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Pharmacokinetics肝脏疾病肝病或肝脏疾病是许多肝脏疾病中的任何一种。如果长期持续，则称为慢性肝病。尽管这些疾病在细节上有所不同，但肝脏疾病通常具有共同的特征。有一百多种不同的肝脏疾病。一些最常见的原因是： 一种通用机制，即 DNA 损伤增加，是一些主要肝脏疾病所共有的，包括乙型肝炎病毒或丙型肝炎病毒感染、大量饮酒和肥胖。
Liver disease, or hepatic disease, is any of many diseases of the liver. If long-lasting it is termed chronic liver disease. Although the diseases differ in detail, liver diseases often have features in common. There are more than a hundred different liver diseases. Some of the most common are: One general mechanism, increased DNA damage, is shared by some of the major liver diseases, including infection by hepatitis B virus or hepatitis C virus, heavy alcohol consumption, and obesity.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 生物半衰期（消除半衰期、药理学半衰期）是生物物质（例如药物）的浓度从其最大初始浓度（Cmax）降低到血浆中Cmax一半所需的时间。它用缩写 t 1 2 {\displaystyle t_{\frac {1}{2}}} 表示。在多室药代动力学中，通常区分两个操作半衰期：早期分布（α）半衰期由从中央室到外周室的重新分配控制，后期消除（β）半衰期由代谢清除和排泄控制。它用于测量代谢物、药物和信号分子等物质从体内的清除情况。
Biological half-life (elimination half-life, pharmacological half-life) is the time taken for the concentration of a biological substance, such as a medication, to decrease from its maximum initial concentration (Cmax) to the half of Cmax in the blood plasma. It is denoted by the abbreviation t 1 2 {\displaystyle t_{\frac {1}{2}}} . In multi-compartment pharmacokinetics, two operational half-lives are often distinguished: an early distribution (α) half-life governed by redistribution from the central to peripheral compartments, and a later elimination (β) half-life governed by metabolic clearance and excretion. This is used to measure the removal of things such as metabolites, drugs, and signalling molecules from the body.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 血气分配系数，也称为血气奥斯特瓦尔德系数，是药理学中用来描述吸入全身麻醉药在血液中的溶解度的术语。根据亨利定律，当两个隔室中的分压相等时，血液中的浓度与与血液接触的气体中的浓度之比在足够低的浓度下几乎恒定。分配系数定义为该比率，因此没有单位。血液中麻醉剂的浓度包括未溶解在血浆中的部分和溶解的部分（与血浆蛋白结合）。与空气中相比，吸入麻醉剂在血液中的溶解度越高，它与血液中血浆蛋白的结合就越多，血气分配系数就越高。它与诱导率成反比。
Blood–gas partition coefficient, also known as Ostwald coefficient for blood–gas, is a term used in pharmacology to describe the solubility of inhaled general anesthetics in blood. According to Henry's law, the ratio of the concentration in blood to the concentration in gas that is in contact with that blood, when the partial pressure in both compartments is equal, is nearly constant at sufficiently low concentrations. The partition coefficient is defined as this ratio and, therefore, has no units. The concentration of the anesthetic in blood includes the portion that is undissolved in plasma and the portion that is dissolved (bound to plasma proteins). The more soluble the inhaled anesthetic is in blood compared to in air, the more it binds to plasma proteins in the blood and the higher the blood–gas partition coefficient. It is inversely related to induction rate.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 血脑屏障（BBB）是内皮细胞的高度选择性半透性边界，调节循环系统和中枢神经系统之间溶质和化学物质的转移，从而保护大脑免受血液中有害或不需要的物质的影响。血脑屏障由毛细血管壁的内皮细胞、包裹毛细血管的星形胶质细胞端脚和嵌入毛细血管基底膜的周细胞形成。该系统允许一些小分子通过被动扩散通过，以及对神经功能至关重要的各种营养物质、离子、有机阴离子以及葡萄糖和氨基酸等分子的选择性和主动运输。
