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Mechanical Engineering惰轮惰轮是一种仅用于将旋转从一个轴传递到另一个轴的轮，在不希望将它们直接连接的应用中。例如，将电机连接到留声机的转盘，或者连接汽车的曲轴到凸轮轴齿轮系。由于它本身不做功，所以被称为“惰轮”。
An idler-wheel is a wheel which serves only to transmit rotation from one shaft to another, in applications where it is undesirable to connect them directly. For example, connecting a motor to the platter of a phonograph, or the crankshaft-to-camshaft gear train of an automobile. Because it does no work itself, it is called an "idler".
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 参考运动的索引是快速、轻松且精确地移动（或被移动）到新的位置或位置。当索引机器零件时，其新位置已知在百分之几毫米（千分之一英寸）或更好的范围内，尽管事实上不需要新的复杂测量或布局来确定该位置。对于多刃切削刀片，分度是露出新切削刃以供使用的过程。分度是机械工程和加工的许多领域中一种必要的运动。索引或可以索引的对象称为可索引的。通常，当使用“索引”一词时，它特指旋转。也就是说，分度通常是机器零件快速、简单但精确地旋转特定的已知角度。
Indexing in reference to motion is moving (or being moved) into a new position or location quickly and easily but also precisely. When indexing a machine part, its new location is known to within a few hundredths of a millimeter (thousandths of an inch) or better, despite the fact that no new elaborate measuring or layout was needed to establish that location. In reference to multi-edge cutting inserts, indexing is the process of exposing a new cutting edge for use. Indexing is a necessary kind of motion in many areas of mechanical engineering and machining. An object that indexes, or can be indexed, is said to be indexable. Usually when the word indexing is used, it refers specifically to rotation. That is, indexing is most often the quick and easy but precise rotation of a machine part through a certain known number of degrees.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 氢气涡轮膨胀机-发电机或发电机加载的氢气膨胀机是用于能量回收的轴流式涡轮机或径流式膨胀机，高压氢气通过该膨胀机膨胀以产生用于驱动发电机的功。它取代了压力降至低压网络适当压力的控制阀或调节器。透平膨胀发电机可以帮助恢复能量损失并抵消电力需求和二氧化碳排放。
A hydrogen turboexpander-generator or generator-loaded expander for hydrogen gas is an axial flow turbine or radial expander for energy recovery through which a high pressure hydrogen gas is expanded to produce work used to drive an electrical generator. It replaces the control valve or regulator where the pressure drops to the appropriate pressure for the low-pressure network. A turboexpander generator can help recover energy losses and offset electrical requirements and CO2 emissions.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 氢夹点分析（HPA）是一种源自热夹点分析概念的氢管理方法。 HPA是一种通过整合石化工业、炼油厂氢气分配网络和氢气纯化中的用氢活动或过程来减少氢气消耗和氢气产生的系统技术。
Hydrogen pinch analysis (HPA) is a hydrogen management method that originates from the concept of heat pinch analysis. HPA is a systematic technique for reducing hydrogen consumption and hydrogen generation through integration of hydrogen-using activities or processes in the petrochemical industry, petroleum refineries hydrogen distribution networks and hydrogen purification.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 悬臂或悬臂是许多类型的起重机中使用的水平或接近水平的梁，用于支撑远离主支架的负载。古老的拼写是 gib。通常，起重臂连接到垂直桅杆或塔架上，有时连接到倾斜的吊杆上。在其他无起重臂的设计中，例如井架，负载直接悬挂在通常被异常称为起重臂的吊杆上。电影摄影中的摄影机摇臂或摇臂是一种小型起重机，除了摄影机之外什么也没有。
