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Pharmacokinetics交叉耐药性交叉耐药性是指某种物质对具有相似作用机制的几种物质产生耐药性。例如，如果某种类型的细菌对一种抗生素产生耐药性，那么该细菌也会对针对相同蛋白质或使用相同途径进入细菌的其他几种抗生素产生耐药性。萘啶酸和环丙沙星发生交叉耐药性的真实例子，这两种药物都是喹诺酮类抗生素。当细菌对环丙沙星产生耐药性时，它们也会对萘啶酸产生耐药性，因为这两种药物都会抑制拓扑异构酶（DNA 复制中的关键酶）。由于交叉耐药性，噬菌体疗法等抗菌治疗很快就会失去对细菌的功效。这使得交叉耐药性成为设计进化疗法的重要考虑因素。
Cross-resistance is when something develops resistance to several substances that have a similar mechanism of action. For example, if a certain type of bacteria develops antimicrobial resistance to one antibiotic, that bacteria will also have resistance to several other antibiotics that target the same protein or use the same route to get into the bacterium. A real example of cross-resistance occurred for nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin, which are both quinolone antibiotics. When bacteria developed resistance to ciprofloxacin, they also developed resistance to nalidixic acid because both drugs inhibit topoisomerase, a key enzyme in DNA replication. Due to cross-resistance, antimicrobial treatments like phage therapy can quickly lose their efficacy against bacteria. This makes cross-resistance an important consideration in designing evolutionary therapies.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 比较毒理学基因组学数据库 (CTD) 是一个公共网站和研究工具，于 2004 年 11 月推出，用于整理描述化学物质/药物、基因/蛋白质、疾病、分类群、表型、GO 注释、途径和相互作用模块之间关系的科学数据。该数据库由北卡罗来纳州立大学生物科学系维护。
The Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD) is a public website and research tool launched in November 2004 that curates scientific data describing relationships between chemicals/drugs, genes/proteins, diseases, taxa, phenotypes, GO annotations, pathways, and interaction modules. The database is maintained by the Department of Biological Sciences at North Carolina State University.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 昏迷鸡尾酒是在昏迷原因尚未确定的情况下，在紧急情况下向昏迷个体施用的药物组合。目的是解决紧急情况下昏迷的各种原因，包括药物过量和低血糖。昏迷鸡尾酒有时被院前紧急医疗服务领域的护理人员通俗地称为“派对包”。标准组合包括葡萄糖（1 Amp D50W IV）、氟马西尼（0.2 mg IV）、纳洛酮（2 mg IV）和硫胺素（100 mg IV）。有人建议纳洛酮和氟马西尼的使用比葡萄糖和硫胺素更有选择性。一些人建议完全放弃这个概念，因为现代 EMS 提供者应该能够确定精神状态变化的可能病因。
A coma cocktail is a combination of substances administered in an emergency to comatose individuals when the cause of the coma has not yet been determined. The intention is to work against various causes of a coma seen in an emergency setting including drug overdoses and hypoglycemia. The coma cocktail is sometimes colloquially referred to as a “party pack” by paramedics in the pre-hospital emergency medical services field. A standard combination included dextrose (1 Amp D50W IV), flumazenil (0.2 mg IV), naloxone (2 mg IV), and thiamine (100 mg IV). It has been suggested that the use of naloxone and flumazenil be administered more selectively than glucose and thiamine. Some have proposed that the concept be abandoned completely because modern EMS providers should be able to determine the likely etiology of the change in mental status.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 在毒理学科学领域内，细胞毒性 T 淋巴细胞 (CTL) 是通过细胞毒性 T 细胞（Tc 细胞）的免疫激活产生的。它们通常是 CD8+，这使得它们受到 MHC I 类限制。 CTL 能够消除体内的大多数细胞，因为大多数有核细胞表达 I 类 MHC 分子。 CTL介导的免疫系统可分为两个阶段。在第一阶段，功能性效应 CTL 由初始 Tc 细胞通过激活和分化产生。在第二阶段，影响 CTL 通过识别抗原-MHC I 类复合物来破坏靶细胞。
Within the scientific discipline of toxicology, Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are generated by immune activation of cytotoxic T cells (Tc cells). They are generally CD8+, which makes them MHC class I restricted. CTLs are able to eliminate most cells in the body since most nucleated cells express class I MHC molecules. The CTL-mediated immune system can be divided into two phases. In the first phase, functional effector CTLs are generated from naive Tc cells through activation and differentiation. In the second phase, affector CTLs destroy target cells by recognizing the antigen-MHC class I complex.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 计算毒理学是一个多学科领域和研究领域，用于药物发现和开发的早期阶段，以预测候选药物的安全性和潜在毒性。它将计算机方法或基于计算机的模型与体内或动物、体外或基于细胞的方法相结合，以实现更有效、更可靠和对道德负责的毒性评估过程。计算毒理学的关键方面包括：早期安全预测、面向机制的建模、与实验方法的集成以及基于结构的算法。肖恩·埃金斯 (Sean Ekins) 是计算毒理学等领域的先驱。
