微生物Receptor theory受体理论是应用受体模型来解释药物行为。药理学受体模型的出现早于对受体的准确认识许多年。约翰·纽波特·兰利 (John Newport Langley) 和保罗·埃利希 (Paul Ehrlich) 在 20 世纪初提出了受体可以介导药物作用的概念。 Alfred Joseph Clark 是第一个量化药物诱导的生物反应（特别是 f 介导的受体激活）的人。到目前为止，几乎所有受体功能的定量理论模型都集中在配体门控离子通道和G蛋白偶联受体上。
Receptor theory is the application of receptor models to explain drug behavior. Pharmacological receptor models preceded accurate knowledge of receptors by many years. John Newport Langley and Paul Ehrlich introduced the concept that receptors can mediate drug action at the beginning of the 20th century. Alfred Joseph Clark was the first to quantify drug-induced biological responses (specifically, f-mediated receptor activation). So far, nearly all of the quantitative theoretical modelling of receptor function has centred on ligand-gated ion channels and G protein-coupled receptors.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗细胞毒性是指物质或制剂损伤或杀死活细胞的能力，反映了药理学、毒理学和生物医学中的关键参数。它与细胞抑制作用不同，细胞抑制作用抑制细胞生长和增殖而不导致细胞死亡。细胞毒性剂可诱导一系列细胞反应，包括抑制细胞生长、诱导细胞凋亡或坏死性细胞死亡以及破坏代谢或结构细胞完整性。评估细胞毒性对于评估药物化合物、化学品和生物材料的安全性和有效性至关重要，因为它有助于预测潜在的不良反应并指导治疗开发。
Cytotoxicity refers to the capacity of a substance or agent to damage or kill living cells, reflecting a critical parameter in pharmacology, toxicology, and biomedicine. It is distinct from cytostatic effects, which inhibit cell growth and proliferation without causing cell death. Cytotoxic agents can induce a range of cellular responses, including inhibition of cell growth, induction of apoptotic or necrotic cell death, and disruption of metabolic or structural cellular integrity. Assessing cytotoxicity is fundamental for evaluating the safety and efficacy of pharmaceutical compounds, chemicals, and biomaterials, as it helps predict potential adverse effects and guides therapeutic development.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗血浆蛋白结合是指药物与血浆中的血液蛋白结合的程度。药物的功效可能会受到其结合程度的影响。药物的结合越少，它穿过或扩散穿过细胞膜的效率就越高。药物结合的常见血液蛋白有人血清白蛋白、脂蛋白、糖蛋白以及 α、β、γ 球蛋白。
Plasma protein binding refers to the degree to which medications attach to blood proteins within the blood plasma. A drug's efficacy may be affected by the degree to which it binds. The less bound a drug is, the more efficiently it can traverse or diffuse through cell membranes. Common blood proteins that drugs bind to are human serum albumin, lipoprotein, glycoprotein, and α, β‚ and γ globulins.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗治疗指数（TI；也称为治疗比）是药物相对于过量风险的相对安全性的定量测量。它是引起毒性的治疗剂的量与引起治疗效果的量的比较。相关术语治疗窗或安全窗是指在功效和毒性之间优化的剂量范围，实现最大的治疗益处而不导致不可接受的副作用或毒性。传统上，对于已批准药物的临床适应症，TI是指在与目标适应症不相容的发生率/严重程度下引起不良反应的药物剂量（例如50%受试者的中毒剂量，TD50）与产生所需药理作用的剂量（例如50%受试者的有效剂量，ED50）的比率。
The therapeutic index (TI; also referred to as therapeutic ratio) is a quantitative measurement of the relative safety of a drug with regard to risk of overdose. It is a comparison of the amount of a therapeutic agent that causes toxicity to the amount that causes the therapeutic effect. The related terms therapeutic window or safety window refer to a range of doses optimized between efficacy and toxicity, achieving the greatest therapeutic benefit without resulting in unacceptable side-effects or toxicity. Classically, for clinical indications of an approved drug, TI refers to the ratio of the dose of the drug that causes adverse effects at an incidence/severity not compatible with the targeted indication (e.g. toxic dose in 50% of subjects, TD50) to the dose that leads to the desired pharmacological effect (e.g. efficacious dose in 50% of subjects, ED50).