A jib or jib arm is the horizontal or near-horizontal beam used in many types of crane to support the load clear of the main support. An archaic spelling is gib. Usually jib arms are attached to a vertical mast or tower or sometimes to an inclined boom. In other jib-less designs such as derricks, the load is hung directly from a boom which is often anomalously called a jib. A camera jib or jib arm in cinematography is a small crane that holds nothing but the camera.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 当每天的供水连续性少于 24 小时或一周中的所有日子都没有供水时，管道供水和分配系统就会出现间歇性。在这种连续性期间，决定性因素是水压和公平性。至少 45 个国家拥有间歇供水 (IWS) 系统。它与连续或“24/7”供水（服务标准）形成对比。没有一个系统被故意设计成间歇性的，但它们可能会因为系统过度膨胀、泄漏和其他因素而变得间歇性。截至 2022 年，还没有可行的 IWS 建模方法，包括计算机辅助工具。污染问题可能与间歇性配水系统有关。全球公共卫生影响包括每年数百万例感染和腹泻病例以及 1560 人死亡。连续供应并不适用于所有情况。
A piped water supply and distribution system is intermittent when water continuity is for less than 24 hours a day or not on all days of the week. During this continuity defining factors are water pressure and equity. At least 45 countries have intermittent water supply (IWS) systems. It is contrasted with a continuous or "24/7" water supply, the service standard. No system is intentionally designed to be intermittent, but they may become that way because of system overexpansion, leakage and other factors. As of 2022, there was no feasible method for modelling IWS, including no computer-aided tools. Contamination issues can be associated with an intermittent water distribution system. Global public health impact includes millions of cases of infections and diarrhea, and 1560 deaths annually. A continuous supply is not practical in all situations.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 氢燃料电池发电厂是一种利用氢燃料电池为电网发电的燃料电池发电厂（或站）。它们的规模比 Bloom Energy Server 等备用发电机更大，并且将氢气转化为电力的效率高达 60%。燃料电池过程中几乎不产生一氧化二氮，而一氧化二氮是在联合循环氢发电厂的过程中产生的。如果可以通过电解生产氢（也称为绿色氢），那么这可能会解决可再生能源的储能问题。
A hydrogen fuel cell power plant is a type of fuel cell power plant (or station) which uses a hydrogen fuel cell to generate electricity for the power grid. They are larger in scale than backup generators such as the Bloom Energy Server and can be up to 60% efficient in converting hydrogen to electricity. There is little to no nitrous oxide produced in the fuel cell process, which is produced in the process of a combined cycle hydrogen power plant. If the hydrogen could be produced with electrolysis also known as green hydrogen, then this could be a solution to the energy storage problem of renewable energy.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 电力工程，也称为电力系统工程，是电气工程的一个子领域，涉及电力的产生、传输、分配和利用，以及与这些系统连接的电气设备。尽管该领域的大部分内容都关注三相交流电源的问题（现代世界大规模电力传输和分配的标准），但该领域的很大一部分关注交流和直流电源之间的转换以及专用电力系统的开发，例如用于飞机或电气铁路网络的电力系统。电力工程的大部分理论基础来自电气工程和机械工程。
Power engineering, also called power systems engineering, is a subfield of electrical engineering that deals with the generation, transmission, distribution, and utilization of electric power, and the electrical apparatus connected to such systems. Although much of the field is concerned with the problems of three-phase AC power – the standard for large-scale power transmission and distribution across the modern world – a significant fraction of the field is concerned with the conversion between AC and DC power and the development of specialized power systems such as those used in aircraft or for electric railway networks. Power engineering draws the majority of its theoretical base from electrical engineering and mechanical engineering.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 孔板是一种用于测量流量、减压或限制流量的装置（在后两种情况下通常称为限流板）。
An orifice plate is a device used for measuring flow rate, reducing pressure or restricting flow (in the latter two cases it is often called a restriction plate).