The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a highly selective semipermeable border of endothelial cells that regulates the transfer of solutes and chemicals between the circulatory system and the central nervous system, thus protecting the brain from harmful or unwanted substances in the blood. The blood–brain barrier is formed by endothelial cells of the capillary wall, astrocyte end-feet ensheathing the capillary, and pericytes embedded in the capillary basement membrane. This system allows the passage of some small molecules by passive diffusion, as well as the selective and active transport of various nutrients, ions, organic anions, and molecules such as glucose and amino acids that are crucial to neural function.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 在医学上，推注（来自拉丁文bolus，球）是在特定时间（通常为1-30分钟）内施用离散量的药物、药物或其他化合物，以将其在血液中的浓度提高到有效水平。可以通过注射给予：静脉内、肌内、鞘内、皮下或通过吸入。关于给药途径的文章提供了更多信息，因为前面的 ROA 列表并不详尽。推注剂量的放置取决于全身所需内容物的全身水平。肌肉注射疫苗可以缓慢释放抗原，从而刺激人体的免疫系统，并为产生抗体留出时间。
In medicine, a bolus (from Latin bolus, ball) is the administration of a discrete amount of medication, drug, or other compound within a specific time, generally 1–30 minutes, to raise its concentration in blood to an effective level. The administration can be given by injection: intravenously, intramuscularly, intrathecally, subcutaneously, or by inhalation. The article on routes of administration provides more information, as the preceding list of ROAs is not exhaustive. The placement of the bolus dose depends on the systemic levels of the contents desired throughout the body. An intramuscular injection of vaccines allows for a slow release of the antigen to stimulate the body's immune system and to allow time for developing antibodies.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 趋化药物靶向是工程药物载体的科学，它模仿自然趋化行为并减少人体内特定环境或特定细胞的系统效应。这篇与药理学相关的文章是一个小作品。您可以通过添加缺失的信息来帮助维基百科。
Chemotactic drug-targeting is the science of engineering drug carriers which mimic natural chemotactic behavior and reduces systemic effects in specific environments or specific cells in the human body. This pharmacology-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by adding missing information.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 在药代动力学中，隔室是指一定体积的体液，通常是人体的体液，但也包括具有多个器官系统的其他动物的体液。该研究领域的含义不同于解剖区室的概念，解剖区室以筋膜为界，筋膜是包围哺乳动物器官的纤维组织鞘。相反，该概念侧重于广泛类型的流体系统。该分析用于尝试以数学方式描述小分子在具有多个隔室的生物体中的分布。各种多室模型可用于药代动力学和药理学领域，支持药物发现和环境科学的工作。
In pharmacokinetics, a compartment is a defined volume of body fluids, typically of the human body, but also those of other animals with multiple organ systems. The meaning in this area of study is different from the concept of anatomic compartments, which are bounded by fasciae, the sheath of fibrous tissue that enclose mammalian organs. Instead, the concept focuses on broad types of fluidic systems. This analysis is used in attempts to mathematically describe distribution of small molecules throughout organisms with multiple compartments. Various multi-compartment models can be used in the areas of pharmacokinetics and pharmacology, in the support of efforts in drug discovery, and in environmental science.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 上下文敏感半衰期或上下文敏感半衰期定义为在旨在维持稳定状态（即恒定血浆浓度）的输注停止后，药物的血浆浓度下降一半所需的时间。 “背景”是输注的持续时间。当具有多室药代动力学模型的药物通过静脉输注给予时，它最初会分布到中央室，然后从该室移出到一个或两个外围室。一旦停止输注，药物就会继续移动到外周隔室中，直到达到平衡。此时，药物离开血浆的唯一途径是通过代谢或排泄。
Context-sensitive half-life or context sensitive half-time is defined as the time taken for blood plasma concentration of a drug to decline by one half after an infusion designed to maintain a steady state (i.e. a constant plasma concentration) has been stopped. The "context" is the duration of infusion. When a drug which has a multicompartmental pharmacokinetic model is given by intravenous infusion it initially will distribute to the central compartment and then move out of this compartment into one or two peripheral compartments. Once this infusion is discontinued, drug continues to move into the peripheral compartments until an equilibrium is reached. At this time, the only way drug may leave plasma is by metabolism or excretion.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 在制药行业，药物溶出度测试通常用于提供关键的体外药物释放信息，用于质量控制目的，即评估固体口服剂型（如片剂）的批次间一致性，以及药物开发，即预测体内药物释放曲线。
