农业与微气候Vegetable farming蔬菜种植是种植供人类食用的蔬菜。这种做法可能在一万多年前就开始于世界多个地区，家庭种植蔬菜供自己食用或在当地进行贸易。起初使用体力劳动，但随着时间的推移，牲畜被驯化，土地可以用犁翻耕。最近，机械化彻底改变了蔬菜种植，几乎所有过程都可以由机器完成。专业生产者种植在当地生长良好的特定作物。采用鱼菜共生、高架栽培床和玻璃下栽培等新方法。营销可以在农贸市场、传统市场或自己采摘的当地进行，农民也可以将全部作物承包给批发商、罐头商或零售商。
Vegetable farming is the growing of vegetables for human consumption. The practice probably started in several parts of the world over ten thousand years ago, with families growing vegetables for their own consumption or to trade locally. At first manual labour was used but in time livestock were domesticated and the ground could be turned by the plough. More recently, mechanisation has revolutionised vegetable farming with nearly all processes being able to be performed by machine. Specialist producers grow the particular crops that do well in their locality. New methods—such as aquaponics, raised beds and cultivation under glass—are used. Marketing can be done locally in farmer's markets, traditional markets or pick-your-own operations, or farmers can contract their whole crops to wholesalers, canners or retailers.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗栽培杂草是任何能够很好地适应为种植其他植物而耕种的环境的植物。许多此类杂草非常特殊，只能在犁或铲子犁过的土地上生长和繁殖。它们总是一年生的，仅通过种子繁殖，许多物种的种子可以在土壤中休眠数年，直到在耕种期间被带到地表。它们的繁殖周期很快，通常从种子到种子需要一年，尽管有些物种在一个季节可以繁殖不止一代。一些物种，如千里光（Senecio vulgaris）、荠菜（Capsella bursa-pastoris）、红荨麻（Lamium purpureum）和繁缕（Stellaria media）可以在非常寒冷的天气中毫发无伤地生存，甚至在冬天也常常能够播种。
A weed of cultivation is any plant that is well-adapted to environments in which land is cultivated for growing some other plant. Many such weeds are quite specialised and can only thrive and reproduce where the ground has been broken by plough or spade. They are invariably annual and reproduction is by seed alone, which can in many species lie dormant for years in the soil until brought to the surface during cultivation. They have fast reproduction cycles, usually in one year from seed to seed, though some species can have more than one generation in one season. A few species such as groundsel (Senecio vulgaris), shepherd's purse (Capsella bursa-pastoris), red deadnettle (Lamium purpureum) and chickweed (Stellaria media) can survive unharmed through very cold weather and are often able to seed even in winter.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗杂草控制是害虫控制的一种，试图阻止或减少杂草，特别是有毒杂草的生长，目的是减少它们与所需动植物（包括驯化植物和牲畜）的竞争，并在自然环境中防止非本地物种与本地物种竞争。杂草控制在农业中很重要。方法包括用锄头手工耕作、用中耕机进行动力耕作、用覆盖物窒息、用高热致死性枯萎、燃烧以及用除草剂（除草剂）进行化学防治。
Weed control is a type of pest control, which attempts to stop or reduce growth of weeds, especially noxious weeds, with the aim of reducing their competition with desired flora and fauna including domesticated plants and livestock, and in natural settings preventing non native species competing with native species. Weed control is important in agriculture. Methods include hand cultivation with hoes, powered cultivation with cultivators, smothering with mulch, lethal wilting with high heat, burning, and chemical control with herbicides (weed killers).
