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Mechanical Engineering漸伸線渐开线（也称为渐开线）是一种依赖于另一种形状或曲线的特殊类型曲线。曲线渐开线的一个示例是，当一根拉紧的绳子从曲线上展开或缠绕在曲线上时，该绳子上的点的轨迹。渐开线的渐开线是原始曲线。它由轮盘赌曲线族概括。也就是说，曲线的渐开线是由直线生成的曲线的轮盘。
An involute (also known as an evolvent) is a particular type of curve that is dependent on another shape or curve. An example of the involute of a curve is the locus of a point on a piece of taut string as the string is either unwrapped from or wrapped around the curve. The evolute of an involute is the original curve. It is generalized by the roulette family of curves. That is, the involutes of a curve are the roulettes of the curve generated by a straight line.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 齿轮系或齿轮组是通过将两个或多个齿轮安装在框架上使得齿轮的齿啮合而形成的机械系统的机器元件。齿轮齿的设计可确保啮合齿轮的节圆相互滚动而不会打滑，从而实现从一个齿轮到下一个齿轮的平稳传动。齿轮和齿轮系的特征包括： 配合齿轮的节圆齿轮比定义了齿轮组的速比和机械优势。行星齿轮系在紧凑的封装中提供高齿轮减速。可以为非圆形齿轮设计轮齿，但仍能平稳地传递扭矩。链条和皮带传动的速度比的计算方式与齿轮比相同。请参阅自行车传动装置。
A gear train or gear set is a machine element of a mechanical system formed by mounting two or more gears on a frame such that the teeth of the gears engage. Gear teeth are designed to ensure the pitch circles of engaging gears roll on each other without slipping, providing a smooth transmission of rotation from one gear to the next. Features of gears and gear trains include: The gear ratio of the pitch circles of mating gears defines the speed ratio and the mechanical advantage of the gear set. A planetary gear train provides high gear reduction in a compact package. It is possible to design gear teeth for gears that are non-circular, yet still transmit torque smoothly. The speed ratios of chain and belt drives are computed in the same way as gear ratios. See bicycle gearing.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 蜗杆传动是一种齿轮装置，其中蜗杆（螺旋形式的齿轮）与蜗轮（外观类似于正齿轮）啮合。其主要用途是平移两个垂直轴的运动或将圆周运动转换为直线运动（例如：带式喉箍）。这两个元件也称为蜗杆和蜗轮。由于不精确地使用术语“蜗轮”来指代蜗杆、蜗轮或蜗杆传动装置，因此术语经常会被混淆。蜗杆传动装置或“无尽的螺杆”是由塔伦图姆的阿基塔斯、佩尔加的阿波罗尼乌斯或阿基米德发明的，最后一位是最有可能的作者。后来，十三或十四世纪德里苏丹国时期，蜗杆传动出现在印度次大陆，用于轧棉机。
A worm drive is a gear arrangement in which a worm (which is a gear in the form of a screw) meshes with a worm wheel (which is similar in appearance to a spur gear). Its main purpose is to translate the motion of two perpendicular axes or to translate circular motion to linear motion (example: band type hose clamp).The two elements are also called the worm screw and worm gear. The terminology is often confused by imprecise use of the term worm gear to refer to the worm, the worm wheel, or the worm drive as a unit. The worm drive or "endless screw" was invented by either Archytas of Tarentum, Apollonius of Perga, or Archimedes, the last one being the most probable author. The worm drive later appeared in the Indian subcontinent, for use in roller cotton gins, during the Delhi Sultanate in the thirteenth or fourteenth centuries.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 与齿轮齿相关的压力角（倾斜角）是齿面与齿轮切线之间的角度。更准确地说，它是压力线（垂直于齿面）与节面切线平面之间节点处的角度。压力角给出垂直于齿廓的方向。压力角等于标准节圆处的轮廓角，并且可以称为该点处的“标准”压力角。标准值为 14.5°、20° 和 25°。早期的齿轮通常使用压力角为 14.5° 的齿轮，因为压力角越小，余弦越大，对轴承提供的压力越小；然而，压力角较小的齿较弱，因为它们的根部较小。为了使齿轮正常协同工作，它们的压力角必须匹配。