In the pharmaceutical industry, drug dissolution testing is routinely used to provide critical in vitro drug release information for both quality control purposes, i.e., to assess batch-to-batch consistency of solid oral dosage forms such as tablets, and drug development, i.e., to predict in vivo drug release profiles.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 药理学中的分布是药代动力学的一个分支，它描述药物从体内一个位置到另一个位置的可逆转移。药物一旦通过吸收或直接给药进入体循环，就必须分布到组织间液和细胞内液中。每个器官或组织可以接受不同剂量的药物，并且药物可以在不同的器官或组织中保留不同的时间。药物在组织之间的分布取决于组织的血管通透性、局部血流量、心输出量和灌注率以及药物结合组织和血浆蛋白的能力及其脂溶性。 pH 分配也起着重要作用。该药物很容易分布在高灌注器官中，如肝脏、心脏和肾脏。
Distribution in pharmacology is a branch of pharmacokinetics which describes the reversible transfer of a drug from one location to another within the body. Once a drug enters into systemic circulation by absorption or direct administration, it must be distributed into interstitial and intracellular fluids. Each organ or tissue can receive different doses of the drug and the drug can remain in the different organs or tissues for a varying amount of time. The distribution of a drug between tissues is dependent on vascular permeability, regional blood flow, cardiac output and perfusion rate of the tissue and the ability of the drug to bind tissue and plasma proteins and its lipid solubility. pH partition plays a major role as well. The drug is easily distributed in highly perfused organs such as the liver, heart and kidney.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 剂型（也称为单位剂量）是以特定形式提供的药品。它们含有活性成分和非活性成分（赋形剂）的混合物，以特定方式配置（例如胶囊壳）并分配到特定剂量。例如，两种产品可能都是阿莫西林，但一种可能是 500 毫克胶囊，而另一种可能是 250 毫克咀嚼片。术语“单位剂量”也可以指不可重复使用的包装，特别是当每种药品单独包装时。然而，FDA 对此进行了区分，将其称为单位剂量“包装”或“分配”。根据上下文，多个（多个）单位剂量可以指包装在一起的多种不同的药品或包含多种药物和/或剂量的单一产品。
Dosage forms (also called unit doses) are pharmaceutical drug products presented in a specific form for use. They contain a mixture of active ingredients and inactive components (excipients), configured in a particular way (such as a capsule shell) and apportioned into a specific dose. For example, two products may both be amoxicillin, but one may come in 500 mg capsules, while another may be in 250 mg chewable tablets. The term unit dose can also refer to non-reusable packaging, particularly when each drug product is individually packaged. However, the FDA differentiates this by referring to it as unit-dose "packaging" or "dispensing". Depending on the context, multi(ple) unit dose may refer to multiple distinct drug products packaged together or a single product containing multiple drugs and/or doses.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 剂量倾卸是药物代谢的一种现象，环境因素会导致药物过早和过度释放。这会大大增加药物在体内的浓度，从而产生不良反应甚至药物毒性。剂量倾卸最常见于口服并在胃肠道消化的药物。大约在患者服药的同时，他们还可能摄入其他物质，例如脂肪餐或酒精，以增加药物输送。这些物质可能作用于药物胶囊以加速药物释放，或者它们可能刺激身体的吸收表面以增加药物摄取速率。一般来说，制药公司会尽量避免使用具有显着剂量倾卸效应的药物。此类药物容易出现问题，常常被撤出市场。