Computational toxicology is a multidisciplinary field and area of study, which is employed in the early stages of drug discovery and development to predict the safety and potential toxicity of drug candidates. It integrates in silico methods, or computer-based models, with in vivo, or animal, and in vitro, or cell-based, approaches to achieve a more efficient, reliable, and ethically responsible toxicity evaluation process. Key aspects of computational toxicology include the following: early safety prediction, mechanism-oriented modeling, integration with experimental approaches, and structure-based algorithms. Sean Ekins is a forerunner in the field of computational toxicology among other fields.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 庆大霉素是一种氨基糖苷类抗生素，用于治疗多种类型的细菌感染。这可能包括骨感染、心内膜炎、盆腔炎、脑膜炎、肺炎、尿路感染和败血症等。它可以通过静脉注射、肌肉注射或局部给药。局部制剂可用于治疗烧伤或眼外感染。它通常只使用两天，直到细菌培养确定感染对哪些特定抗生素敏感。所需剂量应通过血液检测进行监测。庆大霉素会导致内耳问题和肾脏问题。内耳问题可能包括平衡问题和听力损失。这些问题可能是永久性的。如果在怀孕期间使用，可能会对发育中的胎儿造成伤害。然而，在母乳喂养期间使用它似乎是安全的。
Gentamicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat several types of bacterial infections. This may include bone infections, endocarditis, pelvic inflammatory disease, meningitis, pneumonia, urinary tract infections, and sepsis among others. It can be given intravenously, by intramuscular injection, or topically. Topical formulations may be used in burns or for infections of the outside of the eye. It is often only used for two days until bacterial cultures determine what specific antibiotics the infection is sensitive to. The dose required should be monitored by blood testing. Gentamicin can cause inner ear problems and kidney problems. The inner ear problems can include problems with balance and hearing loss. These problems may be permanent. If used during pregnancy, it can cause harm to the developing fetus. However, it appears to be safe for use during breastfeeding.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 葡萄糖醛酸苷，也称为葡萄糖醛酸苷，是通过糖苷键将葡萄糖醛酸与另一种物质连接而产生的任何物质。葡萄糖醛酸苷属于糖苷类。葡萄糖醛酸化，即化合物转化为葡萄糖醛酸化物，是动物用来协助排出有毒物质、药物或其他不能用作能源的物质的方法。葡萄糖醛酸通过糖苷键与该物质连接，生成的葡萄糖醛酸苷具有比原始物质高得多的水溶性，最终由肾脏排出体外。裂解葡萄糖醛酸糖苷键的酶称为葡萄糖醛酸酶。
A glucuronide, also known as glucuronoside, is any substance produced by linking glucuronic acid to another substance via a glycosidic bond. The glucuronides belong to the glycosides. Glucuronidation, the conversion of chemical compounds to glucuronides, is a method that animals use to assist in the excretion of toxic substances, drugs or other substances that cannot be used as an energy source. Glucuronic acid is attached via a glycosidic bond to the substance, and the resulting glucuronide, which has a much higher water solubility than the original substance, is eventually excreted by the kidneys. Enzymes that cleave the glycosidic bond of a glucuronide are called glucuronidases.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 暴露科学是对人类（和其他生物体）与其环境中的有害物质（无论是化学、物理、生物、行为或精神压力源）之间的接触进行研究，目的是确定其造成的不良健康影响的原因和预防措施。这可能包括家庭、工作场所、户外或个人可能遇到的任何其他环境中的暴露。 “暴露”一词是许多不同类型的总称，包括紫外线暴露、食物中化学物质的暴露，以及长时间工作（最容易造成疾病负担的职业因素）。