Pressure angle (angle of obliquity) in relation to gear teeth is the angle between the tooth face and the gear wheel tangent. It is more precisely the angle at a pitch point between the line of pressure (which is normal to the tooth surface) and the plane tangent to the pitch surface. The pressure angle gives the direction normal to the tooth profile. The pressure angle is equal to the profile angle at the standard pitch circle and can be termed the "standard" pressure angle at that point. Standard values are 14.5°, 20°, and 25°. Earlier gears with a 14.5° pressure angle were commonly used because the cosine is larger for a smaller angle, providing less pressure on the bearing; however, teeth with smaller pressure angles are weaker as they have smaller roots. For gears to work together properly, their pressure angles must be matched.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 滚动接触疲劳（RCF）是发生在与滚动/滑动接触相关的机械部件（例如铁路、齿轮和轴承）中的一种现象。这是由于滚动/滑动接触而产生疲劳过程的结果。 RCF 过程从材料的循环加载开始，这会导致疲劳损伤，这种损伤可以在裂纹状缺陷（如白色蚀刻裂纹）中观察到。这些缺陷在进一步载荷下可能会发展成更大的裂纹，可能导致断裂。例如，在铁路中，当火车车轮在铁轨上滚动时，会产生一个小接触面，导致铁轨和车轮之间产生非常高的接触压力。随着时间的推移，具有高接触压力的轮子反复通过会导致形成裂纹状缺陷，进而变成小裂纹。
Rolling contact fatigue (RCF) is a phenomenon that occurs in mechanical components relating to rolling/sliding contact, such as railways, gears, and bearings. It is the result of the process of fatigue due to rolling/sliding contact. The RCF process begins with cyclic loading of the material, which results in fatigue damage that can be observed in crack-like flaws, like white etching cracks. These flaws can grow into larger cracks under further loading, potentially leading to fractures. In railways, for example, when the train wheel rolls on the rail, creating a small contact patch that leads to very high contact pressure between the rail and wheel. Over time, the repeated passing of wheels with high contact pressures can cause the formation of crack-like flaws that becomes small cracks.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 离合器是一种允许输出轴与旋转输入轴分离的机械装置。离合器的输入轴通常连接到电机，而离合器的输出轴则连接到做功的机构。在机动车辆中，离合器充当发动机和变速器之间的机械连接装置。通过分离离合器，发动机转速 (RPM) 不再由驱动轮的速度决定。离合器使用的另一个例子是电钻。离合器的输入轴由电机驱动，输出轴连接到钻头（通过几个中间部件）。离合器允许钻头以与电机相同的速度旋转（离合器接合）、以低于电机的速度旋转（离合器打滑）或在电机旋转时保持静止（离合器分离）。
A clutch is a mechanical device that allows an output shaft to be disconnected from a rotating input shaft. The clutch's input shaft is typically attached to a motor, while the clutch's output shaft is connected to the mechanism that does the work. In a motor vehicle, the clutch acts as a mechanical linkage between the engine and transmission. By disengaging the clutch, the engine speed (RPM) is no longer determined by the speed of the driven wheels. Another example of clutch usage is in electric drills. The clutch's input shaft is driven by a motor and the output shaft is connected to the drill bit (via several intermediate components). The clutch allows the drill bit to either spin at the same speed as the motor (clutch engaged), spin at a lower speed than the motor (clutch slipping) or remain stationary while the motor is spinning (clutch disengaged).
