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Mechanical Engineering金属滑带滑移带或拉伸应变痕是承受应力的金属中的局部塑性变形带。滑移带的形成表明某些平面上的集中单向滑移导致应力集中。通常，滑移带会引起表面台阶（例如，疲劳过程中持续滑移带导致的粗糙度）和应力集中，这可能是裂纹成核部位。滑移带一直延伸，直到受到边界撞击，并且由位错堆积在该边界上产生的应力将停止或传递操作滑移，具体取决于其（错误）方向。循环条件下滑移带的形成被称为持久滑移带 (PSB)，其中单调条件下滑移带的形成被称为位错平面阵列（或简称滑带，请参阅没有循环加载时的滑移带部分）。
Slip bands or stretcher-strain marks are localized bands of plastic deformation in metals experiencing stresses. Formation of slip bands indicates a concentrated unidirectional slip on certain planes causing a stress concentration. Typically, slip bands induce surface steps (e.g., roughness due persistent slip bands during fatigue) and a stress concentration which can be a crack nucleation site. Slip bands extend until impinged by a boundary, and the generated stress from dislocations pile-up against that boundary will either stop or transmit the operating slip depending on its (mis)orientation. Formation of slip bands under cyclic conditions is addressed as persistent slip bands (PSBs) where formation under monotonic condition is addressed as dislocation planar arrays (or simply slip-bands, see Slip bands in the absence of cyclic loading section).
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 倾斜转弯（或倾斜转弯）是车辆倾斜或倾斜的转弯或方向改变，通常朝向转弯内侧。对于公路或铁路，这通常是由于路基具有朝向曲线内侧的横向下坡。倾斜角是车辆绕其纵轴相对于水平面倾斜的角度。
A banked turn (or banking turn) is a turn or change of direction in which the vehicle banks or inclines, usually towards the inside of the turn. For a road or railroad this is usually due to the roadbed having a transverse down-slope towards the inside of the curve. The bank angle is the angle at which the vehicle is inclined about its longitudinal axis with respect to the horizontal.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 计算气动声学是气动声学的一个分支，旨在通过数值方法分析湍流产生的噪声。
Computational aeroacoustics is a branch of aeroacoustics that aims to analyze the generation of noise by turbulent flows through numerical methods.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 重力火车是一个仍然处于理论上的运输模式，由行星的一地点，经过地心，到达该行星另一方。 先决条件为隧道已贯穿地核，火车靠地心吸力垂直跌入隧道之中。通过地核之后，火车已加速至极快的速度，后半段的旅程地心吸力会对火车作出反作用，并将之减速。到达行星另一面时，火车刚好停顿。
A gravity train is a theoretical means of transportation for purposes of commuting between two points on the surface of a sphere, by following a straight tunnel connecting the two points through the interior of the sphere. In a large body such as a planet, this train could be left to accelerate using just the force of gravity, since during the first half of the trip (from the point of departure until the middle), the downward pull towards the center of gravity would pull it towards the destination. During the second half of the trip, the acceleration would be in the opposite direction relative to the trajectory, but, ignoring the effects of friction, the momentum acquired during the first half of the trajectory would equal this deceleration, and as a result, the train's speed would reach zero at approximately the moment the train reached its destination.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements.
