especially used in reference to mineral components (soil, gravel), chemical substances, pharmaceutical ingredients, foodstuff, or any other masses of corpuscular or particulate matter (particles). Bulk density is not the same as the particle density, which is an intrinsic property of the solid and does not include the volume for voids between particles (see: density of non-compact materials).
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗阳离子交换能力（CEC）是衡量土壤颗粒表面可保留多少阳离子的指标。土壤颗粒表面的负电荷与带正电的原子或分子（阳离子）结合，但允许它们与周围土壤水中的其他带正电的颗粒进行交换。这是土壤中的固体物质改变土壤化学成分的方式之一。 CEC 影响土壤化学的许多方面，并被用作土壤肥力的衡量标准，因为它表明土壤以植物可利用形式保留多种养分（例如 K+、NH4+、Ca2+）的能力。它还表明保留污染物阳离子（例如 Pb2+）的能力。
Cation-exchange capacity (CEC) is a measure of how many cations can be retained on soil particle surfaces. Negative charges on the surfaces of soil particles bind positively-charged atoms or molecules (cations), but allow these to exchange with other positively charged particles in the surrounding soil water. This is one of the ways that solid materials in soil alter the chemistry of the soil. CEC affects many aspects of soil chemistry, and is used as a measure of soil fertility, as it indicates the capacity of the soil to retain several nutrients (e.g. K+, NH4+, Ca2+) in plant-available form. It also indicates the capacity to retain pollutant cations (e.g. Pb2+).
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗土壤质地是上层土壤的识别质量，由沙子、淤泥和粘土组成。土壤质地可以使用定性方法（例如感觉质地）和定量方法（例如基于斯托克斯定律的比重计法）来确定。土壤质地具有农业应用，例如确定作物适宜性以及预测土壤对环境和管理条件（例如干旱或钙（石灰）需求）的反应。土壤质地主要关注直径小于两毫米的颗粒，包括沙子、淤泥和粘土。 USDA 土壤分类法和 WRB 土壤分类系统使用 12 个质地类别，而 UK-ADAS 系统使用 11 个。这些分类基于土壤中沙子、淤泥和粘土的百分比。
Soil texture is the identifying quality of the upper layer of earth, which is composed of sand, silt and clay. Soil texture can be determined using qualitative methods such as texture by feel, and quantitative methods such as the hydrometer method based on Stokes' law. Soil texture has agricultural applications such as determining crop suitability and to predict the response of the soil to environmental and management conditions such as drought or calcium (lime) requirements. Soil texture focuses on the particles that are less than two millimeters in diameter which include sand, silt, and clay. The USDA soil taxonomy and WRB soil classification systems use 12 textural classes whereas the UK-ADAS system uses 11. These classifications are based on the percentages of sand, silt, and clay in the soil.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗孔隙率或空隙率是材料中空隙（即“空的”）空间的量度，并且是空隙体积占总体积的分数，介于 0 和 1 之间，或者作为介于 0% 和 100% 之间的百分比。严格来说，一些测试测量“可进入的空隙”，即从表面可进入的空隙空间的总量（参见闭孔泡沫）。有很多方法可以测试物质或零件的孔隙率，例如工业 CT 扫描。术语“孔隙度”用于多个领域，包括制药、陶瓷、冶金、材料、制造、岩石物理学、水文学、地球科学、土壤力学、岩石力学和工程学。
Porosity or void fraction is a measure of the void (i.e. "empty") spaces in a material, and is a fraction of the volume of voids over the total volume, between 0 and 1, or as a percentage between 0% and 100%. Strictly speaking, some tests measure the "accessible void", the total amount of void space accessible from the surface (cf. closed-cell foam). There are many ways to test porosity in a substance or part, such as industrial CT scanning. The term porosity is used in multiple fields including pharmaceutics, ceramics, metallurgy, materials, manufacturing, petrophysics, hydrology, earth sciences, soil mechanics, rock mechanics, and engineering.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗气压计或蒸发计是一种科学仪器，用于测量水从潮湿表面蒸发到大气中的速率。农民和种植者主要使用气压计来测量任何田间地点作物的蒸散 (ET) 率。蒸散量是对从陆地表面蒸发的所有水加上从植物表面蒸腾的水的测量。根据蒸发和蒸腾的水量，用户可以相应地给作物浇水，从而减少用水量并可能提高作物产量。目前销售气压计的公司包括 C&M Meteorological Supply 和 Calsense。
An atmometer or evaporimeter is a scientific instrument used for measuring the rate of water evaporation from a wet surface to the atmosphere. Atmometers are mainly used by farmers and growers to measure evapotranspiration (ET) rates of crops at any field location. Evapotranspiration is a measure of all of the water that evaporates from land surfaces plus the water that transpires from plant surfaces. Based on the amount of water that does evaporate and transpire, the user can water crops correspondingly, which results in less water use and possibly increased crop yields. Companies that currently sell atmometers include C&M Meteorological Supply and Calsense.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗动物驱避剂包括旨在使动物远离个人物品以及食物、植物或您自己的任何物体或方法。植物和其他生物体天然具有释放化学物质的特殊能力，这种化学物质被称为化学信息素，作为保护自己免受捕食者侵害的一种方式。人类有目的地利用其中的一些，并创造一种通过各种形式的保护来驱逐动物的方法。