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 许用应力设计是机械工程师和土木工程师使用的一种设计理念。土木设计师确保结构中由于使用载荷而产生的应力不会超过弹性极限。该限制通常是通过使用安全系数确保应力保持在限制范围内来确定的。在结构工程中，就结构工程而言，除个别情况外，国际上普遍采用极限状态设计（又称极限应力设计，在美国称为载荷和阻力系数设计，LRFD）来替代许用应力设计方法。
Permissible stress design is a design philosophy used by mechanical engineers and civil engineers. The civil designer ensures that the stresses developed in a structure due to service loads do not exceed the elastic limit. This limit is usually determined by ensuring that stresses remain within the limits through the use of factors of safety. In structural engineering, the permissible stress design approach has generally been replaced internationally by limit state design (also known as ultimate stress design, or in USA, Load and Resistance Factor Design, LRFD) as far as structural engineering is considered, except for some isolated cases.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 奥特曼钥匙是一种连接装置，用于固定战术火箭发动机中常见的压力容器的两个相邻圆柱形部分。奥特曼钥匙由细长的矩形金属棒材（例如钢）制成，插入配合部件圆周周围并置的环形凹槽中。 Ortman 键组件用于包装、强度和质量都很重要的高压应用。 Edmund 钥匙是 Ortman 钥匙的常见变体，与 Ortman 钥匙类似，只是在钥匙末端添加了一个功能，以帮助从组件中提取钥匙。
An Ortman key is a coupling device used to secure two adjacent cylindrical segments of a pressure vessel common in tactical rocket motors. An Ortman key is made of elongated rectangular metal bar stock, such as steel, and is inserted into juxtaposed annular grooves around the circumference of the mating parts. The Ortman key assembly is used in high-pressure applications where packaging, strength and mass are important. The Edmund key is a common variant of the Ortman key which is similar except has a feature added to the end of the key to aid in extraction of the key from the assembly.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 在工程中，章动运动类似于斜盘机构中的运动。一般来说，章动盘安装在主轴上的斜轴承上，并且本身不旋转，而斜盘固定在轴上并随其旋转。该运动类似于硬币或轮胎平面朝下掉落后在地面上摇晃的运动。进动是这种运动的物理术语。章动混合器通过重复移动盛有液体的容器，用于化学或生物科学程序的温和三维（回转）搅拌。章动运动广泛应用于流量计和泵。首先确定一转的体积位移。测量设备每单位时间的转数。
In engineering, a nutating motion is similar to that seen in a swashplate mechanism. In general, a nutating plate is carried on a skewed bearing on the main shaft and does not itself rotate, whereas a swashplate is fixed to the shaft and rotates with it. The motion is similar to the motions of coin or a tire wobbling on the ground after being dropped with the flat side down. Precession is the physical term for this kind of motion. Nutating mixers are used in gentle three-dimensional (gyrating) agitation of chemical or biological scientific procedures by repetitively moving the vessels holding the liquids. The nutating motion is widely employed in flowmeters and pumps. The displacement of volume for one revolution is first determined. The speed of the device in revolutions per unit time is measured.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 相移扭矩测量涉及使用轴，该轴要么是被测旋转机器（例如涡轮机、压缩机或喷气发动机）的组成部分，要么位于机器和测功机之间。该轴的两端各有一对相同的齿盘，并且通常具有细长部分以增强其扭转角度。轴的扭转可以根据从每个盘磁或光学检测到的波形的相位差来确定。在空载情况下，波是同步的，并且当向轴施加负载时，它们的相位差增加。轴的扭转角度由测量的相位差确定。
Phase shift torque measurement involves the use of a shaft, which is either an integral part of the rotating machine under test - such as a turbine, compressor, or jet engine - or positioned between the machine and a dynamometer. The shaft has a pair of identical toothed disks attached at each end and often has a slender portion to enhance its angle of twist. The twist of the shaft can be determined from the phase difference of the magnetically or optically detected wave pattern from each of the disks. Under no-load the waves are synchronised and as a load is applied to the shaft their phase difference increases. The shaft's angle of twist is determined from the measured phase difference.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 在工程中，平行力系统是一种所有力都沿一个轴定向的力系统。此类系统的一个例子是跷跷板。在跷跷板中，孩子们在两端施加两个力，中间的支点提供反作用力，将跷跷板保持在中立位置。另一个例子是飞行中飞机上的主要垂直力。