Exposure science is the study of the contact between humans (and other organisms) and harmful agents within their environment – whether it be chemical, physical, biological, behavioural or mental stressors – with the aim of identifying the causes and preventions of the adverse health effects they result in. This can include exposure within the home, workplace, outdoors or any other environment an individual may encounter. The term 'exposure' is the umbrella term for many different types, ranging from ultraviolet exposure, exposure to the chemicals in the food we eat, to exposure to long working hours being the occupational factor most attributable to the burden of disease.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 呋喃呋喃酰胺（也称为 AF-2）是一种合成硝基呋喃衍生物，至少自 1965 年起在日本广泛用作食品防腐剂，但由于在体外观察到它对细菌有诱变作用并因此被怀疑具有致癌性，因此于 1974 年从市场上撤出。后来动物试验发现它会导致雌雄啮齿动物的乳腺、胃、食道和肺部良性和恶性肿瘤，这一点得到了证实，尽管人类接触的证据不足。与单独的动物测试相比，细菌致突变性作为致癌性筛选的成功应用证实了该方法作为快速有效的测试的使用，并导致了其进一步发展。这种更简单的测试的出现反过来又引起了政府对公众可能接触到的化合物的更大监督和测试。
Furylfuramide (also known as AF-2) is a synthetic nitrofuran derivative which was widely used as a food preservative in Japan since at least 1965, but withdrawn from the market in 1974 when it was observed to be mutagenic to bacteria in vitro and thus suspected of carcinogenicity. This was confirmed later when animal testing found it to cause benign and malignant tumors in the mammary glands, stomachs, esophagi, and lungs of rodents of both sexes, although insufficient evidence exists in human exposure. This successful use of bacterial mutagenicity as a screen for carcinogenicity confirmed the use of this methodology as a rapid and efficient test, in comparison to animal testing alone, and led to its further development. The availability of such simpler tests in turn gave rise to greater government oversight and testing of compounds to which the public would be exposed.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 历史上，许多狩猎采集文化都使用鱼毒素或鱼麻醉植物来击晕鱼类，因此它们很容易手工收集。其中一些毒素会使鱼瘫痪，然后很容易收集。记录许多鱼类毒素及其用途的过程正在进行中，人们对医学、农业和工业的潜在用途感兴趣。
Fish toxins or fish stupefying plants have historically been used by many hunter gatherer cultures to stun fish, so they become easy to collect by hand. Some of these toxins paralyse fish, which can then be easily collected. The process of documenting many fish toxins and their use is ongoing, with interest in potential uses from medicine, agriculture, and industry.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 老年基因是一种环境因素，可以加速某些动物（包括人类）的衰老。老年剂通常是有毒化学剂，例如香烟烟雾中的化学剂。然而，许多其他因素也可以充当老年激素，包括紫外线辐射、化疗和砷。老年群体以两种不同的方式发挥作用。它们可以缩短端粒，即染色体末端的重复核苷酸序列，从而加速细胞破坏。老年细胞还能加速细胞衰老的速度，使正常的二倍体细胞停止分裂。这可以通过体内 p16 蛋白的水平来测量。
Gerontogens are environmental agents that can accelerate aging in some animals, including humans. Gerontogens are typically toxic chemical agents, such as those found in cigarette smoke. However, many other things can act as gerontogens, including ultraviolet radiation, chemotherapy treatment, and arsenic. Gerontogens work in two different ways. They can shorten telomeres, repetitive nucleotide sequences at the end of chromosomes, which accelerates cell destruction. Gerontogens can also accelerate the rate of cellular senescence, where normal diploid cells cease to divide. This can be measured using the body's levels of the protein p16.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ GreenScreen for Safer Chemicals 是一个透明、开放的化学危害评估标准，支持通过识别受关注的化学品和更安全的替代品来减少有毒物质使用的替代品评估。它被各种行业的研究人员、产品配方设计师和认证人员使用，包括建筑产品、纺织品、服装和消费品。 GreenScreen 优先考虑避免使用具有高危险性的物质，如致癌物、诱变剂、生殖毒物或发育毒物或内分泌干扰物，或者是持久性、生物累积性和有毒物质 (PBT)。
The GreenScreen for Safer Chemicals is a transparent, open standard for assessing chemical hazard that supports alternatives assessment for toxics use reduction through identifying chemicals of concern and safer alternatives. It is used by researchers, product formulators and certifiers in a variety of industries, including building products, textiles, apparel, and consumer products. The GreenScreen prioritizes the avoidance of substances with a high hazard as a carcinogen, mutagen, reproductive toxicant or developmental toxicant or endocrine disruptor or that are a persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic substance (PBT).