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗动物科学被描述为“研究人类控制下的动物的生物学”。也可以说是农场动物的生产和经营。历史上，该学位被称为畜牧业，研究的动物是家畜物种，如反刍动物，例如；牛、绵羊和山羊，非反刍动物，例如；研究对象包括猪、家禽、兔子、蜗牛和马。如今，课程涵盖了更广泛的领域，包括狗和猫等伴侣动物以及许多外来物种。许多学院和大学都提供动物科学学位。动物科学学位通常由赠地大学提供，这些大学通常设有校内农场，为学生提供与牲畜有关的实践经验。
Animal science is described as "studying the biology of animals that are under the control of humankind". It can also be described as the production and management of farm animals. Historically, the degree was called animal husbandry and the animals studied were livestock species, like ruminant animals such as; cattle, sheep and goat, non-ruminant such as; pigs, poultry, rabbit, snails and horses are studied. Today, courses available look at a broader area, including companion animals, like dogs and cats, and many exotic species. Degrees in Animal Science are offered at a number of colleges and universities. Animal science degrees are often offered at land-grant universities, which will often have on-campus farms to give students hands-on experience with livestock animals.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗农业地质学是对农业矿物矿物的起源及其应用的研究。这些矿物质对农业和园艺非常重要，特别是在土壤肥力和肥料成分方面。这些矿物质通常是植物必需的营养素。农业地质学也可以定义为地质学在农业问题上的应用，特别是在土壤生产力和健康方面。该领域是几个不同领域的组合，包括地质学、土壤科学、农学和化学。总体目标是通过利用地质资源改善土壤的化学和物理方面来促进农业生产。
Agrogeology is the study of the origins of minerals known as agrominerals and their applications. These minerals are of importance to farming and horticulture, especially with regard to soil fertility and fertilizer components. These minerals are usually essential plant nutrients. Agrogeology can also be defined as the application of geology to problems in agriculture, particularly in reference to soil productivity and health. This field is a combination of a few different fields, including geology, soil science, agronomy, and chemistry. The overall objective is to advance agricultural production by using geological resources to improve chemical and physical aspects of soil.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗花色呈白色与花青素含量的缺乏或减少有关。与其他颜色不同，白色不是由颜料引起的。几种白色植物组织主要配备有花青素生物合成的完整机制，包括调节基因的表达。然而，它们无法积累红色或蓝色色素，例如大丽花“西雅图”花瓣显示出白色尖端。多项研究表明，花青素还原酶 (ANR) 可将花青素进一步还原为无色表儿茶素。
White flower colour is related to the absence or reduction of the anthocyanidin content. Unlike other colors, white colour is not induced by pigments. Several white plant tissues are principally equipped with the complete machinery for anthocyanin biosynthesis including the expression of regulatory genes. Nevertheless, they are unable to accumulate red or blue pigments, for example Dahlia ´Seattle´ petals showing a white tip. Several studies have revealed a further reduction of the anthocyanidins to colorless epicatechin by the enzyme anthocyanidin reductase (ANR).
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗农业政策环境 eXtender (APEX) 是 20 世纪 90 年代末开发的生物物理连续模拟模型，作为 EPIC（侵蚀生产力影响计算器）模型的扩展。 EPIC 最初创建于 1981 年，旨在评估土壤侵蚀对美国不同土壤、气候和耕作制度的农业生产力的影响。随着时间的推移，EPIC 不断发展以模拟水文、养分循环、农药归宿、碳动态和气候变化影响。 APEX 将 EPIC 从现场规模模型扩展到整个农场和小流域应用。它的开发是为了评估与农作物和牲畜生产系统相关的环境和管理问题，包括粪便管理、水质和保护措施。
Agricultural Policy Environmental eXtender (APEX) is a biophysically, continuous simulation model developed in the late 1990s as an extension of the EPIC (Erosion Productivity Impact Calculator) model. EPIC was originally created in 1981 to assess the impacts of soil erosion on agricultural productivity across diverse soil, climate, and cropping systems in the United States. Over time, EPIC evolved to simulate hydrology, nutrient cycling, pesticide fate, carbon dynamics, and climate change impacts. APEX extends EPIC from a field-scale model to whole-farm and small watershed applications. It was developed to evaluate environmental and management issues associated with crop and livestock production systems, including manure management, water quality, and conservation practices.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗核冬天是一种严重且长期的全球气候变冷效应，据推测是在大规模核战争后大范围的城市火灾风暴之后发生的。该假设基于这样的事实：此类火灾会将烟灰注入平流层，从而阻挡一些直射阳光到达地球表面。据推测，由此产生的降温通常持续十年，将导致大面积农作物歉收、全球核饥荒和动物大规模灭绝事件。气候研究人员通过计算机模型和情景研究核冬天。结果很大程度上取决于核产量、有多少城市成为目标、易燃材料含量以及火灾风暴的大气环境、对流和持续时间。