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 几何尺寸和公差 (GD&T) 是一种通过工程图纸和计算机生成的 3D 模型上的符号语言来定义和传达工程公差的系统，这些模型描述了物理对象的标称几何形状及其允许的变化。 GD&T 用于定义零件和组件的标称（理论上完美）几何形状、各个特征的尺寸、形式、方向和位置的允许变化，以及特征之间如何变化以使组件满足其预期用途。尺寸规范定义了标称、建模或预期的几何形状，而公差规范定义了零件或组件的各个特征的允许物理变化。全球有多种标准描述符号并定义 GD&T 中使用的规则。
Geometric dimensioning and tolerancing (GD&T) is a system for defining and communicating engineering tolerances via a symbolic language on engineering drawings and computer-generated 3D models that describes a physical object's nominal geometry and the permissible variation thereof. GD&T is used to define the nominal (theoretically perfect) geometry of parts and assemblies, the allowable variation in size, form, orientation, and location of individual features, and how features may vary in relation to one another such that a component is considered satisfactory for its intended use. Dimensional specifications define the nominal, as-modeled or as-intended geometry, while tolerance specifications define the allowable physical variation of individual features of a part or assembly. There are several standards available worldwide that describe the symbols and define the rules used in GD&T.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 计算机数控（CNC）或数控加工是通过计算机对机床进行自动化控制。它是数控 (NC) 的演变，其中机床由穿孔卡或穿孔带等数据存储介质直接管理。由于 CNC 可以更轻松地编程、修改和实时调整，因此随着计算成本的下降，它已逐渐取代 NC。数控机床是一种电动机动工具，通常也是一个机动机动平台，两者都由计算机根据特定的输入指令进行控制。指令以G代码和M代码等机器控制指令的顺序程序的形式传递到CNC机器，然后执行。该程序可以由人编写，或者更常见的是由图形计算机辅助设计 (CAD) 或计算机辅助制造 (CAM) 软件生成。
Computer numerical control (CNC) or CNC machining is the automated control of machine tools by a computer. It is an evolution of numerical control (NC), where machine tools are directly managed by data storage media such as punched cards or punched tape. Because CNC allows for easier programming, modification, and real-time adjustments, it has gradually replaced NC as computing costs declined. A CNC machine is a motorized maneuverable tool and often a motorized maneuverable platform, which are both controlled by a computer, according to specific input instructions. Instructions are delivered to a CNC machine in the form of a sequential program of machine control instructions such as G-code and M-code, and then executed. The program can be written by a person or, far more often, generated by graphical computer-aided design (CAD) or computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) software.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 表面粗糙度或简称粗糙度是表面不光滑的质量，因此它与人类对表面纹理的（触觉）感知有关。从数学角度来看，它与表面的空间变异结构有关，本质上它是一种多尺度属性。根据所考虑的学科，它有不同的解释和定义。在表面计量中，表面粗糙度是表面光洁度（表面纹理）的一个组成部分。它通过真实表面法向量方向与其理想形式的偏差来量化。如果这些偏差较大，则表面粗糙；如果偏差较大，则表面粗糙。如果它们很小，则表面很光滑。粗糙度通常被假定为被测表面的高频、短波长分量。
Surface roughness or simply roughness is the quality of a surface of not being smooth and it is hence linked to human (haptic) perception of the surface texture. From a mathematical perspective it is related to the spatial variability structure of surfaces, and inherently it is a multiscale property. It has different interpretations and definitions depending on the disciplines considered. In surface metrology, surface roughness is a component of surface finish (surface texture). It is quantified by the deviations in the direction of the normal vector of a real surface from its ideal form. If these deviations are large, the surface is rough; if they are small, the surface is smooth. Roughness is typically assumed to be the high-frequency, short-wavelength component of a measured surface.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 血液流变学，也拼写为 haemorheology（haemo 源自希腊语“αἷμα”，haima“血液”；流变学源自希腊语 ῥέω rhéō，“流动”和 -λoγία，-logia“研究”）或血液流变学，是对血液及其血浆和细胞成分的流动特性的研究。只有当血液的流变特性在一定水平内时，才能发生适当的组织灌注。这些特性的改变在疾病过程中发挥着重要作用。血液粘度由血浆粘度、血细胞比容（红细胞的体积分数，构成细胞成分的 99.9%）和红细胞的机械特性决定。红细胞具有独特的机械行为，可以在红细胞变形性和红细胞聚集术语下进行讨论。因此，血液表现为非牛顿流体。因此，血液的粘度随剪切速率而变化。