Dose dumping is a phenomenon of drug metabolism in which environmental factors can cause the premature and exaggerated release of a drug. This can greatly increase the concentration of a drug in the body and thereby produce adverse effects or even drug-induced toxicity. Dose dumping is most commonly seen in drugs taken by mouth and digested in the gastrointestinal tract. Around the same time patients take their medication, they can also ingest other substances like fatty meals or alcohol that increase drug delivery. The substances may act on the drug's capsule to speed up drug release, or they may stimulate the body's absorptive surfaces to increase the rate of drug uptake. In general, drug companies try to avoid drugs with significant dose dumping effects. Such drugs are prone to problems and are often pulled from the market.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 药物对人体（或任何其他生物体）的作用称为药效学，而人体对药物的反应称为药代动力学。进入个体的药物往往会刺激某些受体、离子通道，作用于酶或转运蛋白。结果，它们导致人体以特定方式做出反应。一旦受体被激活，它们要么直接在身体上触发特定的反应，要么触发体内激素和/或其他内源性药物的释放以刺激特定的反应。药物通过在特定结合位点结合而与受体相互作用。大多数受体由蛋白质组成，因此药物可以与氨基酸相互作用以改变受体蛋白质的构象。
The action of drugs on the human body (or any other organism's body) is called pharmacodynamics, and the body's response to drugs is called pharmacokinetics. The drugs that enter an individual tend to stimulate certain receptors, ion channels, act on enzymes or transport proteins. As a result, they cause the human body to react in a specific way. Once the receptors are activated, they either trigger a particular response directly on the body, or they trigger the release of hormones and/or other endogenous drugs in the body to stimulate a particular response. Drugs interact with receptors by bonding at specific binding sites. Most receptors are made up of proteins, and the drugs can therefore interact with the amino acids to change the conformation of the receptor proteins.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 药物代谢是人类和动物通常通过专门的酶系统对药物进行代谢分解。药物代谢代表了异生物质代谢的一个更专门的子集（来自希腊语“xenos”“陌生人”和“与生物有关的”生物），它还涵盖其他外来有机化合物，例如更广泛的生物体（包括微生物、真菌、植物和动物）中的污染物或毒物。这些反应通常起到解毒药物的作用（尽管在某些情况下，药物代谢的中间体可能会引起毒性作用）。药物代谢的研究是药代动力学（PK）的原则之一，因为代谢（M）是LADME（药物在体内转运）的第四阶段，涉及药物的酶促生物转化和非酶促生物转化，从而导致第五阶段排泄（E）。
Drug metabolism is the metabolic breakdown of drugs by humans and animals, usually through specialized enzymatic systems. Drug metabolism represents a more specialized subset of xenobiotic metabolism (from the Greek xenos "stranger" and biotic "related to living beings") which also covers other foreign organic compounds such as pollutants or poisons in wider group of organisms that includes microorganisms, fungi, plants and animals. These reactions often act to detoxify drugs (although in some cases the intermediates in drug metabolism may cause toxic effects). The study of drug metabolism is one of the tenets of pharmacokinetics (PK) as metabolism (M), the fourth stage of LADME (a drug's transit through the body), involves the enzymatic biotransformation and non-enzymatic biotransformation of a drug, thereby leading to the fifth stage, excretion (E).
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 当尿液呈碱性时，由于 pH 值的分配，酸性药物的分泌量会更高。同样，当尿液呈酸性时，碱性药物的分泌量会更高。
Acid medication are, because of pH partition, secreted to a higher extent when urine is basic. In the same way, basic medications are secreted to a higher extent when urine is acidic.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 在药理学中，药物的消除或排泄被理解为药物以未改变的形式（未结合的分子）或修饰为代谢物从生物体中消除（即清除和排泄）的许多过程中的任何一种。肾脏是主要的排泄器官，但也存在其他器官，如肝脏、皮肤、肺或腺体结构，如唾液腺和泪腺。这些器官或结构使用特定的途径将药物从体内排出，这些被称为消除途径：药物通过肾小球滤过和主动肾小管分泌从肾脏中排出，遵循与中间代谢产物相同的步骤和机制。因此，经肾小球过滤的药物也经历肾小管被动重吸收的过程。