Nuclear winter is a severe and prolonged global climatic cooling effect that is hypothesized to occur after widespread urban firestorms following a large-scale nuclear war. The hypothesis is based on the fact that such fires can inject soot into the stratosphere, where it can block some direct sunlight from reaching the surface of the Earth. It is speculated that the resulting cooling, typically lasting a decade, would lead to widespread crop failure, a global nuclear famine, and an animal mass extinction event. Climate researchers study nuclear winter via computer models and scenarios. Results are highly dependent on nuclear yields, how many cities are targeted, their flammable material content, and the firestorms' atmospheric environments, convections, and durations.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗当冷气团穿过大片温暖的湖水时，在较冷的大气条件下会产生湖泊效应雪。下层空气被湖水加热，吸收湖中的水蒸气并通过较冷的空气上升。然后蒸气冻结并沉积在背风（顺风）海岸上。同样的效应也发生在咸水体上，称为海洋效应或海湾效应雪。当顺风海岸较高海拔的地形影响使移动气团上升时，这种效应会增强。这种抬升会产生狭窄但非常强烈的降水带，每小时积雪数厘米，通常会导致大量的总降雪量。受湖泊效应和平行“海洋效应”现象影响的区域被称为雪带。
Lake-effect snow is produced during cooler atmospheric conditions when a cold air mass moves across long expanses of warmer lake water. The lower layer of air, heated by the lake water, picks up water vapor from the lake and rises through colder air. The vapor then freezes and is deposited on the leeward (downwind) shores. The same effect also occurs over bodies of saline water, when it is termed ocean-effect or bay-effect snow. The effect is enhanced when the moving air mass is uplifted by the orographic influence of higher elevations on the downwind shores. This uplifting can produce narrow but very intense bands of precipitation, which deposit at a rate of many centimetres of snow each hour, often resulting in a large amount of total snowfall. The areas affected by lake-effect and parallel "ocean-effect" phenomena are called snowbelts.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗融化池是在春季和夏季温暖的月份在海冰上形成的开放水池。这些池塘也存在于冰川冰和冰架上。冰层下也会形成融化的水池，这可能会导致水下薄冰层（称为“假底”）的形成。融化池通常比周围的冰颜色更深，而且它们的分布和大小变化很大。它们吸收太阳辐射，而不是像冰那样反射太阳辐射，从而对地球的辐射平衡产生重大影响。这种差异直到最近才得到科学研究，它对冰融化速度和冰覆盖范围有很大影响。融化池可以融化到海洋表面。进入池塘的海水会增加融化速度，因为海水的咸水比池塘的淡水温暖。
Melt ponds are pools of open water that form on sea ice in the warmer months of spring and summer. The ponds are also found on glacial ice and ice shelves. Ponds of melted water can also develop under the ice, which may lead to the formation of thin underwater ice layers called false bottoms. Melt ponds are usually darker than the surrounding ice, and their distribution and size is highly variable. They absorb solar radiation rather than reflecting it as ice does and, thereby, have a significant influence on Earth's radiation balance. This differential, which had not been scientifically investigated until recently, has a large effect on the rate of ice melting and the extent of ice cover. Melt ponds can melt through to the ocean's surface. Seawater entering the pond increases the melt rate because the salty water of the ocean is warmer than the fresh water of the pond.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗在水文学中，水分再循环或降水再循环是指从给定区域蒸发蒸腾的一部分沉淀水有助于同一区域降水的过程。因此，水分循环是水文循环的一个组成部分。当地产生的降水量 (PL) 与总降水量 (P) 的比率称为再循环比，ρ: ρ = P L P 。 {\displaystyle \rho ={\frac {P_{L}}{P}}.} 回收率是陆地表面水文与区域气候之间相互作用潜力的诊断指标。土地利用变化，例如森林砍伐或农业集约化，有可能改变一个地区的降水量。整个世界的回收率是1，单个点的回收率是0。
