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Biochemistry代谢物组学代谢组学是对涉及代谢物、小分子底物、中间体和细胞代谢产物的化学过程的科学研究。具体来说，代谢组学是“对特定细胞过程留下的独特化学指纹的系统研究”，即对其小分子代谢物谱的研究。代谢组代表生物细胞、组织、器官或生物体中完整的代谢物集，它们是细胞过程的最终产物。信使 RNA (mRNA)、基因表达数据和蛋白质组分析揭示了细胞中产生的一组基因产物，这些数据代表了细胞功能的一个方面。相反，代谢分析可以提供该细胞生理学的即时快照，因此，代谢组学提供了生物体的直接“生理状态的功能读数”。
Metabolomics is the scientific study of chemical processes involving metabolites, the small molecule substrates, intermediates, and products of cell metabolism. Specifically, metabolomics is the "systematic study of the unique chemical fingerprints that specific cellular processes leave behind", the study of their small-molecule metabolite profiles. The metabolome represents the complete set of metabolites in a biological cell, tissue, organ, or organism, which are the end products of cellular processes. Messenger RNA (mRNA), gene expression data, and proteomic analyses reveal the set of gene products being produced in the cell, data that represents one aspect of cellular function. Conversely, metabolic profiling can give an instantaneous snapshot of the physiology of that cell, and thus, metabolomics provides a direct "functional readout of the physiological state" of an organism.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 热合成是安东尼·穆勒提出的一种理论机制，用于生物利用温度梯度中的自由能来驱动高强度的合成代谢反应。它利用这种热梯度或该梯度中的对流耗散结构来驱动执行冷凝反应的微型热机。从而产生负熵。生物热合成机制的组成部分涉及当今 ATP 合酶的祖细胞，其根据化学渗透驱动的结合变化机制发挥作用。类似于基于对粘土等无机材料的温度依赖性吸附而产生原始自由能的物理化学过程，这种简单的能量转换被认为维持了生命的起源，包括 RNA 世界的出现。
Thermosynthesis is a theoretical mechanism proposed by Anthonie Muller for biological use of the free energy in a temperature gradient to drive energetically uphill anabolic reactions. It makes use of this thermal gradient, or the dissipative structure of convection in this gradient, to drive a microscopic heat engine that performs condensation reactions. Thus negative entropy is generated. The components of the biological thermosynthesis machinery concern progenitors of today's ATP synthase, which functions according to the binding change mechanism, driven by chemiosmosis. Resembling primitive free energy generating physico-chemical processes based on temperature-dependent adsorption to inorganic materials such as clay, this simple type of energy conversion is proposed to have sustained the origin of life, including the emergence of the RNA World.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ ThYme（硫酯活性酶）是构成脂肪酸合成和聚酮化合物合成循环的酶的数据库。
ThYme (Thioester-active enzYme) is database of enzymes constituting the fatty acid synthesis and polyketide synthesis cycles.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 三甲胺 N-氧化物还原酶（TOR 或 TMAO 还原酶，EC 1.7.2.3）是一种微生物酶，可以将三甲胺 N-氧化物 (TMAO) 还原为三甲胺 (TMA)，作为电子传递链的一部分。该酶已从大肠杆菌和光合细菌脱氮玫瑰杆菌中纯化出来。三甲胺氧化物在鱼的组织中含量很高，细菌将这种化合物还原成恶臭的三甲胺是鱼腐败的一个主要过程。
Trimethylamine N-oxide reductase (TOR or TMAO reductase, EC 1.7.2.3) is a microbial enzyme that can reduce trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) into trimethylamine (TMA), as part of the electron transport chain. The enzyme has been purified from E. coli and the photosynthetic bacteria Roseobacter denitrificans. Trimethylamine oxide is found at high concentrations in the tissues of fish, and the bacterial reduction of this compound to foul-smelling trimethylamine is a major process in the spoilage of fish.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 磷酸丙糖转位蛋白是叶绿体内膜中发现的一种整合膜蛋白。它输出磷酸丙糖（磷酸二羟基丙酮）以换取无机磷酸盐，因此被归类为反向转运蛋白。然后输入的磷酸盐通过光依赖性反应用于 ATP 再生；然后，ATP 可用于卡尔文循环中的进一步反应。易位蛋白负责输出植物光合作用中产生的所有碳水化合物，因此人们吃的食物中的大部分碳都是由磷酸丙糖易位蛋白运输的。其三维结构于 2017 年被报道，揭示了它如何识别两种不同的底物以催化严格的 1:1 交换。