View content license ↗ 在结构工程中，约翰逊抛物线公式是一个基于经验的方程，用于计算柱的临界屈曲应力。该公式由约翰·巴特勒·约翰逊 (John Butler Johnson) 于 1893 年提出，作为低长细比（回转半径与有效长度之比）条件下欧拉临界载荷公式的替代方案。该方程在材料的屈服应力和临界屈曲应力之间进行插值，该应力由欧拉公式给出，该公式将长细比与柱屈曲所需的应力联系起来。屈曲是指结构失去稳定性的一种失效模式。这是由于结构刚度不足造成的。在细长杆上施加负载可能会在样本因压缩而失效之前导致屈曲失效。
In structural engineering, Johnson's parabolic formula is an empirically based equation for calculating the critical buckling stress of a column. The formula was developed by John Butler Johnson in 1893 as an alternative to Euler's critical load formula under low slenderness ratio (the ratio of radius of gyration to effective length) conditions. The equation interpolates between the yield stress of the material and the critical buckling stress given by Euler's formula relating the slenderness ratio to the stress required to buckle a column. Buckling refers to a mode of failure in which the structure loses stability. It is caused by a lack of structural stiffness. Placing a load on a long slender bar may cause a buckling failure before the specimen can fail by compression.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 在物理学和力学中，质量分布是固体内质量的空间分布。原则上，它也与气体或液体相关，但在地球上它们的质量分布几乎是均匀的。
In physics and mechanics, mass distribution is the spatial distribution of mass within a solid body. In principle, it is relevant also for gases or liquids, but on Earth their mass distribution is almost homogeneous.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 压降会缩写为ΔP，是指流体输送系统中，二点之间总压降的差。流体在管路中流动时，会因为管路阻力产生摩擦力，这就是造成压降的原因。摩擦力会将流体的能量转换为热能。而热能无法再转换为流体的能量，因此依照能量守恒定律，流体的压力会因此而下降。 流体阻力主要是受流体在管路中的速度以及流体黏度所影响。压降和管路中的摩擦剪力成正比。若管路的表面粗糙度高，或是有许多管道配件、接头、管道会聚、发散或是转弯等都会影响压降。高流速或是高黏度所造成的压降会较大。低流速的压降较小，甚至没有压降。有时流体中不只一个相，像是用气压输送来输送固体。此时也需要考虑输送固体产生的摩擦力。
Pressure drop (often abbreviated as "dP" or "ΔP") is defined as the difference in total pressure between two points of a fluid carrying network. A pressure drop occurs when frictional forces, caused by the resistance to flow, act on a fluid as it flows through a conduit (such as a channel, pipe, or tube). This friction converts some of the fluid's hydraulic energy to thermal energy (i.e., internal energy). Since the thermal energy cannot be converted back to hydraulic energy, the fluid experiences a drop in pressure, as is required by conservation of energy. The main determinants of resistance to fluid flow are fluid velocity through the pipe and fluid viscosity. Pressure drop increases proportionally to the frictional shear forces within the piping network.
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View content license ↗ 品质因子或Q因子是物理及工程中的无量纲参数，是表示振子阻尼性质的物理量，也可表示振子的共振频率相对于带宽的大小， 高Q因子表示振子能量损失的速率较慢，振动可持续较长的时间，例如一个单摆在空气中运动，其Q因子较高，而在油中运动的单摆Q因子较低。高Q因子的振子一般其阻尼也较小。
In physics and engineering, the quality factor or Q factor is a dimensionless parameter that describes how underdamped an oscillator or resonator is. Resonators with high quality factors have low damping, so that they ring or vibrate longer. For example, a pendulum suspended from a precision bearing, oscillating in air, has a high Q, while a pendulum immersed in oil has a low Q. There are two definitions of Q that give numerically similar, but not identical, results. The more general definition is the ratio of the initial energy stored in the resonator to the energy lost in one radian of the cycle of oscillation. An alternative definition of Q factor, more applicable to high Q oscillators, is the ratio of a resonator's centre frequency to its bandwidth when subject to an oscillating driving force.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements.
View content license ↗ 兰贝格-奥斯古德方程是固体力学中描述材料在其屈服点附近的应力-应变关系（应力-应变曲线）的一个理论模型，其形式为： ϵ = σ E + K ( σ E ) n {\displaystyle \epsilon ={\frac {\sigma }{E}}+K({\frac {\sigma }{E}})^{n}} , 其中 ϵ {\displaystyle \epsilon } 表示总应变，即包含弹性和塑性应变. σ {\displaystyle \sigma } 表示总应力. E {\displaystyle E} 为材料的杨氏模量 K {\displaystyle K} 和 n {\displaystyle n} 是与材料类型相关的常数。
The Ramberg–Osgood equation was created to describe the nonlinear relationship between stress and strain—that is, the stress–strain curve—in materials near their yield points. It is especially applicable to metals that harden with plastic deformation (see work hardening), showing a smooth elastic-plastic transition. As it is a phenomenological model, checking the fit of the model with actual experimental data for the particular material of interest is essential.