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗在制药科学中，当药物的作用机制受到同时服用的食物、饮料或其他药物等物质的影响时，就会发生药物相互作用。药物与食物相互作用的一个流行例子是葡萄柚对药物代谢的影响。相互作用可以通过直接或间接同时靶向受体而发生。例如，唑吡坦和酒精都会影响 GABAA 受体，同时服用它们会导致受体过度刺激，从而导致意识丧失。当两种药物相互影响时，称为药物相互作用（DDI）。 DDI 的风险随着所用药物数量的增加而增加。很大一部分老年人经常使用五种或更多药物或补充剂，药物间相互作用产生副作用的风险很大。
In pharmaceutical sciences, drug interactions occur when a drug's mechanism of action is affected by the concomitant administration of substances such as foods, beverages, or other drugs. A popular example of drug–food interaction is the effect of grapefruit on the metabolism of drugs. Interactions may occur by simultaneous targeting of receptors, directly or indirectly. For example, both Zolpidem and alcohol affect GABAA receptors, and their simultaneous consumption results in the overstimulation of the receptor, which can lead to loss of consciousness. When two drugs affect each other, it is a drug–drug interaction (DDI). The risk of a DDI increases with the number of drugs used. A large share of elderly people regularly use five or more medications or supplements, with a significant risk of side-effects from drug–drug interactions.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗细胞色素 P450（P450 或 CYP）是一个酶超家族，含有血红素作为辅助因子，主要但不限于单加氧酶。然而，它们并不是无所不在的；例如，在大肠杆菌中尚未发现它们。在哺乳动物中，这些酶氧化类固醇、脂肪酸、外源物质，并参与许多生物合成。通过羟基化，CYP450 酶将异生素转化为亲水性衍生物，更容易排出体外。一般来说，P450 是电子传递链中的末端氧化酶，大致分为含 P450 的系统。术语“P450”源自当酶处于还原状态并与一氧化碳络合时在酶的最大吸收波长(450nm)处的分光光度峰。
Cytochromes P450 (P450s or CYPs) are a superfamily of enzymes containing heme as a cofactor that mostly, but not exclusively, function as monooxygenases. However, they are not omnipresent; for example, they have not been found in Escherichia coli. In mammals, these enzymes oxidize steroids, fatty acids, xenobiotics, and participate in many biosyntheses. By hydroxylation, CYP450 enzymes convert xenobiotics into hydrophilic derivatives, which are more readily excreted. P450s are, in general, the terminal oxidase enzymes in electron transfer chains, broadly categorized as P450-containing systems. The term "P450" is derived from the spectrophotometric peak at the wavelength of the absorption maximum of the enzyme (450 nm) when it is in the reduced state and complexed with carbon monoxide.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗药物代谢是人类和动物通常通过专门的酶系统对药物进行代谢分解。药物代谢代表了异生物质代谢的一个更专门的子集（来自希腊语“xenos”“陌生人”和“与生物有关的”生物），它还涵盖其他外来有机化合物，例如更广泛的生物体（包括微生物、真菌、植物和动物）中的污染物或毒物。这些反应通常起到解毒药物的作用（尽管在某些情况下，药物代谢的中间体可能会引起毒性作用）。药物代谢的研究是药代动力学（PK）的原则之一，因为代谢（M）是LADME（药物在体内转运）的第四阶段，涉及药物的酶促生物转化和非酶促生物转化，从而导致第五阶段排泄（E）。
Drug metabolism is the metabolic breakdown of drugs by humans and animals, usually through specialized enzymatic systems. Drug metabolism represents a more specialized subset of xenobiotic metabolism (from the Greek xenos "stranger" and biotic "related to living beings") which also covers other foreign organic compounds such as pollutants or poisons in wider group of organisms that includes microorganisms, fungi, plants and animals. These reactions often act to detoxify drugs (although in some cases the intermediates in drug metabolism may cause toxic effects). The study of drug metabolism is one of the tenets of pharmacokinetics (PK) as metabolism (M), the fourth stage of LADME (a drug's transit through the body), involves the enzymatic biotransformation and non-enzymatic biotransformation of a drug, thereby leading to the fifth stage, excretion (E).