An animal repellent consists of any object or method made with the intention of keeping animals away from personal items as well as food, plants or yourself. Plants and other living organisms naturally possess a special ability to emit chemicals known as semiochemicals as a way to defend themselves from predators. Humans purposely make use of some of those and create a way to repel animals through various forms of protection.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗有益杂草可以是具有一些伴生植物效应的入侵植物，其是可食用的、有助于土壤健康、增加观赏价值或在某些方面是有益的。这些植物通常不被驯化。然而，一些入侵植物，例如蒲公英，除了在野外生长外，还进行商业种植。有益的杂草包括许多野花，以及其他通常被清除或有毒的杂草。某些具有令人讨厌和破坏性的杂草已被证明可以抵抗疾病，因此可用于医学。作为寄主的杂草数量的减少可能会影响相关的昆虫和其他有益的类群。例如，原产于墨西哥北部和美国部分地区的Parthenium hysterophorus，由于其毒性和快速传播能力，多年来一直是一个问题。
A beneficial weed can be an invasive plant that has some companion plant effect, which is edible, contributes to soil health, adds ornamental value, or is beneficial in some way. These plants are normally not domesticated. However, some invasive plants, such as dandelions, are commercially cultivated in addition to growing in the wild. Beneficial weeds include many wildflowers, as well as other weeds that are commonly removed or poisoned. Certain weeds that have obnoxious and destructive qualities have been shown to fight illness and are thus used in medicine. Reductions in abundances of weeds which act as hosts may affect associated insects and other taxa which are beneficial. For example, Parthenium hysterophorus which is native to Northern Mexico and parts of the US, has been an issue for years due to its toxicity and ability to spread rapidly.
来源、授权与使用说明
维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗Blaney-Criddle 方程（以 H. F. Blaney 和 W. D. Criddle 命名）是一种估算参考作物蒸散量的方法。
The Blaney–Criddle equation (named after H. F. Blaney and W. D. Criddle) is a method for estimating reference crop evapotranspiration.
来源、授权与使用说明
维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗生物资源工程是研究、开发和利用生物产品的一门工程学科。它与生物工程类似，不同之处在于它基于生物和/或农业原料。生物资源工程更为广泛，涵盖范围更广的技术和各种元素，如生物质、生物废物处理、生物能源、生物转化、生物资源系统分析、生物修复以及与热化学转化技术相关的技术，如燃烧、热解、气化、催化等。生物资源工程还包含生化转化技术，如好氧方法、厌氧消化、微生物生长过程、酶法和堆肥。
Bioresource engineering is an engineering discipline of researching, developing, and utilizing bioproducts. It is similar to biological engineering, except that it is based on biological and/or agricultural feedstocks. Bioresource engineering is more general and encompasses a wider range of technologies and various elements such as biomass, biological waste treatment, bioenergy, biotransformations, bioresource systems analysis, bioremediation and technologies associated with Thermochemical conversion technologies such as combustion, pyrolysis, gasification, catalysis, etc. Bioresource engineering also contains biochemical conversion technologies such as aerobic methods, anaerobic digestion, microbial growth processes, enzymatic methods, and composting.
来源、授权与使用说明
维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗生物效应器是一种活的微生物或活性天然化合物，直接或间接影响植物性能（生物肥料），因此有可能减少作物生产中化肥和农药的使用。
A bioeffector is a viable microorganism or active natural compound which directly or indirectly affects plant performance (biofertilizer), and thus has the potential to reduce fertilizer and pesticide use in crop production.
来源、授权与使用说明
维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗建模框架用于建模和仿真，可以包含用于开发和运行数学模型的软件基础设施。他们在生物物理建模领域的整体实现方面迈出了实质性的一步。算法与数据的分离、I/O过程和集成服务的可重用性以及离散单元中建模解决方案的隔离，为仿真系统的开发带来了坚实的优势。农业建模框架随着时间的推移不断发展，具有不同的方法和目标 BioMA 是一个软件框架，专注于独立于平台、可重复使用的组件，包括细粒度的多模型实现。
Modelling frameworks are used in modelling and simulation and can consist of a software infrastructure to develop and run mathematical models. They have provided a substantial step forward in the area of biophysical modelling with respect to monolithic implementations. The separation of algorithms from data, the reusability of I/O procedures and integration services, and the isolation of modelling solutions in discrete units has brought a solid advantage in the development of simulation systems. Modelling frameworks for agriculture have evolved over time, with different approaches and targets BioMA is a software framework developed focusing on platform-independent, re-usable components, including multi-model implementations at fine granularity.