The triose phosphate translocator is an integral membrane protein found in the inner membrane of chloroplasts. It exports triose phosphate (Dihydroxyacetone phosphate) in exchange for inorganic phosphate and is therefore classified as an antiporter. The imported phosphate is then used for ATP regeneration via the light-dependent-reaction; the ATP may then for example be used for further reactions in the Calvin-cycle. The translocator protein is responsible for exporting all the carbohydrate produced in photosynthesis by plants and therefore most of the carbon in food that one eats has been transported by the triose phosphate translocator. Its three-dimensional structure was reported in 2017, revealing how it recognizes two different substrates to catalyze the strict 1:1 exchange.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 肿瘤代谢的研究，也称为肿瘤代谢组，描述了肿瘤细胞不同特征的代谢变化。肿瘤代谢组的特征是糖酵解酶活性高、丙酮酸激酶同工酶 M2 型表达、葡萄糖碳进入合成过程（例如核酸、氨基酸和磷脂合成）的通道增加、嘧啶和嘌呤从头合成率高、三磷酸腺苷和三磷酸鸟苷与三磷酸胞苷和三磷酸尿苷的比例低、单磷酸腺苷水平低、高谷氨酰胺分解能力、免疫抑制物质的释放和对蛋氨酸的依赖性。
The study of the tumor metabolism, also known as the tumor metabolome, describes the different characteristic metabolic changes in tumor cells. The characteristic attributes of the tumor metabolome are high glycolytic enzyme activities, the expression of the pyruvate kinase isoenzyme type M2, increased channeling of glucose carbons into synthetic processes, such as nucleic acid, amino acid and phospholipid synthesis, a high rate of pyrimidine and purine de novo synthesis, a low ratio of adenosine triphosphate and guanosine triphosphate to cytidine triphosphate and uridine triphosphate, low adenosine monophosphate levels, high glutaminolytic capacities, release of immunosuppressive substances and dependency on methionine.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 泛醇氧化酶 (EC 1.10.3.11) 是细菌电子传递链中的酶，可将泛醇氧化成泛醌并将氧还原成水。这些酶是支链原核电子传递链中许多替代末端氧化酶中的一组。大肠杆菌泛醇氧化酶的整体结构与哺乳动物细胞色素 c 氧化酶相似，只是在膜中添加了极性泛醇结合位点。
Ubiquinol oxidases (EC 1.10.3.11) are enzymes in the bacterial electron transport chain that oxidise ubiquinol into ubiquinone and reduce oxygen to water. These enzymes are one set of the many alternative terminal oxidases in the branched prokaryotic electron transport chain. The overall structure of the E. coli ubiquinol oxidase is similar to that of the mammalian Cytochrome c oxidase, with the addition of a polar ubiquinol-binding site embedded in the membrane.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 尿苷二磷酸 N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖或 UDP-GlcNAc 是一种核苷酸糖和代谢中的辅酶。它被糖基转移酶用来将 N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖残基转移到底物上。 UDP-GlcNAc 用于制造糖胺聚糖、蛋白聚糖和糖脂。 D-氨基葡萄糖以 6-磷酸氨基葡萄糖的形式天然产生，是所有含氮糖的生化前体。具体而言，6-磷酸葡萄糖胺是由6-磷酸果糖和谷氨酰胺合成的，作为己糖胺生物合成途径的第一步。该途径的最终产物是UDP-GlcNAc。原核生物和真核生物中参与 UDP-GlcNAc 生物合成的一些酶有所不同，可作为抗生素开发的潜在药物靶点。
Uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine or UDP-GlcNAc is a nucleotide sugar and a coenzyme in metabolism. It is used by glycosyltransferases to transfer N-acetylglucosamine residues to substrates. UDP-GlcNAc is used for making glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, and glycolipids. D-Glucosamine is made naturally in the form of glucosamine-6-phosphate, and is the biochemical precursor of all nitrogen-containing sugars. To be specific, glucosamine-6-phosphate is synthesized from fructose 6-phosphate and glutamine as the first step of the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway. The end-product of this pathway is UDP-GlcNAc. Some enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of UDP-GlcNAc vary between prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms, serving as potential drug targets for antibiotic development.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ V0-morph 是一种随着生物体生长其表面积保持恒定的生物体。该概念在动态能量预算理论中很重要的原因是，食物（基质）的吸收与表面积成正比，而维持与体积成正比。重要的表面积是参与底物吸收的部分。平坦固体基质上的生物膜是 V0 形态的例子；它们的厚度增加，但参与养分交换的表面积却没有增加。其他例子是甲藻和硅藻，它们的细胞壁在细胞周期中不会改变。在细胞生长过程中，当蛋白质和碳水化合物的量增加时，液泡就会收缩。参与营养吸收的外膜保持不变。在细胞分裂时，子细胞迅速吸收水分，形成新的细胞壁，然后重复这个循环。