In pharmacology, the elimination or excretion of a drug is understood to be any one of a number of processes by which a drug is eliminated (that is, cleared and excreted) from an organism either in an unaltered form (unbound molecules) or modified as a metabolite. The kidney is the main excretory organ although others exist such as the liver, the skin, the lungs or glandular structures, such as the salivary glands and the lacrimal glands. These organs or structures use specific routes to expel a drug from the body, these are termed elimination pathways: Drugs are excreted from the kidney by glomerular filtration and by active tubular secretion following the same steps and mechanisms as the products of intermediate metabolism. Therefore, drugs that are filtered by the glomerulus are also subject to the process of passive tubular reabsorption.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 肠溶衣是一种应用于口服药物的聚合物屏障，可防止其在胃环境中溶解或崩解。这有助于保护药物免受胃酸的影响，胃免受药物的有害影响，或者在胃后释放药物（通常在肠的上段）。有些药物在胃酸 pH 值下不稳定，需要防止降解。肠溶衣也是获得药物靶向（如胃肠道耐药药物）的有效方法。其他药物（例如某些驱虫药）可能需要在肠道的特定部位达到高浓度。肠溶衣也可在研究过程中用作确定药物吸收的研究工具。肠溶衣药物属于“延迟作用”剂型类别。
An enteric coating is a polymer barrier applied to oral medication that prevents its dissolution or disintegration in the gastric environment. This helps by either protecting drugs from the acidity of the stomach, the stomach from the detrimental effects of the drug, or to release the drug after the stomach (usually in the upper tract of the intestine). Some drugs are unstable at the pH of gastric acid and need to be protected from degradation. Enteric coating is also an effective method to obtain drug targeting (such as gastro-resistant drugs). Other drugs such as some anthelmintics may need to reach a high concentration in a specific part of the intestine. Enteric coating may also be used during studies as a research tool to determine drug absorption. Enteric-coated medications pertain to the "delayed action" dosage form category.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 酶诱导是分子（例如药物）诱导（即启动或增强）酶表达的过程。如果分子诱导负责其自身代谢的酶，则称为自诱导（如果存在抑制，则称为自抑制）。这些过程是基因表达调控的特殊形式。这些术语对药理学特别感兴趣，更具体地说是对药物代谢和药物相互作用特别感兴趣。它们也适用于分子生物学。
Enzyme induction is a process in which a molecule (e.g. a drug) induces (i.e. initiates or enhances) the expression of an enzyme. If the molecule induces enzymes that are responsible for its own metabolism, this is called auto-induction (or auto-inhibition if there is inhibition). These processes are particular forms of gene expression regulation. These terms are of particular interest to pharmacology, and more specifically to drug metabolism and drug interactions. They also apply to molecular biology.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 民族精神药理学是一个研究不同种族和民族群体对精神药物反应差异的研究领域。个人的心理健康状况与大脑功能和环境因素相关。这表明，了解心理健康与文化关联之间的相关性是尝试更多地了解不同种族和文化群体的大脑功能的关键。值得注意的是，“几乎所有类别的精神药物的剂量实践和副作用特征都存在巨大的跨种族和跨国差异”。
Ethnopsychopharmacology is a field of study which examines differences in the responses of different racial and ethnic groups to psychiatric medication. Individuals' state of mental health is correlated to both the function of the brain and environmental factors. This indicates that understanding the correlation between psychological health and cultural associations is key to attempting to understand more about how the brain functions for people of different ethnic and cultural groups. It has been noted that there are "dramatic cross-ethnic and cross-national variations in the dosing practices and side-effect profiles in response to practically all classes of psychotropics."