Hemorheology, also spelled haemorheology (haemo from Greek 'αἷμα, haima 'blood'; and rheology, from Greek ῥέω rhéō, 'flow' and -λoγία, -logia 'study of'), or blood rheology, is the study of flow properties of blood and its elements of plasma and cells. Proper tissue perfusion can occur only when blood's rheological properties are within certain levels. Alterations of these properties play significant roles in disease processes. Blood viscosity is determined by plasma viscosity, hematocrit (volume fraction of red blood cell, which constitute 99.9% of the cellular elements) and mechanical properties of red blood cells. Red blood cells have unique mechanical behavior, which can be discussed under the terms erythrocyte deformability and erythrocyte aggregation. Because of that, blood behaves as a non-Newtonian fluid. As such, the viscosity of blood varies with shear rate.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 衬套或橡胶衬套是一种隔振器。它提供了两个部件之间的接口，阻尼通过套管传输的能量。常见的应用是车辆悬架系统，其中由橡胶（或更常见的是合成橡胶或聚氨酯）制成的衬套将两个金属物体的表面分开，同时允许一定量的移动。这种运动允许悬架部件自由移动，例如，当行驶在大的颠簸处时，同时最大限度地减少噪音和小振动传递到车辆底盘的情况。橡胶衬套也可被描述为柔性安装件或抗振安装件。这些衬套通常采用金属外壳或外管内柔性材料制成的环形圆柱体的形式。
A bushing or rubber bushing is a type of vibration isolator. It provides an interface between two parts, damping the energy transmitted through the bushing. A common application is in vehicle suspension systems, where a bushing made of rubber (or, more often, synthetic rubber or polyurethane) separates the faces of two metal objects while allowing a certain amount of movement. This movement allows the suspension parts to move freely, for example, when traveling over a large bump, while minimizing transmission of noise and small vibrations through to the chassis of the vehicle. A rubber bushing may also be described as a flexible mounting or antivibration mounting. These bushings often take the form of an annular cylinder of flexible material inside a metallic casing or outer tube.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 螺栓接头是结构和机器设计中最常见的元素之一。它由一个外螺纹紧固件（例如螺栓）组成，用于捕获并连接其他部件，并用匹配的内螺纹固定。螺栓接头设计主要有两种类型：拉力接头和剪切接头。螺纹接头中部件的选择是一个复杂的过程。仔细考虑了许多因素，例如温度、腐蚀、振动、疲劳和初始预紧力。
A bolted joint is one of the most common elements in construction and machine design. It consists of a male threaded fastener (e. g., a bolt) that captures and joins other parts, secured with a matching female screw thread. There are two main types of bolted joint designs: tension joints and shear joints. The selection of the components in a threaded joint is a complex process. Careful consideration is given to many factors such as temperature, corrosion, vibration, fatigue, and initial preload.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 键合图是能量流经物理动力系统以及物理动力系统之间的图形表示，包括电气、机械、液压、热和化学领域的系统。它用于建模和分析与工程和系统生物学相关的系统。由于能量的概念对于所有物理领域都是通用的，因此键图提供了所有这些能量领域的统一描述，并且可以被认为是对 19 世纪科学家詹姆斯·克拉克-麦克斯韦和开尔文勋爵引入的物理类比的系统使用。机械-电气类比是物理类比的一个例子。
A bond graph is a graphical representation of the energy flows through, and between physical dynamical systems including those in the electrical, mechanical, hydraulic, thermal and chemical domains. It is used to model and analyse systems relevant to engineering and to systems biology. Because the concept of energy is common to all physical domains, the bond graph provides a unified description of all of these energy domains and can be thought of as a systematic use of the physical analogies introduced by the 19th century scientists James Clerk-Maxwell and Lord Kelvin. The mechanical–electrical analogy is one example of a physical analogy.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 大轮或大轮是绳索在其上转动的大轮，例如在缆车或其他索道中。在本应用中，连接到原动机的大轮称为驱动大轮，另一个称为返回大轮。其中一个大轮通常连接到缆索张紧系统，该系统通常是液压或固定配重。一些索道可能使用双槽大轮，其中以相同速度行进的两根缆绳，或同一根缆绳两次，环绕大轮。大轮开始与收割机一起用于农具。该术语描述了行走轮、牵引轮、驱动轮或收割机轮。大轮为这些农业机械的所有移动部件提供动力，包括往复式刀具、卷轴、耙子和自捆扎机。