A V0-morph is an organism whose surface area remains constant as the organism grows. The reason why the concept is important in the context of the Dynamic Energy Budget theory is that food (substrate) uptake is proportional to surface area, and maintenance to volume. The surface area that is of importance is that part that is involved in substrate uptake. Biofilms on a flat solid substrate are examples of V0-morphs; they grow in thickness, but not in surface area that is involved in nutrient exchange. Other examples are dinophyta and diatoms that have a cell wall that does not change during the cell cycle. During cell-growth, when the amounts of protein and carbohydrates increase, the vacuole shrinks. The outer membrane that is involved in nutrient uptake remains constant. At cell division, the daughter cells rapidly take up water, complete a new cell wall and the cycle repeats.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ V1 变形体是一种在生长过程中形状发生变化的生物体，其表面积与其体积成正比。在大多数情况下，体积和表面积都与长度成正比。该概念在动态能量预算理论中很重要，原因是食物（底物）吸收与表面积成正比，而维持与体积成正比。重要的表面积是参与底物吸收的部分。由于 V1 变形体的吸收与维持成正比，因此没有大小控制，并且生物体在恒定的食物（底物）可用性下呈指数增长。细丝，例如形成长度增长但直径不增长的菌丝的真菌，是 V1 型的例子。另一个例子是延伸但厚度不变的片材，如一些菌落细菌和藻类。
An V1-morph is an organism that changes in shape during growth such that its surface area is proportional to its volume. In most cases both volume and surface area are proportional to length The reason the concept is important in the context of the Dynamic Energy Budget theory is that food (substrate) uptake is proportional to surface area, and maintenance to volume. The surface area that is of importance is that part that is involved in substrate uptake. Since uptake is proportional to maintenance for V1-morphs, there is no size control, and an organism grows exponentially at constant food (substrate) availability. Filaments, such as fungi that form hyphae growing in length, but not in diameter, are examples of V1-morphs. Sheets that extend, but do not change in thickness, like some colonial bacteria and algae, are another example.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 视觉周期是视网膜中补充视网膜分子以供视觉使用的过程。视网膜是大多数视觉视蛋白的发色团，这意味着它捕获光子以开始光转导级联。当光子被吸收时，11-顺式视网膜光异构化成全反式视网膜，并从视蛋白中排出。每个视网膜分子必须从感光细胞到达视网膜色素上皮并返回，以便被刷新并与另一个视蛋白结合。 11-顺式视黄醛的这种封闭酶促途径有时被称为沃尔德视觉循环，以乔治·沃尔德（George Wald，1906-1997）命名，乔治·沃尔德因其发现这一过程而于 1967 年获得诺贝尔奖。
The visual cycle is a process in the retina that replenishes the molecule retinal for its use in vision. Retinal is the chromophore of most visual opsins, meaning it captures the photons to begin the phototransduction cascade. When the photon is absorbed, the 11-cis retinal photoisomerizes into all-trans retinal as it is ejected from the opsin protein. Each molecule of retinal must travel from the photoreceptor cell to the RPE and back in order to be refreshed and combined with another opsin. This closed enzymatic pathway of 11-cis retinal is sometimes called Wald's visual cycle after George Wald (1906–1997), who received the Nobel Prize in 1967 for his work towards its discovery.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ volatilome（有时称为 volatolome 或 volatome）包含源自有机体、超有机体或生态系统的所有挥发性代谢物以及其他挥发性有机和无机化合物。一个生命星球的大气层可以被视为它的挥发物。虽然挥发物组中的所有挥发性代谢物都可以被认为是代谢组的子集，但挥发物组还包含并非源自代谢过程的外源衍生化合物（例如环境污染物），因此挥发物组可以被视为与代谢组不同的实体。挥发物组是包围所有生物体的分子和微生物“光环”（“微生物云”）的组成部分。