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗在热力学中，某种物质的化学势指的是，在化学反应或者相变中，此物质的粒子数发生改变时所吸收或放出的能量。在混合物中的某种物质的化学势定义为此热力学系统的吉布斯自由能对此物质粒子数的变化率，即偏导数（其他物质的粒子数及其他系统参数保持不变）。当温度和压强固定时，化学势也被称作偏摩尔吉布斯自由能，或者摩尔化学势。在化学平衡或相平衡状态下，自由能处于极小值，各种物质的化学势与化学计量系数乘积之和为零。 在半导体物理中，零温电子系统的化学势被称为费米能。
In thermodynamics, the chemical potential of a species is the energy that can be absorbed or released due to a change of the particle number of the given species, e.g. in a chemical reaction or phase transition. The chemical potential of a species in a mixture is defined as the rate of change of free energy of a thermodynamic system with respect to the change in the number of atoms or molecules of the species that are added to the system. Thus, it is the partial derivative of the free energy with respect to the amount of the species, all other species' concentrations in the mixture remaining constant. When both temperature and pressure are held constant, and the number of particles is expressed in moles, the chemical potential is the partial molar Gibbs free energy. At chemical equilibrium or in phase equilibrium, the total sum of the product of chemical potentials and stoichiometric coefficients is zero, as the free energy is at a minimum. In a system in diffusion equilibrium, the chemical potential of any chemical species is uniformly the same everywhere throughout the system.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。
查看内容许可 ↗在化学动力学中，反应速率常数，又称速率常数 k或 λ是化学反应速率的量化表示方式。 对于反应物A和反应物B反应成生成物C的化学反应，反应速率可表示成此式： d [ C ] d t = k ( T ) [ A ] m [ B ] n {\displaystyle {\frac {d[C]}{dt}}=k(T)[A]^{m}[B]^{n}} k(T)是反应速率常数，会随温度改变。假设反应发生在固定容积内，[A]和[B]代表两种反应物的莫耳浓度。 指数m和n称为反应级数，取决于反应机理，可由实验测定。将m和n相加，可得到反应的总级数。
In chemical kinetics, a reaction rate constant or reaction rate coefficient ( k {\displaystyle k} ) is a proportionality constant which quantifies the rate and direction of a chemical reaction by relating it with the concentration of reactants.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。
查看内容许可 ↗阿瑞尼斯方程（英语：Arrhenius equation）是化学反应的速率常数与温度之间的关系式，适用于基元反应和非基元反应，甚至某些非均相反应。其不定积分形式为： k = A e − E a / R T {\displaystyle \ k=Ae^{{-E_{a}}/{RT}}} 或 ln k = − E a R T + ln A {\displaystyle \ \ln k=-{\frac {E_{a}}{RT}}+\ln A} 其中： k {\displaystyle \ k} 为反应的速率常数； A {\displaystyle \ A} 称为指前因子/阿伦尼乌斯常数，单位与 k…
In physical chemistry, the Arrhenius equation is a formula for the temperature dependence of reaction rates. In 1889 while working with Wilhelm Ostwald at Leipzig University, Svante Arrhenius proposed the equation on the basis of the work of Dutch chemist Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff, who had noted in 1884 that the Van 't Hoff equation for the temperature dependence of equilibrium constants suggests such a formula for the rates of both forward and reverse reactions. This equation has a vast and important application in determining the rate of chemical reactions and for calculation of energy of activation. Arrhenius provided a physical justification and interpretation for the formula. Currently, it is best seen as an empirical relationship. It can be used to model the temperature variation of diffusion coefficients, population of crystal vacancies, creep rates, and many other thermally induced processes and reactions. The Eyring equation, developed in 1935, also expresses the relationship between rate and energy.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。