In engineering, a parallel force system is a type of force system where in all forces are oriented along one axis. An example of this type of system is a see saw. In a see saw, the children apply the two forces at the ends, and the fulcrum in the middle gives the counter force to maintain the see saw in a neutral position. Another example are the major vertical forces on an airplane in flight.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 近场辐射传热（NFRHT）是辐射传热的一个分支，它处理物体和/或分隔物体的距离在尺度上或与交换热能的热辐射的主波长相当或更小的情况。在这种情况下，经典辐射传热固有的几何光学假设是无效的，电磁波的衍射、干涉和隧道效应可以主导净传热。这些“近场效应”可能导致传热速率超过经典辐射传热的黑体极限。
Near-field radiative heat transfer (NFRHT) is a branch of radiative heat transfer which deals with situations for which the objects and/or distances separating objects are comparable or smaller in scale or to the dominant wavelength of thermal radiation exchanging thermal energy. In this regime, the assumptions of geometrical optics inherent to classical radiative heat transfer are not valid and the effects of diffraction, interference, and tunneling of electromagnetic waves can dominate the net heat transfer. These "near-field effects" can result in heat transfer rates exceeding the blackbody limit of classical radiative heat transfer.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 超润滑是一种相对运动状态，其中摩擦消失或几乎消失。然而，“消失”摩擦水平的定义并不明确，这使得该术语变得模糊。作为临时定义，可以采用小于0.01的动摩擦系数。这个定义还需要进一步讨论和澄清。当两个晶体表面以不相称的干燥接触方式相互滑动时，可能会出现超润滑现象。这在 20 世纪 80 年代初首次针对 Frenkel-Kontorova 模型进行了描述，称为 Aubry 过渡。它作为一种数学模型在原子模拟和一系列实验系统中得到了广泛的研究。这种效应也称为结构润滑性，于 2004 年在两个石墨表面之间得到了验证。
Superlubricity is a regime of relative motion in which friction vanishes or very nearly vanishes. However, the definition of "vanishing" friction level is not clear, which makes the term vague. As an ad hoc definition, a kinetic coefficient of friction less than 0.01 can be adopted. This definition also requires further discussion and clarification. Superlubricity may occur when two crystalline surfaces slide over each other in dry incommensurate contact. This was first described in the early 1980s for Frenkel–Kontorova models and is called the Aubry transition. It has been extensively studied as a mathematical model, in atomistic simulations and in a range of experimental systems. This effect, also called structural lubricity, was verified between two graphite surfaces in 2004.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 当压力超过设计加安全裕度规格时，超临界水加压系统内就会发生蒸汽破裂。蒸汽破裂可能发生在任何高温加压系统中，包括但不限于：汽车冷却系统、固定式发电厂、移动式发电厂、蒸汽驱动工具（例如一些行程锤），甚至用于清洁和织物缩绒等应用过程的输送系统。
A steam rupture occurs within a pressurized system of super critical water when the pressure exceeds the design plus safety margin specification. A steam rupture can occur in any high temperature pressurized system, including, but not limited to: automobile cooling systems, stationary power plants, mobile power plants, steam driven tools (such as some trip hammers), and even the delivery systems for application processes such as cleaning and fabric fullering.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 旋转接头是一种允许连接物体（例如枪、椅子、旋转脚轮或锚杆）水平或垂直旋转的连接装置。
A swivel is a connection that allows the connected object, such as a gun, chair, swivel caster, or an anchor rode to rotate horizontally or vertically.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 结构载荷或结构作用是施加到结构元件的机械载荷（更一般地说是力）。载荷会在结构中引起应力、变形、位移或加速度。结构分析是工程学的一门学科，分析载荷对结构和结构元件的影响。超载可能会导致结构失效，因此在结构设计过程中应考虑和控制这一点。特定的机械结构（例如飞机、卫星、火箭、空间站、船舶和潜艇）会承受其自身特定的结构载荷和作用。工程师经常根据公布的法规、合同或规范来评估结构载荷。采用公认的技术标准进行验收测试和检验。