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View content license ↗ 橡胶弹性是指固体橡胶从其原始长度拉伸至原来长度的 10 倍，并在释放后恢复到接近其原始长度的能力。这个过程可以重复多次，橡胶不会出现明显的降解。与所有材料一样，橡胶由分子组成。橡胶的弹性是由其分子结构引起的分子过程产生的。橡胶的分子是聚合物，或大的链状分子。聚合物是通过称为聚合的过程生产的。该过程通过化学反应将短分子主链单元依次添加到链上来构建聚合物。橡胶聚合物在三个维度上遵循随机蜿蜒路径，与许多其他橡胶聚合物混合。
Rubber elasticity is the ability of solid rubber to be stretched up to a factor of 10 from its original length, and return to close to its original length upon release. This process can be repeated many times with no apparent degradation to the rubber. Rubber, like all materials, consists of molecules. Rubber's elasticity is produced by molecular processes that occur due to its molecular structure. Rubber's molecules are polymers, or large, chain-like molecules. Polymers are produced by a process called polymerization. This process builds polymers up by sequentially adding short molecular backbone units to the chain through chemical reactions. A rubber polymer follows a random winding path in three dimensions, intermingling with many other rubber polymers.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 柱子可能会由于自身重量而弯曲，而没有其他直接力作用在其上，这种失效模式称为自屈曲。在传统的柱屈曲问题中，自重通常被忽略，因为与施加的轴向载荷相比，自重被认为很小。然而，当柱的重量与其屈曲强度相比相当大时，考虑自屈曲就很重要。 Greenhill 于 1881 年首次研究了“重”柱的弹性屈曲，即柱在自重作用下的屈曲。
A column can buckle due to its own weight with no other direct forces acting on it, in a failure mode called self-buckling. In conventional column buckling problems, the self-weight is often neglected since it is assumed to be small when compared to the applied axial loads. However, when the weight of the column is significant compared to its buckling strength, it is important to take self-buckling into account. Elastic buckling of a "heavy" column i.e., column buckling under its own weight, was first investigated by Greenhill in 1881.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 活力（拉丁语：Vis viva，意为“生命力”）是动能的历史名词，出现于早期描述能量守恒原理的公式。活力也是已知第一个被用来描述“动能”这个概念的名词。
Vis viva (from the Latin for "living force") is a historical term used to describe a quantity similar to kinetic energy in an early formulation of the principle of conservation of energy.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements.
View content license ↗ 脆性（英语：brittleness），是指物质受力时未有明显塑性变形就断裂的性质。脆性是和延展性相反的概念。脆性物质即使强度很高，发生脆性断裂前，也只能吸收较少能量。常见的脆性物质有陶瓷和玻璃等。脆性物质失效的主要机理为脆性断裂，是构件未经明显的变形而发生的断裂。
A material is brittle if, when subjected to stress, it fractures with little elastic deformation and without significant plastic deformation. Brittle materials absorb relatively little energy prior to fracture, even those of high strength. Breaking is often accompanied by a sharp snapping sound. When used in materials science, it is generally applied to materials that fail when there is little or no plastic deformation before failure. One proof is to match the broken halves, which should fit exactly since no plastic deformation has occurred.