The volatilome (sometimes termed volatolome or volatome) contains all of the volatile metabolites as well as other volatile organic and inorganic compounds that originate from an organism, super-organism, or ecosystem. The atmosphere of a living planet could be regarded as its volatilome. While all volatile metabolites in the volatilome can be thought of as a subset of the metabolome, the volatilome also contains exogenously derived compounds that do not derive from metabolic processes (e.g. environmental contaminants), therefore the volatilome can be regarded as a distinct entity from the metabolome. The volatilome is a component of the 'aura' of molecules and microbes (the 'microbial cloud') that surrounds all organisms.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 外源代谢（来自希腊语“xenos”“陌生人”和“biotic”“与生物有关”）是一组改变外源物质化学结构的代谢途径，外源物质是与生物体正常生物化学无关的化合物，例如药物和毒物。这些途径是生物转化的一种形式，存在于所有主要生物体中，并且被认为具有古老的起源。这些反应通常可以解毒有毒化合物。然而，在酒精代谢等情况下，异生物质代谢的中间体本身可能是毒性作用的原因。异生物质代谢分为三个阶段。在第一阶段，细胞色素 P450 氧化酶等酶将反应性或极性基团引入异生素中。然后这些修饰的化合物在第二阶段反应中与极性化合物缀合。
Xenobiotic metabolism (from the Greek xenos "stranger" and biotic "related to living beings") is the set of metabolic pathways that modify the chemical structure of xenobiotics, which are compounds foreign to an organism's normal biochemistry, such as drugs and poisons. These pathways are a form of biotransformation present in all major groups of organisms, and are considered to be of ancient origin. These reactions often act to detoxify poisonous compounds; however, in cases such as in the metabolism of alcohol, the intermediates in xenobiotic metabolism can themselves be the cause of toxic effects. Xenobiotic metabolism is divided into three phases. In phase I, enzymes such as cytochrome P450 oxidases introduce reactive or polar groups into xenobiotics. These modified compounds are then conjugated to polar compounds in phase II reactions.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 1,3-β-葡聚糖合酶是一种葡糖基转移酶，参与真菌中 β-葡聚糖的生成。它是卡泊芬净、阿尼芬净和米卡芬净（被视为 1,3-β-葡聚糖合酶抑制剂）等抗真菌药物的药理学靶点。根据 CAZy 分类系统，真菌和植物成员属于糖基转移酶 48 家族 (GT48)。糖基转移酶 2 家族 (Pfam PF13632) 的一些成员，例如凝胶多糖合酶 CrdS (Q9X2V0)，也具有类似的活性。二糖、寡糖和多糖的生物合成涉及数百种不同的糖基转移酶的作用。这些酶催化糖部分从活化的供体分子转移到特定的受体分子，形成糖苷键。
1,3-Beta-glucan synthase is a glucosyltransferase enzyme involved in the generation of beta-glucan in fungi. It serves as a pharmacological target for antifungal drugs such as caspofungin, anidulafungin, and micafungin, deemed 1,3-Beta-glucan synthase inhibitors. Under the CAZy classification system, fungi and plant members fall in the glycosyltransferase 48 family (GT48). Some members of the glycosyltransferase 2 family (Pfam PF13632), such as the curdlan synthase CrdS (Q9X2V0), also has a similar activity. The biosynthesis of disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides involves the action of hundreds of different glycosyltransferases. These enzymes catalyse the transfer of sugar moieties from activated donor molecules to specific acceptor molecules, forming glycosidic bonds.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 3,4-二羟基-2-丁酮 4-磷酸合酶（DHBP 合酶）(RibB) EC 4.1.99.12 催化 D-核酮糖 5-磷酸转化为甲酸和 3,4-二羟基-2-丁酮 4-磷酸，后者作为核黄素二甲苯环的生物合成前体。在 leiognathi 发光杆菌中，核黄素合成基因 ribB（DHBP 合酶）、ribE（核黄素合酶）、ribH（2，4-二氧四氢蝶啶合酶）和 ribA（GTP 环化水解酶 II）均位于 lux 操纵子中。 RibB 有时被发现与 GTP 环水解酶 II 一起作为双功能酶，催化核黄素生物合成的第一个关键步骤。在后生动物中没有发现与 DHBP 合酶具有显着同源性的序列。
The enzyme 3,4-dihydroxy-2-butanone 4-phosphate synthase (DHBP synthase) (RibB) EC 4.1.99.12 catalyses the conversion of D-ribulose 5-phosphate to formate and 3,4-dihydroxy-2-butanone 4-phosphate, the latter serving as the biosynthetic precursor for the xylene ring of riboflavin. In Photobacterium leiognathi, the riboflavin synthesis genes ribB (DHBP synthase), ribE (riboflavin synthase), ribH (lumazine synthase) and ribA (GTP cyclohydrolase II) all reside in the lux operon. RibB is sometimes found as a bifunctional enzyme with GTP cyclohydrolase II that catalyses the first committed step in the biosynthesis of riboflavin. No sequences with significant homology to DHBP synthase are found in the metazoa.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 两亲性脂质堆积传感器 (ALPS) 基序于 2005 年首次在 ARFGAP1 中被发现，并已得到审查。磷脂双层的弯曲，例如进入脂质体，会导致双层表面积较大的一侧（例如脂质体的外部）上的脂质堆积受到干扰。 ALPS 基序识别脂质的“有序”程度较低或“松散”堆积。 ALPS 基序是蛋白质的 20 至 40 个氨基酸长部分，具有重要的氨基酸残基类型集合。每 3 或 4 个位置存在大量疏水性氨基酸残基，如苯丙氨酸、亮氨酸和色氨酸，其间有许多极性但不带电荷的氨基酸残基，如甘氨酸、丝氨酸和苏氨酸。