查看内容许可 ↗流体包裹的停留时间是流体包裹在控制体积（例如：化学反应器、湖泊、人体）内花费的总时间。一组宗地的停留时间根据该组中停留时间的频率分布（称为停留时间分布 (RTD)）或以其平均值（称为平均停留时间）来量化。停留时间在化学尤其是环境科学和药理学中起着重要作用。交货时间或等待时间分别在供应链管理和排队理论中发挥着核心作用，其中流动的材料通常是离散的而不是连续的。
The residence time of a fluid parcel is the total time that the parcel has spent inside a control volume (e.g.: a chemical reactor, a lake, a human body). The residence time of a set of parcels is quantified in terms of the frequency distribution of the residence time in the set, which is known as residence time distribution (RTD), or in terms of its average, known as mean residence time. Residence time plays an important role in chemistry and especially in environmental science and pharmacology. Under the name lead time or waiting time it plays a central role respectively in supply chain management and queueing theory, where the material that flows is usually discrete instead of continuous.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗扩散是任何事物（例如原子、离子、分子、能量）通常从较高浓度区域到较低浓度区域的净运动。扩散是由吉布斯自由能或化学势的梯度驱动的。可以从较低浓度区域“上坡”扩散到较高浓度区域，如旋节线分解。由于扩散实体固有的随机性，扩散是一个随机过程，可用于模拟许多现实生活中的随机场景。因此，扩散和相应的数学模型被应用于物理学以外的多个领域，例如统计学、概率论、信息论、神经网络、金融和营销。
Diffusion is the net movement of anything (for example, atoms, ions, molecules, energy) generally from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration. Diffusion is driven by a gradient in Gibbs free energy or chemical potential. It is possible to diffuse "uphill" from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration, as in spinodal decomposition. Diffusion is a stochastic process due to the inherent randomness of the diffusing entity and can be used to model many real-life stochastic scenarios. Therefore, diffusion and the corresponding mathematical models are used in several fields beyond physics, such as statistics, probability theory, information theory, neural networks, finance, and marketing.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗孔隙率或空隙率是材料中空隙（即“空的”）空间的量度，并且是空隙体积占总体积的分数，介于 0 和 1 之间，或者作为介于 0% 和 100% 之间的百分比。严格来说，一些测试测量“可进入的空隙”，即从表面可进入的空隙空间的总量（参见闭孔泡沫）。有很多方法可以测试物质或零件的孔隙率，例如工业 CT 扫描。术语“孔隙度”用于多个领域，包括制药、陶瓷、冶金、材料、制造、岩石物理学、水文学、地球科学、土壤力学、岩石力学和工程学。
Porosity or void fraction is a measure of the void (i.e. "empty") spaces in a material, and is a fraction of the volume of voids over the total volume, between 0 and 1, or as a percentage between 0% and 100%. Strictly speaking, some tests measure the "accessible void", the total amount of void space accessible from the surface (cf. closed-cell foam). There are many ways to test porosity in a substance or part, such as industrial CT scanning. The term porosity is used in multiple fields including pharmaceutics, ceramics, metallurgy, materials, manufacturing, petrophysics, hydrology, earth sciences, soil mechanics, rock mechanics, and engineering.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗生物采矿是指利用生物体从矿石和其他固体材料中提取金属的过程。目前最大的应用是处理含有铁、铜、锌和金的采矿废料。它也可能有助于最大限度地提高品位越来越低的矿床的产量。生物采矿已被提议作为传统采矿的相对环境友好的替代方案和/或补充。目前的生物采矿方法是改进的浸出采矿工艺。这些恰当命名的生物浸出过程最常见的包括用细菌和酸性溶液接种提取的岩石，然后回收渗滤液并加工成有价值的金属。理想的应用包括空间生物采矿、真菌生物浸出和混合生物材料的生物采矿。