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 游离分数是药代动力学和受体-配体动力学的参数。有人谈到两种不同的游离部分： 血浆游离部分是血浆中处于平衡时不与血浆蛋白结合的配体的部分。这篇生物化学文章是一个小作品。您可以通过添加缺失的信息来帮助维基百科。
The free fraction is a parameter in pharmacokinetics and receptor-ligand kinetics. One speaks of two different free fractions: The plasma free fraction is the fraction of the ligand at equilibrium in blood plasma that is not bound to plasma proteins. This biochemistry article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by adding missing information.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 糖聚乙二醇化“是一种为修饰复杂糖蛋白而开发的位点选择性聚乙二醇化方法”。它可用于提高各种治疗性蛋白质的生物利用度并延长其半衰期。糖聚乙二醇化分子的实例包括pegozafermin和重组因子IX。这篇生物技术文章是一个小作品。您可以通过添加缺失的信息来帮助维基百科。
Glycopegylation "is a site-selective PEGylation method developed for modifying complex glycoproteins". It can be useful to improve bioavailability and extend the half-life of various therapeutic proteins. Examples of glycopegylated molecules include pegozafermin and recombinant factor IX. This biotechnology article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by adding missing information.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 一些果汁和水果可以与多种药物相互作用，在许多情况下会引起不良反应。这种效应主要是针对葡萄柚和葡萄柚汁进行的研究，但在某些其他柑橘类水果中也观察到了类似的效应。一个完整的葡萄柚或一小杯（200 毫升，6.8 美制液体盎司）葡萄柚汁可能会导致服用非洛地平的患者出现药物过量毒性。服药前三天吃水果仍能发挥作用。不同类型柑橘类水果的相对风险尚未得到系统研究。受影响的药物通常在容器上有一个辅助标签，上面写着“请勿与葡萄柚一起服用”，并且在包装说明书中详细说明了相互作用。建议人们向医生或药剂师询问药物相互作用。
Some fruit juices and fruits can interact with numerous drugs, in many cases causing adverse effects. The effect is most studied with grapefruit and grapefruit juice, but similar effects have been observed with certain other citrus fruits. One whole grapefruit, or a small glass (200 mL, 6.8 US fl oz) of grapefruit juice, can cause drug overdose toxicity in patients taking felodipine. Fruit consumed three days before the medicine can still have an effect. The relative risks of different types of citrus fruit have not been systematically studied. Affected drugs typically have an auxiliary label saying "Do not take with grapefruit" on the container, and the interaction is elaborated upon in the package insert. People are advised to ask their physician or pharmacist about drug interactions.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 集成离散多器官培养 (IdMOC) 是一种基于体外细胞培养的实验模型，用于研究细胞间通讯。在传统的体外系统中，每种细胞类型都是单独研究的，忽略了器官或细胞类型之间的关键相互作用。 IdMOC 技术基于多个器官通过体循环（即血液）发出信号或通信的概念。 IdMOC 板由大型互连室内的多个内孔组成。首先将多种细胞类型单独接种在内孔中，并在需要时用上层培养基淹没以促进孔与孔之间的通讯。可以将测试材料添加到上层培养基中，并且可以单独分析培养基和细胞。将肝细胞与其他器官特异性细胞进行铺板可以评估药物代谢和器官毒性。
Integrated discrete Multiple Organ Culture (IdMOC) is an in vitro, cell culture based experimental model for the study of intercellular communication. In conventional in vitro systems, each cell type is studied in isolation ignoring critical interactions between organs or cell types. IdMOC technology is based on the concept that multiple organs signal or communicate via the systemic circulation (i.e., blood). The IdMOC plate consists of multiple inner wells within a large interconnecting chamber. Multiple cell types are first individually seeded in the inner wells and, when required, are flooded with an overlying medium to facilitate well-to-well communication. Test material can be added to the overlying medium and both media and cells can be analyzed individually. Plating of hepatocytes with other organ-specific cells allows evaluation of drug metabolism and organotoxicity.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 在细胞生物学中，离子捕获是由于化学物质的 pKa 值和细胞膜上的 pH 值差异而在细胞膜上积聚更高浓度的化学物质。这导致碱性化学物质在酸性体液（例如细胞质）中积聚，而酸性化学物质在碱性体液中积聚。许多细胞具有其他机制来逆浓度梯度将分子泵入细胞内部或外部，但这些过程是活跃的，这意味着它们需要酶并消耗细胞能量。相反，离子捕获不需要任何酶或能量。它与渗透相似，因为它们都涉及细胞膜的半渗透性质。细胞内部的 pH 值比外部的酸性更强（胃粘膜细胞除外）。
In cell biology, ion trapping is the build-up of a higher concentration of a chemical across a cell membrane due to the pKa value of the chemical and difference of pH across the cell membrane. This results in basic chemicals accumulating in acidic bodily fluids such as the cytosol, and acidic chemicals accumulating in basic fluids. Many cells have other mechanisms to pump a molecule inside or outside the cell against the concentration gradient, but these processes are active ones, meaning that they require enzymes and consume cellular energy. In contrast, ion trapping does not require any enzyme or energy. It is similar to osmosis in that they both involve the semipermeable nature of the cell membrane. Cells have a more acidic pH inside the cell than outside (gastric mucosal cells being an exception).