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View content license ↗ 在热流体动力学中，热流体中的整体温度或平均整体温度是评估与对流传热相关的特性的方便参考点，特别是在与管道和管道中的流动相关的应用中。整体温度的概念是，来自管道给定横截面的流体的绝热混合将产生一些平衡温度，该平衡温度准确地反映了移动流体的平均温度，比薄膜温度等简单平均值更准确。
In thermofluids dynamics, the bulk temperature, or the average bulk temperature in the thermal fluid, is a convenient reference point for evaluating properties related to convective heat transfer, particularly in applications related to flow in pipes and ducts. The concept of the bulk temperature is that adiabatic mixing of the fluid from a given cross section of the duct will result in some equilibrium temperature that accurately reflects the average temperature of the moving fluid, more so than a simple average like the film temperature.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 胀流性（Dilatant），又称为剪切增稠（英语：shear thickening），是指剪切速率或者剪应力增加到某一个数值时，液体中形成了新的结构，引起了阻力的增加，导致液体的表观粘度增大，同时伴随着体积的胀大的现象。 胀流性流体是非牛顿流体中的一种，与之相反的是剪切稀化流体。 具有胀流性的流体称为胀流性流体（dilatant fluid），大多数固体含量多的流体都是属于这一类的。这类流体在静止时，流体中的固体粒子处在堆砌得很紧密的状态，粒子间空隙很小并充满液体。当作用在悬浮液上的剪应力很大或者剪切速率很快的时候，粒子的移动速度较快，粒子间的空隙增大，悬浮体系的总体积增大，粒子间移动时的润滑作用减小，阻力增大，引起了流体表观粘度增大，从而致使在流动过程中能耗增大，增加剪切力并不能成比例的增大剪切速率。这种性质正好与剪切稀化流体的流动性质相反。 常见的胀流性流体有陶瓷泥浆，糖果配料，玉米淀粉以及沙水混合物等含高度抗絮凝固体的流体。
A dilatant (, ) (also termed shear thickening) material is one in which viscosity increases with the rate of shear strain. Such a shear thickening fluid, also known by the initialism STF, is an example of a non-Newtonian fluid. This behaviour is usually not observed in pure materials, but can occur in suspensions. A dilatant is a non-Newtonian fluid where the shear viscosity increases with applied shear stress. This behavior is only one type of deviation from Newton's law of viscosity, and it is controlled by such factors as particle size, shape, and distribution. The properties of these suspensions depend on Hamaker theory and Van der Waals forces and can be stabilized electrostatically or sterically. Shear thickening behavior occurs when a colloidal suspension transitions from a stable state to a state of flocculation.
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View content license ↗ 流体膜，例如肥皂膜，在日常经验中很常见。将闭合轮廓线浸入肥皂溶液中可以形成肥皂膜，如右图所示。或者，可以通过将两个环浸入肥皂溶液中并随后将它们分离同时保持同轴构型来形成悬链体。静止的流体膜形成最小表面积的表面，导致高原问题。另一方面，流体膜表现出丰富的动态特性。它们可以经历远离平衡配置的巨大变形。此外，它们的厚度存在几个数量级的变化，从纳米到毫米。因此，流体膜可以同时显示纳米尺度和宏观尺度的现象。
Fluid films, such as soap films, are commonly encountered in everyday experience. A soap film can be formed by dipping a closed contour wire into a soapy solution as in the figure on the right. Alternatively, a catenoid can be formed by dipping two rings in the soapy solution and subsequently separating them while maintaining the coaxial configuration. Stationary fluid films form surfaces of minimal surface area, leading to the Plateau problem. On the other hand, fluid films display rich dynamic properties. They can undergo enormous deformations away from the equilibrium configuration. Furthermore, they display several orders of magnitude variations in thickness from nanometers to millimeters. Thus, a fluid film can simultaneously display nanoscale and macroscale phenomena.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 弹性张量是描述线弹性材料中的应力-应变关系的四阶张量。其他名称还有弹性模量张量和刚度张量。常见的符号包括 C {\displaystyle \mathbf {C} } 和 Y {\displaystyle \mathbf {Y} } 。
The elasticity tensor is a fourth-rank tensor describing the stress-strain relation in a linear elastic material. Other names are elastic modulus tensor and stiffness tensor. Common symbols include C {\displaystyle \mathbf {C} } and Y {\displaystyle \mathbf {Y} } .