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 氟油酸是一种天然存在的不饱和氟化脂肪酸。 Delta 符号为 18-F-18:1-delta-9c。
Fluorooleic acid is a naturally occurring, unsaturated, and fluorinated fatty acid. The Delta notation is 18-F-18:1-delta-9c.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 纳米毒理学是对纳米材料毒性的研究。由于量子尺寸效应和较大的表面积与体积比，纳米材料与影响其毒性的较大同类材料相比具有独特的性质。在可能的危害中，吸入暴露似乎是最令人担忧的，动物研究表明某些纳米材料会对肺部产生炎症、纤维化和致癌性等影响。皮肤接触和摄入暴露也是一个问题。
Nanotoxicology is the study of the toxicity of nanomaterials. Because of quantum size effects and large surface area to volume ratio, nanomaterials have unique properties compared with their larger counterparts that affect their toxicity. Of the possible hazards, inhalation exposure appears to present the most concern, with animal studies showing pulmonary effects such as inflammation, fibrosis, and carcinogenicity for some nanomaterials. Skin contact and ingestion exposure are also a concern.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 线粒体毒性是指身体细胞的线粒体受损或数量显着减少的病症。它是某些用于治疗人类免疫缺陷病毒或艾滋病毒的抗逆转录病毒药物的副作用。
Mitochondrial toxicity is a condition in which the mitochondria of a body's cells become damaged or decline significantly in number; it occurs as a side effect of certain antiretroviral drugs used to treat human immunodeficiency virus, or HIV.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 金属毒性或金属中毒是由于金属浓度过高而影响植物、动物或人类的毒性。在低浓度下，铜、铁、锰和锌等金属是通过饮食获得的支持健康的必需营养素，但在高暴露浓度下具有毒性。其他对动物没有生物作用但具有潜在毒性的金属包括砷、镉、铅、汞和铊。接触金属，主要是由于职业接触或环境污染，可能会使金属浓度增加到危险范围。有些金属在形成有毒的可溶性化合物并干扰酶系统（例如超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶或谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶）时是有毒的。
Metal toxicity or metal poisoning is toxicity affecting plants, animals, or humans due to excessive concentration of metals. At low concentrations, metals such as copper, iron, manganese, and zinc are essential nutrients obtained through the diet supporting health, but have toxicity at high exposure concentrations. Other metals having no biological roles in animals, but with potential for toxicity include arsenic, cadmium, lead, mercury, and thallium. Exposure to metals, primarily due to occupational exposure or environmental pollution, can increase metal concentration into hazardous range. Some metals are toxic when they form poisonous soluble compounds which interfere with enzyme systems, such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, or glutathione peroxidase.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 医学毒理学是医学的一个分支专业，专注于毒理学，提供药物、职业和环境毒物以及生物制剂引起的中毒和其他不良反应的诊断、管理和预防。医学毒理学家参与各种问题的评估和治疗，包括急性或慢性中毒、药物不良反应 (ADR)、药物过量、中毒、药物滥用、工业事故和其他化学品暴露。医学毒理学被美国医学专业委员会正式认可为医学亚专业。其从业者是医生，其主要专业通常是急诊医学、职业医学或儿科。
Medical toxicology is a subspecialty of medicine focusing on toxicology and providing the diagnosis, management, and prevention of poisoning and other adverse effects due to medications, occupational and environmental toxicants, and biological agents. Medical toxicologists are involved in the assessment and treatment of a wide variety of problems, including acute or chronic poisoning, adverse drug reactions (ADRs), drug overdoses, envenomations, substance abuse, industrial accidents, and other chemical exposures. Medical toxicology is officially recognized as a medical subspecialty by the American Board of Medical Specialties. Its practitioners are physicians, whose primary specialization is generally in emergency medicine, occupational medicine, or pediatrics.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 在毒理学中，药物或毒素的中位中毒剂量（TD50）是指在 50% 的病例中发生毒性的剂量。应指定毒性类型，以使该值具有实际意义。中位毒性剂量涵盖大于最大有效浓度 (ED50) 一半但小于中位致死剂量 (LD50) 的毒性类别。然而，对于某些高效毒素（例如洛芬太尼、肉毒杆菌毒素），ED50 和 TD50 之间的差异非常小，以至于分配给它们的值可能近似于相等剂量。由于毒性不一定是致死的，因此TD50通常低于半数致死剂量（LD50），并且后者可以被认为是前者的上限。但由于毒性高于有效限度，因此TD50一般大于ED50。