A bullwheel or bull wheel is a large wheel on which a rope turns, such as in a chairlift or other ropeway. In this application, the bullwheel that is attached to the prime mover is called the drive bullwheel, and the other is the return bullwheel. One of the bullwheels is usually attached to a cable tensioning system, which is usually either hydraulic or fixed counterweights. A double-grooved bullwheel may be used by some ropeways, whereby two cables travelling at the same speed, or the same cable twice, loop around the bullwheel. The bullwheel began use in farm implements with the reaper. The term described the traveling wheel, traction wheel, drive wheel, or harvester wheel. The bullwheel powered all the moving parts of these farm machines including the reciprocating knives, reel, rake, and self binder.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 螺栓圆直径或节圆直径（PCD），有时简称为螺栓圆或节圆，是一个常用术语，表示多个螺栓螺孔以其中心沿给定直径的假想圆均匀分布。一个使用示例是汽车轮辋的安装，其中螺栓圆是确定一组轮辋是否适合汽车的几个因素之一。例如，螺栓圆为5×130或5-130表示轮辋将通过沿直径130毫米的圆均匀分布的5个螺钉连接到汽车上。螺栓圆的其他常见用途是用于指示模拟赛车和现实世界汽车方向盘的安装，或者在工业中用于安装伺服电机或用于指定法兰的螺栓图案。自行车曲柄组链环的连接也由螺栓圈指定。
A bolt circle diameter or pitch circle diameter (PCD), sometimes simply called bolt circle or pitch circle, is a common term for when a number of screw holes for bolts are evenly distributed with their centers along an imaginary circle with a given diameter. An example of use is mounting of car rims, where the bolt circle is one of several factors that determine whether a set of rims will fit a car. For example, a bolt circle of 5×130 or 5-130 indicates that a rim is to be attached to the car via 5 screws evenly spaced along a circle with a diameter of 130 millimeters. Other common uses for bolt circles are for indicating mounting for sim racing and real-world car steering wheels, or in the industry for mounting of servomotors or for specifying the bolt pattern of a flange. Attachment of chain rings for bicycle cranksets are also specified by a bolt circle.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 抛光是表面由于与另一个物体滑动接触而产生的塑性变形。它可以使表面光滑并使其更加闪亮。如果接触应力局部超过材料的屈服强度，则任何滑动表面都可能发生抛光。这种现象既可能作为故障模式无意发生，也可能作为金属加工或制造过程的一部分有意发生。它是冷加工下的挤压操作。
Burnishing is the plastic deformation of a surface due to sliding contact with another object. It smooths the surface and makes it shinier. Burnishing may occur on any sliding surface if the contact stress locally exceeds the yield strength of the material. The phenomenon can occur both unintentionally as a failure mode, and intentionally as part of a metalworking or manufacturing process. It is a squeezing operation under cold working.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 凸轮从动件，也称为轨道从动件，是一种特殊类型的滚子或滚针轴承，设计用于遵循凸轮凸角轮廓。凸轮从动件有多种不同的配置，但最具决定性的特征是凸轮从动件如何安装到其配合部件上；螺柱式凸轮从动件使用螺柱，而轭式凸轮从动件中间有一个孔。
A cam follower, also known as a track follower, is a specialized type of roller or needle bearing designed to follow cam lobe profiles. Cam followers come in a vast array of different configurations, however the most defining characteristic is how the cam follower mounts to its mating part; stud style cam followers use a stud while the yoke style has a hole through the middle.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 磨合或磨合，也称为磨合或磨合，是通过给新设备一段初始运行时间来对其进行调节的过程，通常在轻负载下，但有时在重负载或正常负载下。这通常是一个移动部件相互磨损的过程，以产生最后一点尺寸和形状调整，使它们在剩余的工作寿命中保持稳定的关系。最常见的磨合示例之一是汽油发动机和柴油发动机的发动机磨合。