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 流体动力学（英语：Fluid dynamics）是流体力学的一门子学科。流体动力学研究的对象是运动中的流体（含液体和气体）的状态与规律。流体动力学底下的子学科包括有空气动力学和液体动力学。 解决一个典型的流体动力学问题，需要计算流体的多项特性，主要包括速度、压力、密度、温度。 流体动力学有很大的应用，比如在预测天气，计算飞机所受的力和力矩，输油管线中石油的流率等方面上。其中的一些原理甚至运用在运输工程，因交通运输本身可被视为一连续流体运动。
In physics, physical chemistry, and engineering, fluid dynamics is a subdiscipline of fluid mechanics that describes the flow of fluids – liquids and gases. It has several subdisciplines, including aerodynamics (the study of air and other gases in motion) and hydrodynamics (the study of water and other liquids in motion). Fluid dynamics has a wide range of applications, including calculating forces and moments on aircraft, determining the mass flow rate of petroleum through pipelines, predicting weather patterns, understanding nebulae in interstellar space, understanding large scale geophysical flows involving oceans/atmosphere and modelling fission weapon detonation. Fluid dynamics offers a systematic structure—which underlies these practical disciplines—that embraces empirical and semi-empirical laws derived from flow measurement and used to solve practical problems.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements.
View content license ↗ 脉冲激励技术 (IET) 是一种无损材料表征技术，用于确定感兴趣材料的弹性特性和内摩擦。它测量共振频率，以计算矩形棒、圆柱棒和盘形样品等预定义形状的杨氏模量、剪切模量、泊松比和内摩擦力。测量可以在室温或高温（高达 1700 °C）的不同气氛下进行。测量原理是用小弹丸敲击样品，并用压电传感器、麦克风、激光振动计或加速度计记录感应振动信号。为了优化结果，可以使用麦克风或激光振动计，因为测试件和传感器之间没有接触。
The impulse excitation technique (IET) is a non-destructive material characterization technique to determine the elastic properties and internal friction of a material of interest. It measures the resonant frequencies in order to calculate the Young's modulus, shear modulus, Poisson's ratio and internal friction of predefined shapes like rectangular bars, cylindrical rods and disc shaped samples. The measurements can be performed at room temperature or at elevated temperatures (up to 1700 °C) under different atmospheres. The measurement principle is based on tapping the sample with a small projectile and recording the induced vibration signal with a piezoelectric sensor, microphone, laser vibrometer or accelerometer. To optimize the results a microphone or a laser vibrometer can be used as there is no contact between the test-piece and the sensor.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 单向波动方程是描述沿矢量波速定义的方向传播的一个波的一阶偏微分方程。它与二阶双向波动方程形成对比，二阶双向波动方程描述了由相反方向的两个波叠加产生的驻波场（使用平方标量波速度）。在一维情况下，它也称为传输方程，它允许计算波传播，而无需求解二阶微分方程的数学复杂性。由于在过去的几十年中没有找到 3D 单向波动方程的通用解，因此许多基于 1D 单向波动方程的近似方法被用于 3D 地震和其他地球物理计算，另请参见第 § 三维情况一节。
A one-way wave equation is a first-order partial differential equation describing one wave traveling in a direction defined by the vector wave velocity. It contrasts with the second-order two-way wave equation describing a standing wavefield resulting from superposition of two waves in opposite directions (using the squared scalar wave velocity). In the one-dimensional case it is also known as a transport equation, and it allows wave propagation to be calculated without the mathematical complication of solving a 2nd order differential equation. Due to the fact that in the last decades no general solution to the 3D one-way wave equation could be found, numerous approximation methods based on the 1D one-way wave equation are used for 3D seismic and other geophysical calculations, see also the section § Three-dimensional case.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 地震超材料是一种旨在抵消地震波对人造结构不利影响的超材料。目前的地震超材料设计使用钻孔、树木或拟议的地下谐振器的配置来充当大型材料。实验观察到人工诱发地震波的反射和带隙衰减。这些是首次验证地震超材料可以在 100 Hz 以下的频率下进行测量的实验，在该频率下，瑞利波对人造结构的损害最为严重。