Amphipathic Lipid Packing Sensor (ALPS) motifs were first identified in 2005 in ARFGAP1 and have been reviewed. The curving of a phospholipid bilayer, for example into a liposome, causes disturbances to the packing of the lipids on the side of the bilayer that has the larger surface area (the outside of a liposome for example). The less "ordered" or "looser" packing of the lipids is recognized by ALPS motifs. ALPS motifs are 20 to 40 amino acid long portions of proteins that have important collections of types of amino acid residues. Bulky hydrophobic amino acid residues, such as Phenylalanine, Leucine, and Tryptophan are present every 3 or 4 positions, with many polar but uncharged amino acid residues such as Glycine, Serine and Threonine between.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 古代蛋白质是复杂的混合物，古蛋白质组学一词用于描述过去蛋白质组的研究。人们从各种考古材料中发现了古代蛋白质，包括骨头、牙齿、蛋壳、皮革、羊皮纸、陶瓷、绘画粘合剂和保存完好的软组织（如肠道）。这些保存下来的蛋白质在过去提供了有关分类鉴定、进化历史（系统发育）、饮食、健康、疾病、技术和社会动态的宝贵信息。与现代蛋白质组学一样，对古代蛋白质的研究也得益于技术进步。各种分析技术，例如氨基酸谱、外消旋年代测定、免疫检测、Edman 测序、肽质量指纹分析和串联质谱法已被用于分析古代蛋白质。
Ancient proteins are complex mixtures and the term palaeoproteomics is used to characterise the study of proteomes in the past. Ancients proteins have been recovered from a wide range of archaeological materials, including bones, teeth, eggshells, leathers, parchments, ceramics, painting binders and well-preserved soft tissues like gut intestines. These preserved proteins have provided valuable information about taxonomic identification, evolution history (phylogeny), diet, health, disease, technology and social dynamics in the past. Like modern proteomics, the study of ancient proteins has also been enabled by technological advances. Various analytical techniques, for example, amino acid profiling, racemisation dating, immunodetection, Edman sequencing, peptide mass fingerprinting, and tandem mass spectrometry have been used to analyse ancient proteins.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 活性调节细胞骨架相关蛋白是人类中由 ARC 基因编码的可塑性蛋白。该基因被认为源自逆转录转座子。这种蛋白质存在于四足动物和其他动物的神经元中，可以形成病毒样衣壳，在神经元之间运输 RNA。 ARC mRNA 以 NMDA 受体依赖性方式定位于激活的突触位点，其中新翻译的蛋白质被认为在学习和记忆相关的分子过程中发挥着关键作用。 Arc 蛋白因其活性调节、定位以及作为大脑可塑性变化标记的实用性而被广泛认为在神经生物学中很重要。
Activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein is a plasticity protein that in humans is encoded by the ARC gene. The gene is believed to derive from a retrotransposon. The protein is found in the neurons of tetrapods and other animals where it can form virus-like capsids that transport RNA between neurons. ARC mRNA is localized to activated synaptic sites in an NMDA receptor-dependent manner, where the newly translated protein is believed to play a critical role in learning and memory-related molecular processes. Arc protein is widely considered to be important in neurobiology because of its activity regulation, localization, and utility as a marker for plastic changes in the brain.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ Cyanovirin-N (CV-N) 是由蓝藻椭圆孢子菌产生的蛋白质，对多种病毒（包括人类免疫缺陷病毒 (HIV)）具有杀病毒活性。蓝藻蛋白具有很强的抗HIV中和特性。 CV-N 的杀病毒活性是通过与病毒表面包膜糖蛋白 gp120 和 gp41 以及 HIV 包膜上发现的高甘露糖寡糖的特异性高亲和力相互作用介导的。此外，CV-N 对鼻病毒、人副流感病毒、呼吸道合胞病毒和肠道病毒也有活性。 CV-N针对流感病毒的杀病毒活性针对病毒血凝素。蓝绿藻Nostoc ellipsosporum 天然含有CV-N。