In toxicology, the median toxic dose (TD50) of a drug or toxin is the dose at which toxicity occurs in 50% of cases. The type of toxicity should be specified for this value to have meaning for practical purposes. The median toxic dose encompasses the category of toxicity that is greater than half maximum effective concentration (ED50) but less than the median lethal dose (LD50). However, for some highly potent toxins (ex. lofentanil, botulinum toxin) the difference between the ED50 and TD50 is so minute that the values assigned to them may be approximated to equal doses. Since toxicity need not be lethal, the TD50 is generally lower than the median lethal dose (LD50), and the latter can be considered an upper bound for the former. However, since the toxicity is above the effective limit, the TD50 is generally greater than the ED50.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 小鼠单位（MU）是通过腹腔注射在15分钟内杀死20g小鼠所需的毒素量。小鼠单位通过小鼠生物测定法进行测量，通常在贝类行业中用于描述相对毒性以评估人类消费的食品安全水平。
A mouse unit (MU) is the amount of toxin required to kill a 20g mouse in 15 minutes via intraperitoneal injection. Mouse units are measured by a mouse bioassay, and are commonly used in the shellfish industry when describing relative toxicities for assessing food safety levels for human consumption.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 毒性作用模式是一组常见的生理和行为迹象，表征一种不良生物反应。作用模式不应与作用机制相混淆，作用机制是指给定作用模式背后的生化过程。毒性作用模式是生态毒理学和水生毒理学中重要且广泛使用的工具，因为它们根据毒性作用类型对毒物或污染物进行分类。毒性作用模式有两种主要类型：非特异性作用毒物和特异性作用毒物。非特异性作用毒物是指产生麻醉作用的毒物，而特异性作用毒物是非麻醉性且在特定靶位点产生特定作用的毒物。
A mode of toxic action is a common set of physiological and behavioral signs that characterize a type of adverse biological response. A mode of action should not be confused with mechanism of action, which refer to the biochemical processes underlying a given mode of action. Modes of toxic action are important, widely used tools in ecotoxicology and aquatic toxicology because they classify toxicants or pollutants according to their type of toxic action. There are two major types of modes of toxic action: non-specific acting toxicants and specific acting toxicants. Non-specific acting toxicants are those that produce narcosis, while specific acting toxicants are those that are non-narcotic and that produce a specific action at a specific target site.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 甲醇中毒（也称为甲醇中毒）是甲醇中毒，通常是通过摄入引起的。症状可能包括意识水平改变/降低、协调性差或不协调、呕吐、腹痛和呼吸中有特殊气味。视力下降最早可能在接触后十二小时开始。长期后果可能包括失明和肾衰竭。摄入低至 3.16 克的甲醇就会造成不可逆的视神经损伤，人类口服 LD50 估计为 56.2 克纯甲醇。甲醇中毒最常发生在饮用由挡风玻璃清洗液制成的受污染的酒精饮料后。这可能是偶然的，也可能是自杀未遂的一部分。通过广泛的皮肤接触或吸入烟雾也可能很少发生中毒。
Methanol toxicity (also methanol poisoning) is poisoning from methanol, characteristically via ingestion. Symptoms may include an altered/decreased level of consciousness, poor or no coordination, vomiting, abdominal pain, and a specific smell on the breath. Decreased vision may start as early as twelve hours after exposure. Long-term outcomes may include blindness and kidney failure. Ingestion of as little as 3.16 grams of methanol can cause irreversible optic nerve damage, and the oral LD50 for humans is estimated to be 56.2 grams of pure methanol. Methanol poisoning most commonly occurs following the drinking of tainted alcoholic beverages made with windshield washer fluid. This may be accidental or as part of an attempted suicide. Toxicity may also rarely occur through extensive skin exposure or breathing in fumes.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 小鼠耳肿胀测试是一项毒理学测试，旨在模拟人类皮肤对化学物质的反应。它避免了对受试动物进行尸检。