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 释放（释放）是药物进入体内并释放所施用的活性成分的过程的第一步。药物必须与制造过程中混合的载体或赋形剂分开。一些作者将解放过程分为三个步骤：解体、瓦解和消解。药物吸附的一个限制因素是它们的电离程度，因为细胞膜相对不能渗透电离分子。药物赋形剂的特性对于为药物的正确吸收创造合适的环境起着重要作用。这可能意味着相同剂量的不同形式的药物可能具有不同的生物等效性，因为它们产生不同的血浆浓度，因此具有不同的治疗效果。
Release (Liberation) is the first step in the process by which medication enters the body and liberates the active ingredient that has been administered. The pharmaceutical drug must separate from the vehicle or the excipient that it was mixed with during manufacture. Some authors split the process of liberation into three steps: disintegration, disaggregation and dissolution. A limiting factor in the adsorption of pharmaceutical drugs is the degree to which they are ionized, as cell membranes are relatively impermeable to ionized molecules. The characteristics of a medication's excipient play a fundamental role in creating a suitable environment for the correct absorption of a drug. This can mean that the same dose of a drug in different forms can have different bioequivalence, as they yield different plasma concentrations and therefore have different therapeutic effects.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 亲脂效率 (LiPE)，有时称为配体亲脂效率 (LLE)，是药物设计和药物发现中使用的一个参数，用于评估研究化合物的质量，将效力和亲脂性联系起来，试图估计药物相似性。对于给定的化合物，LiPE 定义为感兴趣的 pIC50（或 pEC50）减去化合物的 LogP。在实践中，经常使用计算值（例如cLogP或计算的LogD）来代替测量的LogP或LogD。 LiPE 用于比较不同效力 (pIC50) 和亲脂性 (LogP) 的化合物。高效力（高 pIC50 值）是候选药物的一个理想属性，因为它可以降低给定浓度下非特异性、脱靶药理学的风险。当与低清除率相关时，高效力还允许低总剂量，从而降低特殊药物反应的风险。
Lipophilic efficiency (LiPE), sometimes referred to as ligand-lipophilicity efficiency (LLE) is a parameter used in drug design and drug discovery to evaluate the quality of research compounds, linking potency and lipophilicity in an attempt to estimate druglikeness. For a given compound LiPE is defined as the pIC50 (or pEC50) of interest minus the LogP of the compound. In practice, calculated values such as cLogP or calculated LogD are often used instead of the measured LogP or LogD. LiPE is used to compare compounds of different potencies (pIC50s) and lipophilicities (LogP). High potency (high value of pIC50) is a desirable attribute in drug candidates, as it reduces the risk of non-specific, off-target pharmacology at a given concentration. When associated with low clearance, high potency also allows for low total dose, which lowers the risk of idiosyncratic drug reaction.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 磁标记监测是一种监测口服药物（片剂、胶囊等）通过肠道的方法。该剂型富含少量（0.1 – 2 毫克）磁铁矿 (Fe3O4)，然后通过高能磁场磁化。施用后，可以使用包含超导量子干涉装置（SQUID）的特殊探测器来监测剂型的路径。由于氧化铁的磁场非常低，因此需要特殊的屏蔽室以消除环境磁场干扰。该方法应该能够提供有关为什么片剂在餐前或餐后溶解不均匀的信息，这对于药物的生物利用度可能很重要。一种更先进的方法是高级磁标记监测，它使用磁性胶囊，这是一种通过磁力固定在一起的分段胶囊。
Magnetic marker monitoring is a method to monitor the passage of an orally applied drug (tablet, capsule, etc.) through the intestinal tract. The dosage form is enriched with a small amount (0.1 – 2 mg) of magnetite (Fe3O4), which then is magnetized by a high-energy magnetic field. After application the path of the dosage form can be monitored with special detectors, which contain superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs). Due to the very low magnetic field of the iron oxide a specially shielded room is necessary in order to eliminate environmental magnetic interference. The method should be able to yield information about why tablets dissolve unequally before or after meals, which may be important for the bioavailability of drugs. A more developed method, Advanced Magnetic Marker Monitoring, uses the magnetic capsule, a segmented capsule held together by magnetic forces.