Break-in or breaking in, also known as run-in or running in, is the procedure of conditioning a new piece of equipment by giving it an initial period of running, usually under light load, but sometimes under heavy load or normal load. It is generally a process of moving parts wearing against each other to produce the last small bit of size and shape adjustment that will settle them into a stable relationship for the rest of their working life. One of the most common examples of break-in is engine break-in for petrol engines and diesel engines.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 在工程和科学中，不同物理量的量纲分析是对其物理量纲或数量量纲的分析，定义为识别所涉及的基本量（例如长度、质量、时间等）的幂的数学表达式，并在执行计算或比较时跟踪这些量纲。量纲分析和数量量纲的概念是由约瑟夫·傅里叶于1822年提出的。可通约的物理量具有相同的量纲和同类，因此即使它们以不同的测量单位表示，也可以直接相互比较；例如，米和英尺、克和磅、秒和年。
In engineering and science, dimensional analysis of different physical quantities is the analysis of their physical dimension or quantity dimension, defined as a mathematical expression identifying the powers of the base quantities involved (such as length, mass, time, etc.), and tracking these dimensions as calculations or comparisons are performed. The concepts of dimensional analysis and quantity dimension were introduced by Joseph Fourier in 1822. Commensurable physical quantities have the same dimension and are of the same kind, so they can be directly compared to each other, even if they are expressed in differing units of measurement; e.g., metres and feet, grams and pounds, seconds and years.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 占空比或功率周期是信号或系统处于活动状态的一个周期的一部分。占空比通常表示为百分比或比率。周期是信号完成一个开和关周期所需的时间。作为公式，占空比 (%) 可表示为： D = P W T × 100 % {\displaystyle D={\frac {PW}{T}}\times 100\%} 同样，占空比（比率）可表示为： D = P W T {\displaystyle D={\frac {PW}{T}}} 其中 D {\displaystyle D} 为占空比，P W {\displaystyle PW} 为脉冲宽度（脉冲活动时间），T {\displaystyle T} 是信号的总周期。
A duty cycle or power cycle is the fraction of one period in which a signal or system is active. Duty cycle is commonly expressed as a percentage or a ratio. A period is the time it takes for a signal to complete an on-and-off cycle. As a formula, a duty cycle (%) may be expressed as: D = P W T × 100 % {\displaystyle D={\frac {PW}{T}}\times 100\%} Equally, a duty cycle (ratio) may be expressed as: D = P W T {\displaystyle D={\frac {PW}{T}}} where D {\displaystyle D} is the duty cycle, P W {\displaystyle PW} is the pulse width (pulse active time), and T {\displaystyle T} is the total period of the signal.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 测功机或“测功机”是一种同时测量发动机、电机或其他旋转原动机的扭矩和转速 (RPM) 的装置，以便计算其瞬时功率，并且通常由测功机本身显示为 kW 或 bhp。除了用于确定被测机器的扭矩或功率特性之外，测功机还具有许多其他作用。在美国环境保护局定义的标准排放测试循环中，测功机用于提供发动机（使用发动机测功机）或整个动力总成（使用底盘测功机）的模拟道路负载。
A dynamometer or "dyno" is a device for simultaneously measuring the torque and rotational speed (RPM) of an engine, motor or other rotating prime mover so that its instantaneous power may be calculated, and usually displayed by the dynamometer itself as kW or bhp. In addition to being used to determine the torque or power characteristics of a machine under test, dynamometers are employed in a number of other roles. In standard emissions testing cycles such as those defined by the United States Environmental Protection Agency, dynamometers are used to provide simulated road loading of either the engine (using an engine dynamometer) or full powertrain (using a chassis dynamometer).