Cyanovirin-N (CV-N) is a protein produced by the cyanobacterium Nostoc ellipsosporum that displays virucidal activity against several viruses, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The cyanobacterial protein has strong anti-HIV neutralizing properties. The virucidal activity of CV-N is mediated through specific high-affinity interactions with the viral surface envelope glycoproteins gp120 and gp41, as well as high-mannose oligosaccharides found on the HIV envelope. In addition, CV-N is active against rhinoviruses, human parainfluenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, and enteric viruses. The virucidal activity of CV-N against influenza virus is directed towards viral haemagglutinin. The blue-green alga Nostoc ellipsosporum naturally contains CV-N.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 在分子生物学中，组蛋白八聚体是在核小体核心颗粒中心发现的八种蛋白质复合物。它由四种核心组蛋白（H2A、H2B、H3 和 H4）各两个拷贝组成。当包含两个 H3 副本和两个 H4 副本的四聚体与两个 H2A/H2B 二聚体复合时，八聚体就会组装起来。每个组蛋白都有一个 N 末端尾部和一个 C 末端组蛋白折叠。这些关键成分中的每一个都通过一系列弱相互作用（包括氢键和盐桥）以自己的方式与 DNA 相互作用。这些相互作用使 DNA 和组蛋白八聚体保持松散的关联，并最终使两者重新定位或完全分离。
In molecular biology, a histone octamer is the eight-protein complex found at the center of a nucleosome core particle. It consists of two copies of each of the four core histone proteins (H2A, H2B, H3, and H4). The octamer assembles when a tetramer, containing two copies of H3 and two of H4, complexes with two H2A/H2B dimers. Each histone has both an N-terminal tail and a C-terminal histone-fold. Each of these key components interacts with DNA in its own way through a series of weak interactions, including hydrogen bonds and salt bridges. These interactions keep the DNA and the histone octamer loosely associated, and ultimately allow the two to re-position or to separate entirely.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 在药理学中，间接激动剂或间接作用激动剂是增强内源性神经递质的释放或作用但对神经递质受体本身没有特异性激动剂活性的物质。间接激动剂通过不同的机制发挥作用，包括转运蛋白阻断、诱导递质释放和抑制递质崩溃。
In pharmacology, an indirect agonist or indirect-acting agonist is a substance that enhances the release or action of an endogenous neurotransmitter but has no specific agonist activity at the neurotransmitter receptor itself. Indirect agonists work through varying mechanisms to achieve their effects, including transporter blockade, induction of transmitter release, and inhibition of transmitter breakdown.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 在生物化学和药理学中，配体（英语：ligand）是指一种能与受体结合以产生某种生理效果的物质。在蛋白质—配体复合物中，配体通常是与靶蛋白特定结合位点相连的信号触发分子。而在DNA—配体复合物中，与DNA双链相连的配体在一般情况下可以是任何的小分子或离子甚至是蛋白质。值得注意的是，生物化学中的配体和化学中定义的配体（比如铜氨络离子中，氨是铜离子的配体）并无实际联系，配体未必要结合在金属原子上。 配体与受体的连接由诸如离子键的化学键或氢键、范德华力等分子间作用力维系。它们的连接过程通常是可逆的，配体与受体之间形成的真正难以断开的共价键在生物界是相当罕见的。 配体在与受体结合后，可以改变它们的立体构型，而立体构型又常常决定了蛋白质的功能。配体包括底物、酶抑制剂、酶激活剂、以及神经递质。配体与受体结合的难易度与结合后的强度叫做亲和力。两者越容易结合，结合后结合的强度越大，则亲和力越强，反之亦然。亲和力不仅由配体和受体间的直接的相互作用决定，还由溶剂效应决定，后者间接主导溶液中的非共价性结合。 用放射性同位素标记的放射性配体已被用作正电子发射计算机断层扫描（PET）中的放射性示踪剂。此外，这种物质还被用于在体外进行的配体—受体结合研究。
In biochemistry and pharmacology, a ligand is a substance that forms a complex with a biomolecule to serve a biological purpose. The etymology stems from Latin ligare, which means 'to bind'. In protein-ligand binding, the ligand is usually a molecule which produces a signal by binding to a site on a target protein. The binding typically results in a change of conformational isomerism (conformation) of the target protein. In DNA-ligand binding studies, the ligand can be a small molecule, ion, or protein which binds to the DNA double helix. The relationship between ligand and binding partner is a function of charge, hydrophobicity, and molecular structure. Binding occurs by intermolecular forces, such as ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds and Van der Waals forces. The association or docking is actually reversible through dissociation.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements.