A structural load or structural action is a mechanical load (more generally a force) applied to structural elements. A load causes stress, deformation, displacement or acceleration in a structure. Structural analysis, a discipline in engineering, analyzes the effects of loads on structures and structural elements. Excess load may cause structural failure, so this should be considered and controlled during the design of a structure. Particular mechanical structures—such as aircraft, satellites, rockets, space stations, ships, and submarines—are subject to their own particular structural loads and actions. Engineers often evaluate structural loads based upon published regulations, contracts, or specifications. Accepted technical standards are used for acceptance testing and inspection.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 应变硬化指数（也称为应变硬化指数），通常表示为 n {\displaystyle n} ，是一个测量参数，用于量化材料因应变硬化而变得更强的能力。应变硬化（加工硬化）是材料在塑性（永久）应变或变形过程中承载能力增加的过程。这一特性是延性材料与脆性材料的区别所在。单轴拉伸测试是用于直接测量材料应力应变行为的主要实验方法，为了解其应变硬化行为提供了宝贵的见解。
The strain hardening exponent (also called the strain hardening index), usually denoted n {\displaystyle n} , is a measured parameter that quantifies the ability of a material to become stronger due to strain hardening. Strain hardening (work hardening) is the process by which a material's load-bearing capacity increases during plastic (permanent) strain, or deformation. This characteristic is what sets ductile materials apart from brittle materials. The uniaxial tension test is the primary experimental method used to directly measure a material's stress–strain behavior, providing valuable insights into its strain-hardening behavior.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 粘滑现象，也称为滑粘现象或简称粘滑，是一种由相互接触的物体滑动而表现出的运动类型。这些物体的运动通常不是完全平滑的，而是不规则的，短暂的加速（滑动）被停止（粘滞）中断。粘滑运动通常与摩擦有关，并且可能产生振动（噪音）或与移动物体的机械磨损相关，因此在机械设备中通常是不受欢迎的。另一方面，粘滑运动在某些情况下可能很有用，例如弓在弦上的移动以在弓弦乐器中产生乐音。
The stick–slip phenomenon, also known as the slip–stick phenomenon or simply stick–slip, is a type of motion exhibited by objects in contact sliding over one another. The motion of these objects is usually not perfectly smooth, but rather irregular, with brief accelerations (slips) interrupted by stops (sticks). Stick–slip motion is normally connected to friction, and may generate vibration (noise) or be associated with mechanical wear of the moving objects, and is thus often undesirable in mechanical devices. On the other hand, stick–slip motion can be useful in some situations, such as the movement of a bow across a string to create musical tones in a bowed string instrument.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 举升尾板（在英国使用的术语，在北美也称为“举升门”）是一种永久安装在工作卡车、货车或卡车后部的机械装置，旨在方便将货物从地面或装卸平台搬运到车床水平，反之亦然。大多数尾板升降机在操作时都是液压或气动的，尽管它们可以是机械的，并且由操作员使用继电器开关进行控制。使用举升尾板可以避免使用叉车等机械将重物装载到车辆上。举升尾板还可以弥补装卸月台和车辆装载台之间的高度差。尾板举升机适用于多种尺寸的车辆，从标准货车到铰接式卡车，标准型号可举升任何地方，重达 2500 公斤。
A tail lift (term used in the UK, also called a "liftgate" in North America) is a mechanical device permanently installed on the rear of a work truck, van, or lorry, and is designed to facilitate the handling of goods from ground level or a loading dock to the level of the vehicle bed, or vice versa. The majority of tail lifts are hydraulic or pneumatic in operation, although they can be mechanical, and are controlled by an operator using an electric relay switch. Using a tail lift can make it unnecessary to use machinery such as a forklift truck to load heavy items on to a vehicle. A tail lift can also bridge the difference in height between a loading dock and the vehicle load bed. Tail lifts are available for many sizes of vehicle, from standard vans to articulated lorries, and standard models can lift anywhere up to 2500kg.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 结构完整性和失效是工程的一个方面，涉及结构支撑设计的结构载荷（重量、力等）而不断裂的能力，包括对过去的结构失效的研究，以防止未来设计中的失效。结构完整性是指物体（无论是结构部件还是由许多部件组成的结构）在负载（包括其自身重量）下保持在一起而不会过度断裂或变形的能力。它确保结构在合理使用期间能够在其预期使用寿命内发挥其设计功能。物品的构造具有结构完整性，以防止灾难性故障，灾难性故障可能导致受伤、严重损坏、死亡和/或金钱损失。