Biomining refers to processes that use organisms to extract metals from ores and other solid materials. The largest application currently being used is the treatment of mining waste containing iron, copper, zinc, and gold. It may also be useful in maximizing the yields of increasingly low grade ore deposits. Biomining has been proposed as a relatively environmentally friendly alternative and/or supplementation to traditional mining. Current methods of biomining are modified leach mining processes. These aptly named bioleaching processes most commonly includes the inoculation of extracted rock with bacteria and acidic solution, with the leachate salvaged and processed for the metals of value. Aspirational applications include space biomining, fungal bioleaching and biomining with hybrid biomaterials.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗真菌 DNA 条形码是通过特定 DNA 序列的 PCR 扩增和测序以及与存储在 DNA 条形码数据库（例如 ISHAM 参考数据库或生命条形码数据系统 (BOLD)）中的序列进行比较来识别真菌生物界物种的过程。在这一尝试中，DNA条形码依赖于理想情况下存在于所有真菌中且具有相同程度序列变异的通用基因。所选 DNA 条形码基因中的种间变异，即物种之间的变异，应超过种内（种内）变异。真菌系统学的一个基本问题是其生命周期中存在有形阶段和变形阶段。这些变体通常在表型外观上存在巨大差异，从而阻止了无性无性型与有性有性型的直接关联。
Fungal DNA barcoding is the process of identifying species of the biological kingdom Fungi through the PCR amplification and sequencing of specific DNA sequences and their comparison with sequences deposited in a DNA barcode database such as the ISHAM reference database, or the Barcode of Life Data System (BOLD). In this attempt, DNA barcoding relies on universal genes that are ideally present in all fungi with the same degree of sequence variation. The interspecific variation, i.e., the variation between species, in the chosen DNA barcode gene should exceed the intraspecific (within-species) variation. A fundamental problem in fungal systematics is the existence of teleomorphic and anamorphic stages in their life cycles. These morphs usually differ drastically in their phenotypic appearance, preventing a straightforward association of the asexual anamorph with the sexual teleomorph.
来源、授权与使用说明
维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗藻类 DNA 条形码通常用于物种鉴定和系统发育研究。藻类形成系统发育异质群体，这意味着应用单一通用条形码/标记进行物种界定是不可行的，因此在不同的藻类群体中为此目的应用不同的标记/条形码。
DNA barcoding of algae is commonly used for species identification and phylogenetic studies. Algae form a phylogenetically heterogeneous group, meaning that the application of a single universal barcode/marker for species delimitation is unfeasible, thus different markers/barcodes are applied for this aim in different algal groups.
来源、授权与使用说明
维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗糖信息学是生物信息学的一个领域，涉及蛋白质翻译后修饰中涉及的碳水化合物的研究。它广泛包括（但不限于）用于研究碳水化合物结构、糖复合物、酶促碳水化合物合成和降解以及碳水化合物相互作用的数据库、软件和算法开发。该术语的常规用法目前不包括从更广为人知的营养方面对碳水化合物进行治疗。
Glycoinformatics is a field of bioinformatics that pertains to the study of carbohydrates involved in protein post-translational modification. It broadly includes (but is not restricted to) database, software, and algorithm development for the study of carbohydrate structures, glycoconjugates, enzymatic carbohydrate synthesis and degradation, as well as carbohydrate interactions. Conventional usage of the term does not currently include the treatment of carbohydrates from the better-known nutritive aspect.