The mouse ear swelling test is a toxicological test that aims to mimic human skin reactions to chemicals. It avoids post-mortem examination of tested animals.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 在生物化学中，若已经有配体分子结合在一个高分子上，那么新的配体分子与这个高分子的结合作用就常常会被增强（亦被称作协同结合）。以阿奇博尔德·希尔命名的希尔系数（Hill coefficient）提供了量化这种效应的方法。 希尔方程（英语：Hill equation）描述了高分子被配体饱和的分数，是一个关于配体浓度的函数；被用于确定受体结合到酶或受体上的合同性程度。此方程首次于1910年由阿奇博尔德·希尔阐释出来以表述为何血红蛋白的氧气结合曲线会呈现S型。 当系数为1时，表明结合作用是完全独立的，而不取决于已经有多少配体已经结合上去。大于一的数表示正协同，而小于一的数表示负协同。希尔系数最初被设计出来是用于解释氧气协同地结合到血红蛋白上的过程（此系统的希尔系数为2.8～3）。
In biochemistry and pharmacology, the Hill equation refers to two closely related equations that reflect the binding of ligands to macromolecules, as a function of the ligand concentration. A ligand is "a substance that forms a complex with a biomolecule to serve a biological purpose", and a macromolecule is a very large molecule, such as a protein, with a complex structure of components. Protein-ligand binding typically changes the structure of the target protein, thereby changing its function in a cell. The distinction between the two Hill equations is whether they measure occupancy or response. The Hill equation reflects the occupancy of macromolecules: the fraction that is saturated or bound by the ligand. This equation is formally equivalent to the Langmuir isotherm.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements.
View content license ↗ 药物发现和开发需要多个科学技术学科的融合。其中包括化学、生物学、药理学、制药技术和信息技术的广泛应用。后者越来越被认为是药物信息学。药物信息学涉及更广泛的生物信息学领域。
Drug discovery and development requires the integration of multiple scientific and technological disciplines. These include chemistry, biology, pharmacology, pharmaceutical technology and extensive use of information technology. The latter is increasingly recognised as Pharmacoinformatics. Pharmacoinformatics relates to the broader field of bioinformatics.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 受体理论是应用受体模型来解释药物行为。药理学受体模型的出现早于对受体的准确认识许多年。约翰·纽波特·兰利 (John Newport Langley) 和保罗·埃利希 (Paul Ehrlich) 在 20 世纪初提出了受体可以介导药物作用的概念。 Alfred Joseph Clark 是第一个量化药物诱导的生物反应（特别是 f 介导的受体激活）的人。到目前为止，几乎所有受体功能的定量理论模型都集中在配体门控离子通道和G蛋白偶联受体上。
Receptor theory is the application of receptor models to explain drug behavior. Pharmacological receptor models preceded accurate knowledge of receptors by many years. John Newport Langley and Paul Ehrlich introduced the concept that receptors can mediate drug action at the beginning of the 20th century. Alfred Joseph Clark was the first to quantify drug-induced biological responses (specifically, f-mediated receptor activation). So far, nearly all of the quantitative theoretical modelling of receptor function has centred on ligand-gated ion channels and G protein-coupled receptors.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 在材料科学和分子生物学中，热稳定性是指物质在较高的相对温度下抵抗其化学或物理结构发生不可逆变化的能力，通常通过抵抗分解或聚合来实现。耐热材料可在工业上用作阻燃剂。热稳定塑料是一个不常见且非常规的术语，它可能是指加热时无法重塑的热固性塑料，而不是可以重熔和重铸的热塑性塑料。热稳定性也是一些蛋白质的特性。成为热稳定性蛋白质意味着能够抵抗由于施加的热量而导致的蛋白质结构的变化。