View content license ↗ 分子生物学是生物学的一个分支，旨在了解作为细胞内和细胞间生物活性基础的分子结构和化学过程。它主要集中于核酸（例如 DNA 和 RNA）和蛋白质的研究。它检查这些大分子的结构、功能和相互作用，因为它们协调复制、转录、翻译、蛋白质合成和复杂的生物分子相互作用等过程。分子生物学领域是多学科的，依赖于遗传学、生物化学、物理学、数学以及最近的计算机科学（生物信息学）的原理。
Molecular biology is a branch of biology that seeks to understand the molecular structures and chemical processes that are the basis of biological activity within and between cells. It is centered largely on the study of nucleic acids (such as DNA and RNA) and proteins. It examines the structure, function, and interactions of these macromolecules as they orchestrate processes such as replication, transcription, translation, protein synthesis, and complex biomolecular interactions. The field of molecular biology is multi-disciplinary, relying on principles from genetics, biochemistry, physics, mathematics, and more recently computer science (bioinformatics).
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 在分子生物学中，扩增子是一段 DNA，是扩增或复制事件的来源和/或产物。它可以使用各种方法人工形成，包括聚合酶链式反应（PCR）或连接酶链式反应（LCR），或通过基因复制自然形成。在本文中，扩增是指基因片段或靶序列的一个或多个拷贝的产生，特别是扩增子。由于扩增子指的是扩增反应的产物，因此它可以与常见的实验室术语（例如“PCR 产物”）互换使用。人工扩增用于研究、法医学和医学，其目的包括检测和量化传染源、识别人类遗骸以及从人类头发中提取基因型。自然基因复制在进化中起着重要作用。
In molecular biology, an amplicon is a piece of DNA that is the source and/or product of amplification or replication events. It can be formed artificially, using various methods including polymerase chain reactions (PCR) or ligase chain reactions (LCR), or naturally through gene duplication. In this context, amplification refers to the production of one or more copies of a genetic fragment or target sequence, specifically the amplicon. As it refers to the product of an amplification reaction, amplicon is used interchangeably with common laboratory terms, such as "PCR product." Artificial amplification is used in research, forensics, and medicine for purposes that include detection and quantification of infectious agents, identification of human remains, and extracting genotypes from human hair. Natural gene duplication plays a major role in evolution.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 接合（英文：Conjugation，又译结合），又称为接合作用、细菌接合，是发生于原核生物间的现象，指的是两个细菌之间发生的一种遗传物质交换现象，属于细菌有性生殖的一个重要阶段。在接合现象发生时，两个细胞直接接合或者通过类似于桥一样的通道接合，并且发生基因的转移。这种现象是在1946年被Joshua Lederberg和Edward Tatum所发现，接合与转化和转导都被称作基因水平转移机制，注意的是这种机制并不一定需要两个细胞-细胞间的直接接触。 接合经常被认为是细菌中有性生殖，相当于动物间的交配，因为它有涉及到基因的交换。在接合的过程中的供体细胞提供了一种结合或者可移动的遗传成分，这些成分一般是质粒或转座子。大多数接合质粒有一个确保受体细胞并不含有相似的遗传成分的系统。 遗传信息的转移通常对受体是有益的。好处包括获得抗生素耐药性，或者获得其他的特异性以应对环境的变化。这种对受体有益的质粒可以被视作内共生生物。然而从别的方面来看，细菌的寄生和接合可以作为细菌的一种进化方式使它们得到个体的繁衍与基因的扩散。
Bacterial conjugation is the transfer of genetic material between bacterial cells by direct cell-to-cell contact or by a bridge-like connection between two cells. This typically takes place through a type IV secretion system, a type of pilus. It is a parasexual mode of reproduction in bacteria. It is a mechanism of horizontal gene transfer as are transformation and transduction although these two other mechanisms do not involve cell-to-cell contact. Classical E. coli bacterial conjugation is often regarded as the bacterial equivalent of sexual reproduction or mating, since it involves the exchange of genetic material. However, it is not sexual reproduction, since no exchange of gamete occurs, and indeed no generation of a new organism: instead, an existing organism is transformed.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements.