Structural integrity and failure is an aspect of engineering that deals with the ability of a structure to support a designed structural load (weight, force, etc.) without breaking, and includes the study of past structural failures in order to prevent failures in future designs. Structural integrity is the ability of an item—either a structural component or a structure consisting of many components—to hold together under a load, including its own weight, without breaking or deforming excessively. It assures that the construction will perform its designed function during reasonable use, for as long as its intended life span. Items are constructed with structural integrity to prevent catastrophic failure, which can result in injuries, severe damage, death, and/or monetary losses.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 统计缔合流体理论（SAFT）是一种基于微扰理论的化学理论，它利用统计热力学来解释复杂流体和流体混合物如何通过氢键形成缔合。它广泛应用于工业界和学术界，已成为描述复杂混合物的标准方法。自 1990 年首次提出以来，SAFT 已被用于大量基于分子的状态方程模型中，用于描述由于关联而产生的亥姆霍兹能量贡献。
Statistical associating fluid theory (SAFT) is a chemical theory, based on perturbation theory, that uses statistical thermodynamics to explain how complex fluids and fluid mixtures form associations through hydrogen bonds. Widely used in industry and academia, it has become a standard approach for describing complex mixtures. Since it was first proposed in 1990, SAFT has been used in a large number of molecular-based equation of state models for describing the Helmholtz energy contribution due to association.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 在经典力学中，定义系统构型的参数称为广义坐标，由这些坐标定义的空间称为物理系统的构型空间。通常情况下，这些参数满足数学约束，使得系统的实际配置集是广义坐标空间中的流形。该流形称为系统的配置流形。请注意，这是“无限制”配置空间的概念，即不同的点粒子可以占据相同的位置。在数学中，特别是在拓扑学中，主要使用“受限”配置空间的概念，其中表示“碰撞”粒子的对角线被删除。
In classical mechanics, the parameters that define the configuration of a system are called generalized coordinates, and the space defined by these coordinates is called the configuration space of the physical system. It is often the case that these parameters satisfy mathematical constraints, such that the set of actual configurations of the system is a manifold in the space of generalized coordinates. This manifold is called the configuration manifold of the system. Notice that this is a notion of "unrestricted" configuration space, i.e. in which different point particles may occupy the same position. In mathematics, in particular in topology, a notion of "restricted" configuration space is mostly used, in which the diagonals, representing "colliding" particles, are removed.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 在运动学中，圆周运动是物体沿着圆形路径的运动。此类示例包括绑在绳子上的石头、绕曲线行驶的汽车以及旋转轮上的点。圆周运动可以是匀速运动，即速度恒定，也可以是非匀速运动，即速度变化。即使在匀速圆周运动中，物体也会因为速度改变方向而加速。物体向圆心加速；这种向内的加速度称为向心加速度。产生这种加速度需要一个朝向中心的力，称为向心力。圆周运动也用于描述围绕固定轴旋转的刚体中的点的运动，在这种情况下，刚体中的每个点都在围绕旋转轴固定的圆周上移动。
In kinematics, circular motion is the motion of an object along a circular path. Examples of this include a stone tied to a string, a car moving around a curve, and a point on a rotating wheel. Circular motion can be uniform, meaning the speed is constant, or non-uniform, meaning the speed changes. Even in uniform circular motion, the object is accelerating because its velocity changes direction. The object accelerates toward the center of the circle; this inward acceleration is called centripetal acceleration. A force toward the center, called centripetal force, is required to produce this acceleration. Circular motion is also used to describe the motion of points in a rigid body rotating about a fixed axis, in which case each point in the body moves in a circle fixed around the axis of rotation.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 在物理学中，复谐振运动是在简谐振动基础上的复杂领域。 “复杂”这个词指的是不同的情况。与不考虑空气阻力、摩擦力等的简谐振动不同，复杂简谐振动通常具有额外的力来耗散初始能量并减小振荡的速度和振幅，直到系统的能量完全耗尽并且系统在平衡点处静止。