来源、授权与使用说明
维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗表现型（英语：Phenotype），或称表型，是指一个个体的可观测性状的集合，如身高，瞳孔颜色与血型等，或一些疾病的症状。 这个术语亦涵盖生物体除基因组以外的所有性状如：生物体的形态、发育过程、生化和生理特性，以及所有行为，例如孔雀的炫耀行为。 由于基因表达共同的受基因（基因型遗传、表观遗传）和环境及发育的影响，基因型与表现型会有差异，而进一步加强了遗传变异所带来的个体差异，同一群体的个体之间，复杂性状上的表达差异被称为表现型变异（Phenotypic variation）；由于环境影响，表现型在个体的一生中是可变的。这种多态性奠定自然选择的基础，如果表型都一样，族群只能依突变、漂变等机制演化。 表现型多态性在人类中亦十分普遍，例如镰刀型红血球疾病，该疾病会引起红血球中的载氧血红蛋白异常，缺氧时红血球会变成镰刀型。截至2021年，全球估计有774万人患有镰状细胞疾病，共占当时世界人口约0.1%。值得注意的是，表现型与基因型并不完全等同，世界上共有约5%的人口为镰刀型红血球疾病基因携带者，但由于只携带了一个致病等位基因故未致病，即隐性遗传。 威廉·约翰森于 1911 年提出将基因型与表现型区分，以厘清生物体的遗传物质与“有机界的所有典型现象”之间的差异；这些现象的描述，涉及“形态、结构、大小、颜色以及其他生物特征”。 早期的遗传学家欠缺分子生物学技术，无从直接观察DNA构造，生物和其后代的表型就是他们判别其基因型的工具。
In genetics, the phenotype (from Ancient Greek φαίνω (phaínō) 'to appear, show' and τύπος (túpos) 'mark, type') is the set of observable characteristics or traits of an organism. The term covers all traits of an organism other than its genome, however transitory: the organism's morphology (physical form and structure), its developmental processes, its biochemical and physiological properties whether reversible or irreversible, and all its behavior, such as a peacock's display. An organism's phenotype results from two basic factors: the expression of an organism's unique profile of genes (its genotype) and the influence of environmental factors experienced by that same organism which influence the variable expression of said genes, and thereby shape the resulting profile of defining traits. Since the developmental process is a complex interplay of gene-environment, gene-gene interactions, there is a high degree of phenotypic variation in a given population that extends beyond mere genotypic variation.
来源、授权与使用说明
维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。
查看内容许可 ↗菌落形成单位表示在规定培养条件下形成可见菌落的活性单位，可能由一个细胞或细胞团形成。它不等于样品中全部细胞的精确数量。
A colony-forming unit is a viable unit producing a visible colony under specified culture conditions, potentially from one cell or a cluster. It is not an exact count of all cells in a sample.
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SciAtlas 原创双语释义 · 编辑日期 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。延伸阅读链接用于查阅相关概念，不表示引用该页面原文或已经验证该页面可访问。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。
查看内容许可 ↗迟缓期是接种后群体尚未进入稳定指数增长的适应阶段，长度取决于细胞状态与环境。曲线拟合的迟缓时间是模型参数，不一定是逐细胞等待时间。
Lag phase is the adaptation period before sustained exponential population growth. Its duration depends on cell state and conditions, and a fitted lag parameter is not necessarily each cell's waiting time.
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SciAtlas 原创双语释义 · 编辑日期 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。延伸阅读链接用于查阅相关概念，不表示引用该页面原文或已经验证该页面可访问。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。
查看内容许可 ↗比生长速率是单位生物量的瞬时增长速率，常由生物量对数随时间的斜率估计。死亡、底物限制和测量背景会影响实际估计。
Specific growth rate is instantaneous biomass growth per unit biomass, often estimated from the slope of log biomass over time. Death, substrate limitation and measurement background affect the estimate.
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SciAtlas 原创双语释义 · 编辑日期 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。延伸阅读链接用于查阅相关概念，不表示引用该页面原文或已经验证该页面可访问。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。
查看内容许可 ↗最小抑菌浓度是在标准化试验条件下阻止可见生长的最低药物浓度。结果依菌株、培养基和判读规则，不能直接等同于临床剂量。
The minimum inhibitory concentration is the lowest drug concentration preventing visible growth under standardized test conditions. Strain, medium and reading rules matter, and it is not a clinical dose.
来源、授权与使用说明
SciAtlas 原创双语释义 · 编辑日期 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。延伸阅读链接用于查阅相关概念，不表示引用该页面原文或已经验证该页面可访问。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。
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