View content license ↗ 原核翻译（Prokaryotic translation）是指原核生物细胞中mRNA被70S核糖体翻译为蛋白质的过程。该过程可分为起始、延伸、终止与再循环四个主要步骤。
Bacterial translation is the process by which messenger RNA is translated into proteins in bacteria.
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View content license ↗ 碱基识别是将核碱基分配给色谱峰、光强度信号或核苷酸通过纳米孔引起的电流变化的过程。完成这项工作的计算机程序是 Phred，它是学术和商业 DNA 测序实验室广泛使用的碱基识别软件程序，因为它具有很高的碱基识别准确性。目前，碱基检出通常由仪器上的软件处理，例如专有的实时分析 (RTA) 管道，该管道高度集成并随每个平台版本进行更新。纳米孔测序的碱基识别器（例如 Guppy 或 Dorado）使用根据从准确测序数据获得的当前信号进行训练的神经网络。
Base calling is the process of assigning nucleobases to chromatogram peaks, light intensity signals, or electrical current changes resulting from nucleotides passing through a nanopore. One computer program for accomplishing this job is Phred, which was a widely used base calling software program by both academic and commercial DNA sequencing laboratories because of its high base calling accuracy. Currently basecalling is commonly handled by on-instrument software, such as the proprietary Real-Time Analysis (RTA) pipeline, which is highly integrated and updated with each platform release. Base callers for Nanopore sequencing like Guppy or Dorado, use neural networks trained on current signals obtained from accurate sequencing data.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 在分子生物学中，生物芯片是可以同时进行大量生化反应的工程基质（“小型实验室”）。生物芯片技术的目标之一是有效筛选大量生物分析物，其潜在应用范围从疾病诊断到生物恐怖分子检测。例如，数字微流控生物芯片正在研究在生物医学领域的应用。在数字微流控生物芯片中，微流控阵列中的一组（相邻）单元可以配置为用作存储、功能操作以及动态传输液滴。
In molecular biology, biochips are engineered substrates ("miniaturized laboratories") that can host large numbers of simultaneous biochemical reactions. One of the goals of biochip technology is to efficiently screen large numbers of biological analytes, with potential applications ranging from disease diagnosis to detection of bioterrorism agents. For example, digital microfluidic biochips are under investigation for applications in biomedical fields. In a digital microfluidic biochip, a group of (adjacent) cells in the microfluidic array can be configured to work as storage, functional operations, as well as for transporting fluid droplets dynamically.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 生物分布是一种跟踪感兴趣的化合物在实验动物或人类受试者中移动的方法。例如，在开发用于 PET（正电子发射断层扫描）扫描的新化合物时，放射性同位素与肽（蛋白质的亚基）进行化学连接。这类特殊的同位素会发射正电子（它们是反物质粒子，质量与电子相等，但带正电荷）。当从原子核中射出时，正电子遇到电子并进行湮灭，产生两条沿相反方向传播的伽马射线。这些伽马射线可以测量，并与标准进行比较，进行量化。
Biodistribution is a method of tracking where compounds of interest travel in an experimental animal or human subject. For example, in the development of new compounds for PET (positron emission tomography) scanning, a radioactive isotope is chemically joined with a peptide (subunit of a protein). This particular class of isotopes emits positrons (which are antimatter particles, equal in mass to the electron, but with a positive charge). When ejected from the nucleus, positrons encounter an electron, and undergo annihilation which produces two gamma rays travelling in opposite directions. These gamma rays can be measured, and when compared to a standard, quantified.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 米-门二氏动力学（英语：Michaelis-Menten kinetics），又称米氏动力学，以德国生物化学家莱昂诺尔·米夏埃利斯和加拿大医师莫德·门滕的名字命名，是酶动力学中一个极为重要的方程，可以描述多种非变异构酶动力学现象，其表示式为： V 0 = V m a x [ S ] K M + [ S ] {\displaystyle V_{0}=V_{max}{\frac {[S]}{K_{M}+[S]}}}
In biochemistry, Michaelis–Menten kinetics, named after Leonor Michaelis and Maud Menten, is the simplest case of enzyme kinetics, applied to enzyme-catalysed reactions involving the transformation of one substrate into one product. In 1913, Michaelis and Menten expanded on Victor Henri's fundamental equation of enzyme kinetics, which was established in 1902. It takes the form of a differential equation describing the reaction rate v {\displaystyle v} (rate of formation of product P, with concentration p {\displaystyle p} ) as a function of a {\displaystyle a} , the concentration of the substrate A (using the symbols recommended by the IUBMB).
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements.
View content license ↗