来源、授权与使用说明
维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗蓝色花朵在自然界中很罕见，尽管进行了许多尝试，但传统的育种技术尤其无法生产蓝色玫瑰、康乃馨和菊花。花瓣中的蓝色是由花青素（花青素的一种）引起的，飞燕草素是一类黄酮类化合物。飞燕草素的存在不足以单独产生蓝色；它必须在碱性环境下，与黄酮和金属离子形成络合物，或者通过某种其他机制。蓝色也可以通过花青素玫瑰红苷的育种产生。在园丁和花匠中，存在一个称为“真蓝色”的口语概念，它涉及呈现纯蓝色色调的花朵，而不是可能被误认为蓝色的黑色、深紫色或淡紫色。
Blue flowers are rare in nature, and despite many attempts, blue roses, carnations and chrysanthemums in particular cannot not be produced by conventional breeding techniques. Blue colour in flower petals is caused by delphinidin, a type of anthocyanin, which are a class of flavonoids. The presence of delphinidin is not enough to produce blue color on its own; It must be in a alkaline environment, form a complex with flavones and metal ions, or some other mechanism. Blue color has also been produced through breeding with the anthocynanin rosacyanin. Among gardeners and florists, there exists a colloqial concept known as "true blue", which pertains to flowers that display a pure blue hue and not a black, deep purple, or lavender that could be mistaken for blue.
来源、授权与使用说明
维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗Barahnaja（字面意思是“十二颗种子”）是印度北阿坎德邦山区实行的一种古老的传统复种制度。该术语在加瓦利语中的字面意思是“十二种种子或粮食”，指的是在一块田地里一起种植的十二种作物，以提高土壤肥力、粮食安全和生态平衡。这种方法不涉及农药或化肥，而且巴拉纳贾系统中的许多作物都有药用价值。这种可持续的传统农业方法具有气候适应性，并被认为是“默认有机”。
Barahnaja (lit. "twelve seeds") is an ancient traditional system of multiple cropping that is practised in the Indian mountainous state of Uttarakhand. The term literally means "twelve seeds or food grains" in Garhwali, and refers to the twelve types of crops that are grown together in a single field to enhance soil fertility, food security, and ecological balance. There are no pesticides or fertilizers involved in this method, and many crops in the barahnaja system have medicinal uses. This sustainable and traditional farming method is climate-resilient and has been recognized as "organic by default".
来源、授权与使用说明
维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗园艺（源自拉丁语：horti + 文化）是在可控规模内种植观赏植物、花卉以及水果、蔬菜和其他具有经济价值的农作物或树木的科学和艺术。园艺与传统的粗放农业和中耕作物农学不同，它强调景观美化、植物繁殖、花卉栽培或在故意控制的环境（例如温室和商业小规模户外经营的特定形式）中种植的各种非观赏作物。由于植物的种植目的多种多样，因此园艺有不同的分类。这些部门包括但不限于：繁殖、树木栽培、景观美化、花卉栽培和草坪维护。
Horticulture (from Latin: horti + culture) is the science and art of growing ornamental plants, flowers, as well as fruits, vegetables, and other economically valuable crops or trees on a controlled scale. Horticulture is distinct from conventional extensive farming and row crop agronomy through its emphasis on landscaping, plant propagation, floriculture, or various non-ornamental crops being grown in deliberately controlled environments such as greenhouses and specific formats of commercial small-scale outdoor operations. There are various divisions of horticulture because plants are grown for a variety of purposes. These divisions include, but are not limited to: propagation, arboriculture, landscaping, floriculture and turf maintenance.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗间作是一种多种作物的种植方式，涉及在同一块土地上同时种植两种或多种作物，这是混养的一种形式。间作最常见的目标是通过利用单一作物无法利用的资源或生态过程，在给定的一块土地上产生更高的产量。
Intercropping is a multiple cropping practice that involves the cultivation of two or more crops simultaneously on the same field, a form of polyculture. The most common goal of intercropping is to produce a greater yield on a given piece of land by making use of resources or ecological processes that would otherwise not be utilized by a single crop.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗种植区，也称为农业区或农业区，是指具有有利于农作物、植物或牲畜种植和生产的特定气候因素、土壤条件和农业实践的地理区域。根据环境特征，种植区域可以以单一作物或作物组合为主。例如，美国玉米种植带、菲律宾椰子景观和马来亚橡胶景观都是以特定作物为主的种植区的例子。另一方面，澳大利亚昆士兰州和新南威尔士州固有土壤肥力高，季节性降雨量高，农作物生产高度多样化，包括小麦、大麦、油籽、高粱玉米和小麦。
A growing region, also known as a farming region or agricultural region, refers to a geographic area characterised by specific climate factors, soil conditions and agricultural practices that are favourable for the cultivation and production of crops, plants, or livestock. Depending on the environmental characteristics, a growing region can be dominated by a single crop or crop combination. For example, the American Corn Belt, the Philippine coconut landscape and the Malayan rubber landscape are examples of growing regions that are dominated by a particular crop. On the other hand, Queensland and New South Wales of Australia characterised by high inherent soil fertility and high seasonal rainfall have highly diverse crop production including wheat, barley, oilseeds, sorghum maize and wheat.