In materials science and molecular biology, thermostability is the ability of a substance to resist irreversible change in its chemical or physical structure, often by resisting decomposition or polymerization, at a high relative temperature. Thermostable materials may be used industrially as fire retardants. A thermostable plastic, an uncommon and unconventional term, is likely to refer to a thermosetting plastic that cannot be reshaped when heated, than to a thermoplastic that can be remelted and recast. Thermostability is also a property of some proteins. To be a thermostable protein means to be resistant to changes in protein structure due to applied heat.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 毒理学是个性化医学的一部分，因为它描述了发现药物基因组生物标志物测试的指导原则，也称为伴随诊断测试，可确定个体患者是否可能因特定治疗剂的治疗而遭受严重的药物毒性。一旦识别出有风险的个体，就可以通过选择性减少剂量或开出不同的药物来预防药物毒性。
Toxgnostics is part of personalized medicine as it describes the guiding principles for the discovery of pharmacogenomic biomarker tests, also referred to as companion diagnostic tests, which identify if an individual patient is likely to suffer severe drug toxicity from treatment with a specific therapeutic agent. Once at-risk individuals are identified, drug toxicity can be prevented using elective dose reduction or prescription of a different medication.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 毒理基因组学是药理学的一个分支学科，研究生物体特定细胞或组织内基因和蛋白质活性信息的收集、解释和存储，以响应有毒物质的暴露。毒理基因组学将毒理学与基因组学或其他高通量分子分析技术（如转录组学、蛋白质组学和代谢组学）相结合。毒理基因组学致力于阐明毒性表达的分子机制，并推导出预测毒性或遗传易感性的分子表达模式（即分子生物标志物）。
Toxicogenomics is a subdiscipline of pharmacology that deals with the collection, interpretation, and storage of information about gene and protein activity within a particular cell or tissue of an organism in response to exposure to toxic substances. Toxicogenomics combines toxicology with genomics or other high-throughput molecular profiling technologies such as transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics. Toxicogenomics endeavors to elucidate the molecular mechanisms evolved in the expression of toxicity, and to derive molecular expression patterns (i.e., molecular biomarkers) that predict toxicity or the genetic susceptibility to it.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 分子胶是一种小分子，通过增强蛋白质之间的亲和力来调节细胞中蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用。这些化合物可以诱导蛋白质之间的新相互作用（I 型）或稳定已有的蛋白质（II 型），为传统药物发现提供了替代策略。分子胶在靶向以前被传统方法认为“不可成药”的蛋白质方面已显示出前景。它们通过各种机制起作用，例如促进蛋白质降解或抑制蛋白质功能，并且正在研究其在治疗癌症、神经退行性疾病和其他疾病中的潜在用途。
A molecular glue is a type of small molecule that modulates protein–protein interactions in cells by enhancing the affinity between proteins. These compounds can induce novel interactions between proteins (type I) or stabilize pre-existing ones (type II), offering an alternative strategy to traditional drug discovery. Molecular glues have shown promise in targeting proteins previously considered "undruggable" by conventional methods. They work through various mechanisms, such as promoting protein degradation or inhibiting protein function, and are being studied for potential use in treating cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and other diseases.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ QTY Code 是一种设计方法，可将本质上不溶于水的膜蛋白转化为具有水溶性的变体，同时保留其结构和功能。
The QTY Code is a design method to transform membrane proteins that are intrinsically insoluble in water into variants with water solubility, while retaining their structure and function.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
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