In hydrology, moisture recycling or precipitation recycling refer to the process by which a portion of the precipitated water that evapotranspired from a given area contributes to the precipitation over the same area. Moisture recycling is thus a component of the hydrologic cycle. The ratio of the locally derived precipitation (PL) to total precipitation (P) is known as the recycling ratio, ρ: ρ = P L P . {\displaystyle \rho ={\frac {P_{L}}{P}}.} The recycling ratio is a diagnostic measure of the potential for interactions between land surface hydrology and regional climate. Land use changes, such as deforestation or agricultural intensification, have the potential to change the amount of precipitation that falls in a region. The recycling ratio for the entire world is one, and for a single point is zero.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗Massenerhebung 效应（德语，意为“山脉海拔”）描述了基于山脉大小和位置的林线变化。一般来说，由于保温和风影作用，被大山脉包围的山脉往往比更孤立的山脉拥有更高的林线。这种效应对于确定山区的天气模式非常重要，因为海拔和纬度相似的地区仍然可能根据周围的山脉而具有更温暖或更寒冷的气候。例如，在婆罗洲，位于海岸的巴隆山在海拔 900 m 处有苔藓森林，而姆鲁山的山地森林从海拔 1200 m 开始，基纳巴卢山则在 1800 m 处开始。
The Massenerhebung effect (German for "mountain mass elevation") describes variation in the tree line based on mountain size and location. In general, mountains surrounded by large ranges will tend to have higher tree lines than more isolated mountains due to heat retention and wind shadowing. This effect is important for determining weather patterns in mountainous regions, as regions of similar altitude and latitude may nonetheless have much warmer or colder climates based on surrounding mountain ranges. For example, in Borneo, Gunung Palung, located on the coast, has moss forest at 900 m, while the montane forest on Gunung Mulu starts at 1200 m and at 1800 m on Mount Kinabalu.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗海洋热含量（OHC）或海洋吸热量（OHU）是海洋吸收和储存的能量。它是全球变暖的一个重要指标。海洋热含量是通过测量许多不同位置和深度的海洋温度，并对洋盆或整个海洋的热函能变化的面密度进行积分来计算的。 1971年至2018年间，海洋热含量呈稳定上升趋势，占全球变暖造成的地球过剩能量的90%以上。科学家估计 1961 年至 2022 年的变暖趋势为 0.43 ± 0.08 W/m²，每十年加速约 0.15 ± 0.04 W/m²。到 2020 年，大约三分之一的新增能量已传播到 700 米以下的深度。 2000米深度的五次最高海洋热量观测均发生在2020-2024年期间。这一增长的主要驱动因素是人为造成的温室气体排放。
Ocean heat content (OHC) or ocean heat uptake (OHU) is the energy absorbed and stored by oceans. It is an important indicator of global warming. Ocean heat content is calculated by measuring ocean temperature at many different locations and depths, and integrating the areal density of a change in enthalpic energy over an ocean basin or entire ocean. Between 1971 and 2018, a steady upward trend in ocean heat content accounted for over 90% of Earth's excess energy from global warming. Scientists estimate a 1961–2022 warming trend of 0.43 ± 0.08 W/m², accelerating at about 0.15 ± 0.04 W/m² per decade. By 2020, about one third of the added energy had propagated to depths below 700 meters. The five highest ocean heat observations to a depth of 2000 meters all occurred in the period 2020–2024. The main driver of this increase has been human-caused greenhouse gas emissions.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗海洋表面地形或海面地形，也称为海洋动态地形，是海洋表面的高点和低点，类似于地形图上描绘的地球陆地表面的丘陵和山谷。这些变化以相对于地球大地水准面的平均海面高度 (SSH) 来表示。测量海洋表面地形的主要目的是了解大尺度的海洋环流。
Ocean surface topography or sea surface topography, also called ocean dynamic topography, are highs and lows on the ocean surface, similar to the hills and valleys of Earth's land surface depicted on a topographic map. These variations are expressed in terms of average sea surface height (SSH) relative to Earth's geoid. The main purpose of measuring ocean surface topography is to understand the large-scale ocean circulation.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗湖泊效应雨或海湾效应雨相当于湖泊效应雪的液体形式，上升的空气导致湖中的暖空气和湿气转移到主要的冷空气中，导致云层快速积聚，并在湖的顺风处降雨。如果气温不足以保持降水冻结，就会形成湖泊效应雨。为了形成湖泊效应雨，穿过湖泊的空气必须比水面上的空气温度低得多。由此产生的雨带会累积起来，导致局部山洪、雷电、甚至在极端事件中出现水龙卷。尽管这种效应与北美五大湖有关，但它可能发生在任何能够将夏季热量保持到秋季和初冬凉爽日子的大型湖泊的顺风处。