A seismic metamaterial is a metamaterial that is designed to counteract the adverse effects of seismic waves on artificial structures. Current designs of seismic metamaterials use configurations of boreholes, trees, or proposed underground resonators to act as a large-scale material. Experiments have observed both reflections and bandgap attenuation from artificially induced seismic waves. These are the first experiments to verify that seismic metamaterials can be measured for frequencies below 100 Hz, where damage from Rayleigh waves is the most harmful to artificial structures.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 张量（英语：Tensor）在数学中是一个代数对象，描述了与矢量空间相关的代数对象集之间的多重线性映射。张量可以作为不同的对象之间的映射，例如矢量、标量以及其他张量。张量有很多种类型，包括标量和矢量、对偶矢量、矢量空间之间的多重线性映射，甚至还有一些运算，例如点积。张量的定义独立于任何基，尽管它们通常由与特定坐标系相关的基中的分量来表示；这些分量形成一个数组，可以将其视为高维矩阵。 n {\displaystyle n} 维空间上的 r {\displaystyle r} 阶张量有 n r {\displaystyle n^{r}} 个分量， r {\displaystyle r} 也称为该张量的秩（与矩阵的秩和阶均无关系）。
In mathematics, a tensor is an algebraic object that describes a multilinear relationship between sets of algebraic objects associated with a vector space. Tensors may map between different objects such as vectors, scalars, and even other tensors. There are many types of tensors, including scalars and vectors (which are the simplest tensors), dual vectors, multilinear maps between vector spaces, and even some operations such as the dot product. Tensors are defined independent of any basis, although they are often referred to by their components in a basis related to a particular coordinate system; those components form an array, which can be thought of as a high-dimensional matrix.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements.
View content license ↗ 潮汐理论是应用连续介质力学来解释和预测行星体和卫星体及其大气和海洋（特别是地球的海洋）在另一个天体或天体（特别是月球和太阳）的引力载荷下的潮汐变形。
The theory of tides is the application of continuum mechanics to interpret and predict the tidal deformations of planetary and satellite bodies and their atmospheres and oceans (especially Earth's oceans) under the gravitational loading of another astronomical body or bodies (especially the Moon and Sun).
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 横向各向同性（也称为极性各向异性）材料是一种物理特性关于垂直于各向同性平面的轴对称的材料。该横向平面具有无限个对称平面，因此，在该平面内，材料属性在所有方向上都相同。在地球物理学中，垂直横向各向同性（VTI）也称为径向各向异性。这种类型的材料表现出六角对称性（尽管从技术上讲，这对于 6 阶及更高阶的张量不再成立），因此（四阶）弹性张量中的独立常数的数量减少到 5 个（在完全各向异性固体的情况下，总共有 21 个独立常数）。电阻率、磁导率等（二阶）张量有两个独立的常数。
A transversely isotropic (also known as polar anisotropic) material is one with physical properties that are symmetric about an axis that is normal to a plane of isotropy. This transverse plane has infinite planes of symmetry and thus, within this plane, the material properties are the same in all directions. In geophysics, vertically transverse isotropy (VTI) is also known as radial anisotropy. This type of material exhibits hexagonal symmetry (though technically this ceases to be true for tensors of rank 6 and higher), so the number of independent constants in the (fourth-rank) elasticity tensor are reduced to 5 (from a total of 21 independent constants in the case of a fully anisotropic solid). The (second-rank) tensors of electrical resistivity, permeability, etc. have two independent constants.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 在流体力学中，表观粘度（有时表示为 η）是施加到流体的剪切应力除以剪切速率： η = τ γ ˙ {\displaystyle \eta ={\frac {\tau }{\dot {\gamma }}}} 对于牛顿流体，表观粘度是常数，等于流体的牛顿粘度，但对于非牛顿流体，表观粘度取决于剪切速率。表观粘度采用 SI 导出单位 Pa·s（帕斯卡秒），但实际中经常使用厘泊：(1 mPa·s = 1 cP)。
In fluid mechanics, apparent viscosity (sometimes denoted η) is the shear stress applied to a fluid divided by the shear rate: η = τ γ ˙ {\displaystyle \eta ={\frac {\tau }{\dot {\gamma }}}} For a Newtonian fluid, the apparent viscosity is constant, and equal to the Newtonian viscosity of the fluid, but for non-Newtonian fluids, the apparent viscosity depends on the shear rate. Apparent viscosity has the SI derived unit Pa·s (Pascal-second), but the centipoise is frequently used in practice: (1 mPa·s = 1 cP).