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 优雅退化是工程中使用的一个术语，用于描述承受持续、重复压力的机器所发生的情况。从外部看，这样的机器对用户来说保持相同的外观，看起来工作正常。随着时间的推移，机器内部会慢慢减弱。无法承受压力，最终崩溃。与优雅降级相比，运行质量根本没有下降，但崩溃可能同样突然。该术语的含义根据上下文和领域而变化，并且可能不严格地被认为是工程专有的。例如，这被用作食品工业中的一种机制，应用于木质素、纤维素、戊聚糖和聚合物等的降解。该概念还用于提取化学物质，例如优雅降解黑翅隐孢子虫以获得佩德林和半缩醛伪掺杂林。
Elegant degradation is a term used in engineering to describe what occurs to machines which are subject to constant, repetitive stress. Externally, such a machine maintains the same appearance to the user, appearing to function properly. Internally, the machine slowly weakens over time. Unable to withstand the stress, it eventually breaks down. Compared to graceful degradation, the operational quality does not decrease at all, but the breakdown may be just as sudden. This term's meaning varies depending on context and field, and may not be strictly considered exclusive to engineering. For instance, this is used as a mechanism in the food industry as applied in the degradation of lignin, cellulose, pentosan, and polymers, among others. The concept is also used to extract chemicals such as the elegant degradation of Paederus fuscipes to obtain pederin and hemiacetal pseuodopederin.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 可制造性设计（DFM），也称为制造设计，是设计产品以降低其制造成本并使其制造更容易的工程实践，并且通常这两个方面是交织在一起的。影响可制造性的常见因素包括原材料类型、原材料形状、尺寸公差以及精加工等二次加工。
Design for manufacturability (DFM), also known as design for manufacturing, is the engineering practice of designing a product to reduce the cost of its manufacture and to make its manufacture easier, and often the two aspects are intertwined. Common factors that affect manufacturability include the type of raw material, the form of the raw material, dimensional tolerances, and secondary processing such as finishing.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 邓克利方法在机械工程中用于确定轴-转子系统的临界速度。其他方法包括瑞利-里兹方法。
Dunkerley's method is used in mechanical engineering to determine the critical speed of a shaft-rotor system. Other methods include the Rayleigh–Ritz method.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 在工程中，凸台是工件上的突出特征。凸台的常见用途是将一个物体定位在另一个物体的口袋或孔内。例如，一些电机在前面使用精确加工的凸台将其定位在配合部件上。就像骨头上的工艺一样，铸件上的凸台可以提供附着点或承载表面。当在工程中使用时，术语“凸台”还可以涉及（通常）圆形开口周围的精加工边缘，其允许开口定位到另一个开口上或另一个开口内，从而将两个物品定位或连接在一起，并考虑到该位置或连接是临时的或半永久的。
In engineering, a boss is a protruding feature on a workpiece. A common use for a boss is to locate one object within a pocket or hole of another object. For instance, some motors use a precisely machined boss on the front face to locate it on the mating part. Like a process on a bone, bosses on castings can provide attachment points or bearing surfaces. The term 'boss' when used in engineering can also relate to a finishing edge around (usually) a circular opening that allows the opening to locate onto, or within another opening thus locating or joining two items together with a view to the location or joining being temporary or semi-permanent.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 在机械工程中，许多术语关联成对，称为对偶。通过在表达式中交换力（应力）和变形（应变）形成对偶关系。以下是机械二元性的部分列表：力 — 变形应力 — 应变刚度法 — 柔度法
In mechanical engineering, many terms are associated into pairs called duals. A dual of a relationship is formed by interchanging force (stress) and deformation (strain) in an expression. Here is a partial list of mechanical dualities: force — deformation stress — strain stiffness method — flexibility method
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 埃德蒙钥匙是奥特曼钥匙的变体。它是一种连接装置，用于固定战术火箭发动机中常见的压力容器的两个相邻圆柱形部分。钥匙由细长的矩形金属棒料（例如钢）制成，并插入到配合部件圆周周围并置的环形凹槽中。 Edmund 钥匙还在钥匙末端提供了一个功能，允许将钥匙从凹槽中拔出以进行拆卸。