Lake-effect rain, or bay-effect rain, is the liquid equivalent of lake-effect snow, where the rising air results in a transfer of warm air and moisture from a lake into the predominant colder air, resulting in a fast buildup of clouds and rainfall downwind of the lake. If the air temperature is not low enough to keep the precipitation frozen, it falls as a lake-effect rain. In order for lake-effect rain to form, the air moving across the lake must be significantly cooler than the air over the water surface. The resulting rain bands can accumulate to cause localized flash flooding, thunder, lightning and even waterspouts in extreme events. Although the effect is associated with the North American Great Lakes, it can occur downwind of any large lake that can hold its summer heat well into the cooler days of autumn and early winter.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗城市热岛效应（UHI）是一种气象和气候现象，其中城市地区的气温明显高于周围农村地区。夜间温差通常比白天大，并且在风弱、阻塞条件下最为明显，尤其是在夏季和冬季。城市热岛效应的主要原因是地表的改变，而能源使用产生的废热是次要因素。城市地区约占地球陆地面积的 0.5%，但却拥有世界一半以上的人口。随着人口中心的增长，其面积往往会扩大，平均温度也会升高。另一个关键术语是热岛；该术语可用于指代比周围环境相对热的任何区域，但通常指受人类干扰的区域。
The urban heat island (UHI) effect is a meteorological and climatological phenomenon in which urban areas experience significantly warmer temperatures than surrounding rural areas. The temperature difference is usually larger at night than during the day, and is most apparent when winds are weak, under block conditions, noticeably during the summer and winter. The main cause of the UHI effect is from the modification of land surfaces, while waste heat generated by energy usage is a secondary contributor. Urban areas occupy about 0.5% of the Earth's land surface but host more than half of the world's population. As a population center grows, it tends to expand its area and increase its average temperature. Another key term is heat island; the term can be used to refer to any area that is relatively hotter than the surroundings, but generally refers to human-disturbed areas.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗水层是一年生的沉积物或沉积岩层。 “varve”一词源自瑞典语“varv”，其含义和内涵包括“革命”、“分层”和“循环”。在地质记录中的众多节律生物中，水藻是过去气候变化研究中最重要、最具启发性的生物之一。 Varves 是地层学中公认的最小规模的事件之一。年度层非常明显，因为当水流强度较大时，春季冲入该层的颗粒比当年晚些时候沉积的颗粒要粗得多。这为每个年度周期形成了一对粗层和细层。藻类仅在淡水或咸水中形成，因为正常海水中的高盐分会使粘土凝结成粗颗粒。
A varve is an annual layer of sediment or sedimentary rock. The word 'varve' derives from the Swedish word varv whose meanings and connotations include 'revolution', 'in layers', and 'circle'. Of the many rhythmites in the geological record, varves are one of the most important and illuminating in studies of past climate change. Varves are amongst the smallest-scale events recognised in stratigraphy. An annual layer can be highly visible because the particles washed into the layer in the spring when there is greater flow strength are much coarser than those deposited later in the year. This forms a pair of layers—one coarse and one fine—for each annual cycle. Varves form only in fresh or brackish water, because the high levels of salt in normal sea water coagulate the clay into coarse grains.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗城市气候学是对城市环境与大气之间相互作用的科学研究。它研究城市如何通过城市热岛效应、风流变化以及能量和水分交换的变化等过程来改变当地和区域气候。该领域与气候变化研究密切相关，因为城市地区是温室气体排放的主要来源，并且特别容易受到气温上升和极端天气事件的影响。该学科起源于十九世纪初卢克·霍华德的工作，他记录了城市和乡村温度之间的系统差异。二十世纪，随着气象观测、遥感和数值模拟的进步，它得到了进一步发展。
Urban climatology is the scientific study of the interactions between urban environments and the atmosphere. It examines how cities modify local and regional climate through processes such as the urban heat island effect, altered wind flows, and changes in energy and moisture exchanges. The field is strongly linked to research on climate change, since urban areas are major sources of greenhouse gas emissions and are especially vulnerable to rising temperatures and extreme weather events. The discipline has its origins in the early nineteenth century with the work of Luke Howard, who documented systematic differences between urban and rural temperatures. It developed further in the twentieth century through advances in meteorological observation, remote sensing, and numerical modelling.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗机会之窗，也称为机会余量或关键窗口，是可以采取某些行动以实现预期结果的一段时间。一旦这段时间结束，或者“窗口关闭”，指定的结果就不再可能。