来源、授权与使用说明
维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗在农业中，岬角是指种植田地两端的区域。在美国的某些地区，该地区被称为特恩罗 (Turnrow)。用于田间作业时携带农具周转，是最先收割的区域，最大限度地减少农作物损失。这些行垂直于田地的布局，通常是用于种植田地的工具宽度的两倍、三倍或四倍。
A Headland, in agriculture, is the area at each end of a planted field. In some areas of the United States, this area is known as the Turnrow. It is used for turning around with farm implements during field operations and is the first area to be harvested to minimize crop damage. The rows run perpendicular to the lay of the field and are usually two, three or four times the width of the implement used for planting the field.
来源、授权与使用说明
维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗伊利诺伊州土壤氮测试（“ISNT”）是一种测量土壤中可供植物用作养分的氮含量的方法。该测试预测在农田中添加氮肥是否会导致农作物产量增加。氮对于植物发育至关重要。事实上，对于注定要成为农场动物或人类消费的食物的作物来说，将氮掺入作物中是一个重要的目标，因为这构成了人类饮食中蛋白质的基础。氮通常以多种形式存在于土壤中，并且有多种方法可以测量这种氮。作为衡量可供作物使用的氮的指标，这些都不能完全令人满意。 ISNT 是一种新的 (2007) 方法，用于测量植物吸收的可用氮。 ISNT 将土壤中存在的氮含量估算为氨基糖氮。
The Illinois Soil Nitrogen Test ("ISNT") is a method for measuring the amount of Nitrogen in soil that is available for use by plants as a nutrient. The test predicts whether the addition of nitrogen fertilizer to agricultural land will result in increased crop yields. Nitrogen is essential for plant development. Indeed, for crops that are destined to be food for farm animal or human consumption, incorporation of nitrogen into the crop is an important goal, since this forms the basis for protein in the human diet. Nitrogen is commonly present in soils in many forms, and there are many ways to measure this nitrogen. None of these are completely satisfactory as a measure of the nitrogen that is available for use by crops. The ISNT is a new (2007) method for measuring nitrogen available for plant uptake. ISNT estimates the amount of nitrogen present in the soil as amino sugar nitrogen.
来源、授权与使用说明
维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗联合收割机谷物产量监测器是一种与其他传感器相结合的设备，用于计算和记录现代联合收割机运行时的农作物产量或谷物产量。产量监测仪是当今生产者可用的精准农业产品的一部分，为生产者提供了降低成本、增加产量和提高效率的工具。目前的谷物产量监测仪旨在测量收获的谷物质量流量、水分含量和速度，以确定收获的谷物总量。在当今的大多数情况下，这与全球定位系统相结合，以记录整个田地的产量和其他空间变化信息。这样可以创建谷物产量图，提供空间变异信息并支持生产者的管理决策。
The combine grain yield monitor is a device coupled with other sensors to calculate and record the crop yield or grain yield as a modern-day combine harvester operates. Yield monitors are a part of the precision agriculture products available to producers today that provide producers with the tools to reduce costs, increase yields, and increase efficiency. The present day grain yield monitor is designed to measure the harvested grain mass flow, moisture content, and speed to determine total grain harvested. In most cases today this is coupled with global positioning system to record yield and other spatially variable information across a field. This allows for the creation of a grain yield map which provides information on spatial variability and supports management decisions for producers.
来源、授权与使用说明
维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗农业科学（或简称农业科学）是一个广泛的多学科生物学领域，涵盖了用于农业实践和理解的精确科学、自然科学、经济科学和社会科学的各个部分。农业科学的专业人员被称为农业科学家或农学家。
Agricultural science (or agriscience for short) is a broad multidisciplinary field of biology that encompasses the parts of exact, natural, economic and social sciences that are used in the practice and understanding of agriculture. Professionals of the agricultural science are called agricultural scientists or agriculturists.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