The Edmund key is a variant of the Ortman Key. It is a coupling device used to secure two adjacent cylindrical segments of a pressure vessel common in tactical rocket motors. The key is made of elongated rectangular metal bar stock, such as steel, and is inserted into juxtaposed annular grooves around the circumference of the mating parts. An Edmund key also provides a feature at the end of the key to allow the key to be extracted from the groove for disassembly.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 术语 Dexel 有两个常见用途： Dexel（“深度像素”）是一个概念，用于几何建模和物理模拟中使用的表面上定义的函数的离散化表示，有时也称为多级 Z 映射。 Dexel 是网格表面上标量场或矢量场的节点值。当工件表面需要修改时，Dexels 用于模拟制造过程（例如车削、铣削或快速原型制作）。用 dexels 来表达表面演化是很实用的，特别是当表面演化尺度与结构有限元 3D 模型离散步骤非常不同时（例如，在加工中，切削深度变化通常比 FE 模型网格步骤 (1 mm) 小几个数量级 (1–10 μm)）。
The term Dexel has two common uses: Dexel ("depth pixel") is a concept used for a discretized representation of functions defined on surfaces used in geometrical modeling and physical simulation, sometimes also referred to as multilevel Z-map. Dexel is a nodal value of a scalar or vector field on a meshed surface. Dexels are used in simulation of manufacturing processes (such as turning, milling or rapid prototyping), when workpiece surfaces are subject to modifications. It is practical to express the surface evolution by dexels especially when the surface evolution scale is very different from the structural finite element 3D model discretization step (e.g. in machining the depth of cut variation is often several orders of magnitude smaller (1–10 μm) than the FE model mesh step (1 mm)).
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 水力学（源自古希腊语 ὕδωρ (húdōr)“水”和 αὐλός (aulós)“管”）是一门利用工程、化学和其他涉及液体机械特性和使用的科学的技术和应用科学。水力学植根于流体力学，用于通过加压液体控制能量的使用。自古以来它就是人类历史的一部分。水力学主题涵盖科学的某些部分和大多数工程模块。自由表面水力学是处理自由表面流的水力学的一个分支，例如发生在河流、运河、湖泊、河口和海洋中的自由表面流。它的子领域明渠流研究明渠中的流动。
Hydraulics (from Ancient Greek ὕδωρ (húdōr) 'water' and αὐλός (aulós) 'pipe') is a technology and applied science using engineering, chemistry, and other sciences involving the mechanical properties and use of liquids. Rooted in fluid mechanics, hydraulics is used to govern the use of energy via pressurized liquids. It has been part of human history since ancient times. Hydraulic topics range through some parts of science and most engineering modules. Free surface hydraulics is the branch of hydraulics dealing with free surface flow, such as occurring in rivers, canals, lakes, estuaries and seas. Its sub-field, open-channel flow, studies the flow in open channels.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 过盈配合，也称为压配合、力配合或摩擦配合，是两个紧密配合的配合零件之间的一种紧固形式，在将零件推到一起后产生通过摩擦力保持在一起的接头。根据干扰量，可以使用锤子敲击零件来连接零件，或者使用液压机将零件压在一起。加热外部部分或冷却内部部分可用于使内部部分相对于外部部分收缩。该方法允许以较小的力或无需力来连接部件，并在部件恢复到正常温度时产生热压配合干涉。过盈配合通常用于飞机紧固件，以提高接头的疲劳寿命。这些配合虽然适用于轴和孔组件，但更常用于轴承座或轴承轴组件。
An interference fit, also known as a press fit, force fit, or friction fit, is a form of fastening between two tightfitting mating parts that produces a joint which is held together by friction after the parts are pushed together. Depending on the amount of interference, parts may be joined using a tap from a hammer or forced together using a hydraulic press. Heating the outer part, or cooling the inner part may be used to shrink the inner part relative to the outer part. This method allows the components to be joined with less or no force and produces a shrink fit interference when the component returns to normal temperature. Interference fits are commonly used with aircraft fasteners to improve the fatigue life of a joint. These fits, though applicable to shaft and hole assembly, are more often used for bearing-housing or bearing-shaft assembly.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
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