A window of opportunity, also called a margin of opportunity or critical window, is a period of time during which some action can be taken that will achieve a desired outcome. Once this period is over, or the "window is closed", the specified outcome is no longer possible.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗典型气象年 (TMY) 是对特定地点选定的天气数据的整理，列出了一年期间太阳辐射和气象要素的每小时值。这些值是从数据库生成的，持续时间比一年长得多，至少 12 年。它经过专门选择，以便呈现相关位置的天气现象范围，同时仍然提供与相关位置的长期平均值一致的年平均值。 TMY 数据经常用于建筑模拟，以评估建筑设计的预期供暖和制冷成本。它也被太阳能系统的设计者使用，包括太阳能生活热水系统和大型太阳能热电厂。
Typical meteorological year (TMY) is a collation of selected weather data for a specific location, listing hourly values of solar radiation and meteorological elements for a one-year period. The values are generated from a data bank much longer than a year in duration, at least 12 years. It is specially selected so that it presents the range of weather phenomena for the location in question, while still giving annual averages that are consistent with the long-term averages for the location in question. TMY data is frequently used in building simulation, in order to assess the expected heating and cooling costs for the design of the building. It is also used by designers of solar energy systems including solar domestic hot water systems and large-scale solar thermal power plants.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗城市热羽流描述了由于城市地区比周边地区温暖而导致地球大气层低海拔地区的空气上升。在过去的三十年里，人们对所谓的城市热岛 (UHI) 的兴趣与日俱增，但直到 2007 年，人们才开始考虑它们产生的上升的暖空气柱或“热羽流”。温暖白天海边常见的陆上微风和夜间离岸微风分别是由于晴天陆地升温较快和日落后降温较快造成的。从陆地和海洋升起的热气流或暖空气影响当地的微观气象；有时也许还有中气象学。城市热羽流的影响同样强大，但局部性较小。伦敦通常比本县热 3 到 9 摄氏度。
An urban thermal plume describes rising air in the lower altitudes of the Earth's atmosphere caused by urban areas being warmer than surrounding areas. Over the past thirty years there has been increasing interest in what have been called urban heat islands (UHI), but it is only since 2007 that thought has been given to the rising columns of warm air, or ‘thermal plumes’ that they produce. Common on-shore breezes at the seaside on a warm day, and off-shore breezes at night are caused by the land heating up faster on a sunny day and cooling faster after sunset, respectively. Thermals, or warm air, that rise from the land and sea affect the local microscale meteorology; and perhaps at times the mesometeorology. Urban thermal plumes have as powerful although less localized an effect. London is generally 3 to 9 Celsius hotter than the Home Counties.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗水蒸气窗口是红外光的波长，地球大气中的水蒸气几乎没有吸收。由于吸收较弱，这些波长可以到达地球表面，不受其他大气成分的影响。由于有效排放温度的原因，该过程受到温室气体的严重影响。由于水蒸气对气候变化的好处，水蒸气连续体和温室气体密切相关。
Water vapor windows are wavelengths of infrared light that have little absorption by water vapor in Earth's atmosphere. Because of this weak absorption, these wavelengths are allowed to reach the Earth's surface barring effects from other atmospheric components. This process is highly impacted by greenhouse gases because of the effective emission temperature. The water vapor continuum and greenhouse gases are significantly linked due to water vapor's benefits on climate change.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗对二氧化碳累积排放量的瞬态气候响应（TCRE）是每单位二氧化碳（CO2）排放量的全球平均地表温度变化之比。不应将其与瞬态气候响应 (TCR) 混淆，后者是在理想化的每年增加 1% 的实验中，当大气中的二氧化碳浓度增加一倍时所经历的暂时变暖。由于排放的二氧化碳可能在大气中停留数千年，因此该响应是全球温度变化量与人类活动排放到大气中的二氧化碳总量净值之比。科学家一致认为，无论采取何种途径达到累积二氧化碳排放峰值，全球温度都会线性变化。