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 导体舞动是指架空电力线路因风而产生的高振幅、低频振荡。尽管水平或旋转运动也是可能的，但线的运动最常发生在垂直平面中。自然频率模式往往在 1 Hz 左右，导致通常优雅的周期性运动也被称为指挥舞蹈。振荡的幅度可能超过一米，并且位移有时足以使相导体侵犯操作间隙（距离其他物体太近），并导致闪络。这种强力运动还显着增加了绝缘子和输电塔的负载应力，从而增加了两者机械故障的风险。
Conductor gallop is the high-amplitude, low-frequency oscillation of overhead power lines due to wind. The movement of the wires occurs most commonly in the vertical plane, although horizontal or rotational motion is also possible. The natural frequency mode tends to be around 1 Hz, leading the often graceful periodic motion to also be known as conductor dancing. The oscillations can exhibit amplitudes in excess of a metre, and the displacement is sometimes sufficient for the phase conductors to infringe operating clearances (coming too close to other objects), and causing flashover. The forceful motion also adds significantly to the loading stress on insulators and electricity pylons, raising the risk of mechanical failure of either.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 地面振震是高速铁路列车以高于支撑地面瑞利面波速度行驶时产生的地面振动大幅增加的现象。
Ground vibration boom is a phenomenon of very large increase in ground vibrations generated by high-speed railway trains travelling at speeds higher than the velocity of Rayleigh surface waves in the supporting ground.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 地面振动是一个技术术语，主要用于描述地面的人为振动，与地震学研究的地球自然振动相反。例如，爆炸、建筑工程、铁路和公路运输等引起的振动——都属于地面振动。
Ground vibrations is a technical term that is being used to describe mostly man-made vibrations of the ground, in contrast to natural vibrations of the Earth studied by seismology. For example, vibrations caused by explosions, construction works, railway and road transport, etc. - all belong to ground vibrations.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ Bigoni-Piccolroaz 屈服准则是一种基于现象学方法的屈服模型，能够描述多种压敏颗粒材料（例如土壤、混凝土、多孔金属和陶瓷）的机械行为。
The Bigoni–Piccolroaz yield criterion is a yielding model, based on a phenomenological approach, capable of describing the mechanical behavior of a broad class of pressure-sensitive granular materials such as soil, concrete, porous metals and ceramics.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 空气静力学是流体静力学的一个子领域，它研究相对于所考虑的坐标系而言不运动的气体。对运动中气体的相应研究称为空气动力学。空气静力学研究密度分配，特别是在空气中。其应用之一是气压公式。浮空器是一种比航空器更轻的飞行器，例如飞艇或气球，它利用空气静力学原理来漂浮。
A subfield of fluid statics, aerostatics is the study of gases that are not in motion with respect to the coordinate system in which they are considered. The corresponding study of gases in motion is called aerodynamics. Aerostatics studies density allocation, especially in air. One of the applications of this is the barometric formula. An aerostat is a lighter than air craft, such as an airship or balloon, which uses the principles of aerostatics to float.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
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