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 微剂量，或微剂量，涉及给予亚治疗剂量的药物来研究其对人体的影响，旨在收集有关安全性、药代动力学和潜在治疗益处的初步数据，而不产生显着的生理效应。这称为“0 期研究”，通常在临床 I 期之前进行，以预测药物是否适合下一阶段的测试。人体微剂量的目的是减少花在无活性药物上的资源和在动物身上进行的测试量。不太常见的是，术语“微剂量”可用于指对药品（例如胶囊）精确分配少量原料药（例如粉末 API），并且当原料药也恰好是液体时，这可能与术语“微剂量”重叠（例如，参见：迷幻微剂量）。
Microdosing, or micro-dosing, involves the administration of sub-therapeutic doses of drugs to study their effects in humans, aiming to gather preliminary data on safety, pharmacokinetics, and potential therapeutic benefits without producing significant physiological effects. This is called a "Phase 0 study" and is usually conducted before clinical Phase I to predict whether a drug is viable for the next phase of testing. Human microdosing aims to reduce the resources spent on non-viable drugs and the amount of testing done on animals. Less commonly, the term "microdosing" can be used to refer to precise dispensing of small amounts of a drug substance (e.g., a powder API) for a drug product (e.g., a capsule) and, when the drug substance also happens to be liquid, this can potentially overlap with the term microdispensing (see: Psychedelic microdosing, for example).
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 眼粘膜皮肤综合征的特征是干燥性角结膜炎（干眼症）以及由此导致的结膜疤痕、纤维化、化生和萎缩。这是在普拉洛尔和乙哌立松中观察到的药物副作用。据推测，该综合征是由针对药物代谢物的抗体引起的。这篇关于皮肤状况的文章是一个小作品。您可以通过添加缺失的信息来帮助维基百科。
Oculomucocutaneous syndrome is characterized by keratoconjunctivitis sicca (dry eyes) and the resulting scarring, fibrosis, metaplasia, and shrinkage of the conjunctiva. It is a drug side effect observed in practolol and eperisone. It is speculated that antibodies against drug metabolites cause the syndrome. This cutaneous condition article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by adding missing information.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 开流微灌注（OFM）是一种用于临床和临床前药物开发研究以及生物标志物研究的采样方法。 OFM 设计用于从各种组织的间质液 (ISF) 中连续采样分析物。它通过插入具有宏观开口的小型、微创、无膜探针来直接进入 ISF。因此，无论分析物的分子大小、蛋白质结合特性或亲脂性如何，ISF 的整个生化信息都可以获取。 OFM 能够对亲脂性和亲水性化合物、蛋白质结合和未结合的药物、神经递质、肽和蛋白质、抗体、纳米颗粒和纳米载体、酶和囊泡进行采样。 OFM 探针灌注有与周围组织的 ISF 平衡的生理溶液（灌注液）。
Open flow microperfusion (OFM) is a sampling method for clinical and preclinical drug development studies and biomarker research. OFM is designed for continuous sampling of analytes from the interstitial fluid (ISF) of various tissues. It provides direct access to the ISF by insertion of a small, minimally invasive, membrane-free probe with macroscopic openings. Thus, the entire biochemical information of the ISF becomes accessible regardless of the analyte's molecular size, protein-binding property or lipophilicity. OFM is capable of sampling lipophilic and hydrophilic compounds, protein bound and unbound drugs, neurotransmitters, peptides and proteins, antibodies, nanoparticles and nanocarriers, enzymes and vesicles. The OFM probes are perfused with a physiological solution (the perfusate) which equilibrates with the ISF of the surrounding tissue.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