The transient climate response to cumulative emissions of carbon dioxide (TCRE) is the ratio of the globally averaged surface temperature change per unit carbon dioxide (CO2) emitted. It should not be confused with Transient Climate Response (TCR), which is the temporary warming experienced when the CO2 concentration of the atmosphere has doubled in an idealised 1% per year increase experiment. As emitted CO2 may stay in the atmosphere for thousands of years, this response is the amount that the global temperature changes per the net amount of total carbon dioxide emitted by human activities into the atmosphere. Scientists agree that global temperature changes linearly regardless of the path taken to reach peak cumulative CO2 emissions.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗变暖条纹（有时称为气候条纹、气候时间线或条纹图形）是数据可视化图形，它使用一系列按时间顺序排列的彩色条纹来直观地描绘长期温度趋势。暖条纹体现了一种“极简”风格，其构思是仅使用颜色来避免技术干扰，从而向非科学家直观地传达全球变暖趋势。英国气候学家埃德·霍金斯 (Ed Hawkins) 在 2018 年首次提出了可视化历史温度数据的概念。数据可视化技术很快扩展到涉及动画，并可视化各种量，例如海平面上升预测气候数据、海洋深度进展、航空温室气体排放、生物多样性丧失、土壤湿度变化和细颗粒物浓度。
Warming stripes (sometimes referred to as climate stripes, climate timelines or stripe graphics) are data visualization graphics that use a series of coloured stripes chronologically ordered to visually portray long-term temperature trends. Warming stripes reflect a "minimalist" style, conceived to use colour alone to avoid technical distractions to intuitively convey global warming trends to non-scientists. British climatologist Ed Hawkins originated the concept of visualizing historical temperature data in 2018. The data visualization technique was soon extended to involve animation, and to visualize diverse quantities such as sea level rise predictive climate data, progression of ocean depths, aviation's greenhouse gas emissions, biodiversity loss, soil moisture changes and fine particulate matter concentrations.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗湍流（英语：Turbulent flow），在流体动力学中，是一种流体运动，其特征是压力和流速的无序变化。它与层流相对。 湍流十分常见，例如海浪、湍急的河流、滚滚的暴风云或烟囱冒出的烟雾，自然界中发生或工程应用中产生的大多数流体流动都是湍流。 湍流是由流体流动部分中的过度动能引起的，它克服了流体黏度的阻尼效应。出于这个原因，湍流通常在低黏度流体中实现。一般而言，在湍流中，会出现大小不一的非定常涡流，它们相互影响，因此由于摩擦效应而产生的阻力增加。这增加了通过管道泵送流体所需的能量。 湍流的开始可以通过无量纲雷诺数预测，即流体流动中动能与粘性阻尼的比率。然而，湍流长期以来一直难以详细地物理分析，湍流内部的相互作用会产生非常复杂的现象。理查德·费曼将湍流描述为经典物理学中最重要的未解决问题。 湍流在许多领域都有研究，如航空、空污、降水、气候变化。
In fluid dynamics, turbulence or turbulent flow is fluid motion exhibiting chaotic changes in pressure and flow velocity. It is in contrast to laminar flow, which occurs when a fluid flows in parallel layers with no disruption between those layers. Turbulence is commonly observed in everyday phenomena such as surf, fast flowing rivers, billowing storm clouds, or smoke from a chimney, and most fluid flows occurring in nature or created in engineering applications are turbulent. Turbulence is caused by excessive kinetic energy in parts of a fluid flow, which overcomes the damping effect of the fluid's viscosity. For this reason, turbulence is commonly realized in low viscosity fluids. In general terms, in turbulent flow, unsteady vortices appear of many sizes which interact with each other, consequently drag due to friction effects increases.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。
查看内容许可 ↗植物育种是改变植物性状以产生所需特性的科学。它用于提高人类和动物使用的植物产品的质量。植物育种的目标是生产具有独特和优越性状的作物品种，适合各种应用。最常讨论的农业性状是那些与生物和非生物胁迫耐受性、谷物或生物质产量、最终使用质量特性（例如特定生物分子（蛋白质、糖、脂质、维生素、纤维）的味道或浓度）以及易于加工（收获、碾磨、烘焙、制麦芽、混合等）相关的特性。
Plant breeding is the science of changing the traits of plants in order to produce desired characteristics. It is used to improve the quality of plant products for use by humans and animals. The goals of plant breeding are to produce crop varieties that boast unique and superior traits for a variety of applications. The most frequently addressed agricultural traits are those related to biotic and abiotic stress tolerance, grain or biomass yield, end-use quality characteristics such as taste or the concentrations of specific biological molecules (proteins, sugars, lipids, vitamins, fibers) and ease of processing (harvesting, milling, baking, malting, blending, etc.).