In physics, complex harmonic motion is a complicated realm based on the simple harmonic motion. The word "complex" refers to different situations. Unlike simple harmonic motion, which is regardless of air resistance, friction, etc., complex harmonic motion often has additional forces to dissipate the initial energy and lessen the speed and amplitude of an oscillation until the energy of the system is totally drained and the system comes to rest at its equilibrium point.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 在经典力学中，恢复系数（COR，也用 e 表示）是两个表面之间碰撞弹性的度量。牛顿恢复定律指出，碰撞后两个表面立即分离的相对速度与碰撞前两个表面接近的相对速度成正比，比例常数称为恢复系数，是一对表面属性的无量纲参数。在大多数现实世界的碰撞中，恢复系数介于 0 和 1 之间，其中 1 表示完全弹性碰撞（其中物体在没有动能损失的情况下反弹，但方向相反），而 0 表示完全非弹性碰撞（其中物体根本不反弹，最终合并）。
In classical mechanics, the coefficient of restitution (COR, also denoted by e), is a measure of the springiness of collisions between two surfaces. Newton's law of restitution states that the relative speed of separation of two surfaces immediately after a collision is directly proportional to the relative speed of approach of the surfaces immediately before the collision, the constant of proportionality being called the coefficient of restitution, a dimensionless parameter that is a property of a pair of surfaces. In most real-world collisions, the coefficient of restitution is between 0 and 1, where 1 represents a perfectly elastic collision (in which the objects rebound with no loss of kinetic energy but in the opposite directions) and 0 a perfectly inelastic collision (in which the objects do not rebound at all, and end up coalescing).
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 在经典力学中，中心力问题是确定单个中心势场中粒子的运动。中心力是一种从粒子直接指向空间中固定点（中心）的力（可能为负），其大小仅取决于物体到中心的距离。在一些重要的情况下，问题可以通过分析来解决，即根据三角函数等经过充分研究的函数。这个问题的解决对于经典力学很重要，因为许多自然产生的力是核心。例子包括分别由牛顿万有引力定律和库仑定律描述的重力和电磁学。
In classical mechanics, the central-force problem is to determine the motion of a particle in a single central potential field. A central force is a force (possibly negative) that points from the particle directly towards a fixed point in space, the center, and whose magnitude only depends on the distance of the object to the center. In a few important cases, the problem can be solved analytically, i.e., in terms of well-studied functions such as trigonometric functions. The solution of this problem is important to classical mechanics, since many naturally occurring forces are central. Examples include gravity and electromagnetism as described by Newton's law of universal gravitation and Coulomb's law, respectively.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 在天体力学中，中心配置是一个点质量系统，其特性是每个质量都被系统的组合引力直接拉向质心，加速度与其距中心的距离成正比。尽管只有一维、二维和三维与物理空间中的天体力学直接相关，但在任何维度的欧几里得空间中提出的 n 体问题中都研究了中心配置。
In celestial mechanics, a central configuration is a system of point masses with the property that each mass is pulled by the combined gravitational force of the system directly towards the center of mass, with acceleration proportional to its distance from the center. Central configurations are studied in n-body problems formulated in Euclidean spaces of any dimension, although only dimensions one, two, and three are directly relevant for celestial mechanics in physical space.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
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