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗磷酸丙糖转位蛋白是叶绿体内膜中发现的一种整合膜蛋白。它输出磷酸丙糖（磷酸二羟基丙酮）以换取无机磷酸盐，因此被归类为反向转运蛋白。然后输入的磷酸盐通过光依赖性反应用于 ATP 再生；然后，ATP 可用于卡尔文循环中的进一步反应。易位蛋白负责输出植物光合作用中产生的所有碳水化合物，因此人们吃的食物中的大部分碳都是由磷酸丙糖易位蛋白运输的。其三维结构于 2017 年被报道，揭示了它如何识别两种不同的底物以催化严格的 1:1 交换。
The triose phosphate translocator is an integral membrane protein found in the inner membrane of chloroplasts. It exports triose phosphate (Dihydroxyacetone phosphate) in exchange for inorganic phosphate and is therefore classified as an antiporter. The imported phosphate is then used for ATP regeneration via the light-dependent-reaction; the ATP may then for example be used for further reactions in the Calvin-cycle. The translocator protein is responsible for exporting all the carbohydrate produced in photosynthesis by plants and therefore most of the carbon in food that one eats has been transported by the triose phosphate translocator. Its three-dimensional structure was reported in 2017, revealing how it recognizes two different substrates to catalyze the strict 1:1 exchange.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗细胞壁（英语：cell wall）是许多生物的细胞在细胞膜外面额外加有的一个外层，其厚度常因组织功能不同而异，可以为细胞提供结构支撑和物理保护，同时也作为一种过滤机制。例如将动物细胞放入纯水，会进水量比出水量多而造成爆破；但植物细胞因为有细胞壁，顶多只会膨胀，不至爆破。植物、真菌、藻类和大部分原核生物都具有细胞壁，而支原体和动物的细胞则不具有细胞壁。 细胞壁的组成随着不同物种而变化，并可能取决于细胞的类型和发展阶段。陆生植物的初生细胞壁（primary cell wall）的组成是多糖类的纤维素，半纤维素和果胶。在细菌中，细胞壁的组成是肽聚糖。古菌细胞壁有各种组分物组成，并可能由糖蛋白的S层，假肽聚糖或多糖组成的。真菌具有N-乙酰葡萄糖胺的聚合物几丁质组成的细胞壁，和藻类通常具有糖蛋白和多糖组成的细胞壁。与众不同的是，硅藻具有一个由生物硅组成的细胞壁。其他辅助分子往往也锚定到细胞壁中，例如木质素和几丁质。
A cell wall is a structural layer that surrounds some cell types, found immediately outside the cell membrane. It can be tough, flexible, and sometimes rigid. Primarily, it provides the cell with structural support, shape, protection, and functions as a selective barrier. Another vital role of the cell wall is to help the cell withstand osmotic pressure and mechanical stress. Cell walls are found in most prokaryotes, with the exception of mollicute bacteria. Among the eukaryotes, cells walls are prevalent in fungi, algae and plants but absent from animals and many other taxa. The composition of cell walls varies across taxonomic groups, species, cell type, and the cell cycle. In land plants, the primary cell wall comprises polysaccharides like cellulose, hemicelluloses, and pectin. Often, other polymers such as lignin, suberin or cutin are anchored to or embedded in plant cell walls.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。
查看内容许可 ↗光氧电压传感域（LOV 域）是一种蛋白质传感器，被多种高等植物、微藻、真菌和细菌用来感知环境条件。在高等植物中，它们用于控制向光性、叶绿体迁移和气孔打开，而在真菌生物中，它们用于将细胞的昼夜节律时间组织调整到每日和季节周期。它们是 PAS 结构域的一个子集，在整个类群的光激活和暗恢复动力学方面表现出广泛的多样性。
A Light-oxygen-voltage-sensing domain (LOV domain) is a protein sensor used by a large variety of higher plants, microalgae, fungi and bacteria to sense environmental conditions. In higher plants, they are used to control phototropism, chloroplast relocation, and stomatal opening, whereas in fungal organisms, they are used for adjusting the circadian temporal organization of the cells to the daily and seasonal periods. They are a subset of PAS domains and exhibit a wide diversity in their light-activation and dark-recovery kinetics across taxa.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗维持呼吸（或维持能量）是指生物体中发生的新陈代谢，这是维持该生物体处于健康、生存状态所需的。维持呼吸与生长呼吸相反，生长呼吸负责生长中新结构的合成、养分吸收、氮 (N) 减少和韧皮部负荷，而维持呼吸与蛋白质和膜周转以及离子浓度和梯度的维持相关。
Maintenance respiration (or maintenance energy) refers to metabolism occurring in an organism that is needed to maintain that organism in a healthy, living state. Maintenance respiration contrasts with growth respiration, which is responsible for the synthesis of new structures in growth, nutrient uptake, nitrogen (N) reduction and phloem loading, whereas maintenance respiration is associated with protein and membrane turnover and maintenance of ion concentrations and gradients.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
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