微生物Cell biology细胞生物学，细胞生物学或细胞学，是研究细胞的结构、功能和行为的生物学分支。所有生物体都是由细胞组成的。细胞是生命的基本单位，负责有机体的生存和功能。细胞生物学涵盖原核细胞和真核细胞，子主题包括细胞代谢、细胞通讯、细胞周期、生物化学和细胞组成的研究。细胞研究是利用显微镜技术、细胞培养和细胞分级进行的。这些用于研究细胞如何发挥作用，最终深入了解更大的生物体。了解细胞的组成部分以及细胞如何工作是所有生物科学的基础，对于癌症和其他疾病等生物医学领域的研究也至关重要。
Cell biology, cellular biology, or cytology, is the branch of biology that studies the structure, function, and behavior of the cells. All organisms are made of cells. A cell is the basic unit of life that is responsible for the living and functioning of an organism. Cell biology encompasses both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, with subtopics including the study of cell metabolism, cell communication, cell cycle, biochemistry, and cell composition. The study of cells is performed using microscopy techniques, cell culture, and cell fractionation. These are used for research into how cells function, which ultimately gives insight into larger organisms. Knowing the components of cells and how cells work is fundamental to all biological sciences and is essential for research in biomedical fields such as cancer, and other diseases.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗分子生物学是生物学的一个分支，旨在了解作为细胞内和细胞间生物活性基础的分子结构和化学过程。它主要集中于核酸（例如 DNA 和 RNA）和蛋白质的研究。它检查这些大分子的结构、功能和相互作用，因为它们协调复制、转录、翻译、蛋白质合成和复杂的生物分子相互作用等过程。分子生物学领域是多学科的，依赖于遗传学、生物化学、物理学、数学以及最近的计算机科学（生物信息学）的原理。
Molecular biology is a branch of biology that seeks to understand the molecular structures and chemical processes that are the basis of biological activity within and between cells. It is centered largely on the study of nucleic acids (such as DNA and RNA) and proteins. It examines the structure, function, and interactions of these macromolecules as they orchestrate processes such as replication, transcription, translation, protein synthesis, and complex biomolecular interactions. The field of molecular biology is multi-disciplinary, relying on principles from genetics, biochemistry, physics, mathematics, and more recently computer science (bioinformatics).
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗遗传学是对生物体中的基因、遗传变异和遗传的研究。它是生物学的一个重要分支，因为遗传对于生物体的进化至关重要。格雷戈尔·孟德尔 (Gregor Mendel) 是一位 19 世纪在布尔诺工作的摩拉维亚奥古斯丁修士，他是第一个对遗传学进行科学研究的人。孟德尔研究了“特质遗传”，即随着时间的推移，特质从父母传给后代的模式。他观察到生物体（豌豆植物）通过离散的“遗传单位”来遗传性状。这个术语至今仍在使用，它对基因的定义有些模糊。基因的性状遗传和分子遗传机制仍然是21世纪遗传学的主要原理，但现代遗传学已扩展到研究基因的功能和行为。
Genetics is the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in organisms. It is an important branch in biology because heredity is vital to organisms' evolution. Gregor Mendel, a Moravian Augustinian friar working in the 19th century in Brno, was the first to study genetics scientifically. Mendel studied "trait inheritance", patterns in the way traits are handed down from parents to offspring over time. He observed that organisms (pea plants) inherit traits by way of discrete "units of inheritance". This term, still used today, is a somewhat ambiguous definition of what is referred to as a gene. Trait inheritance and molecular inheritance mechanisms of genes are still primary principles of genetics in the 21st century, but modern genetics has expanded to study the function and behavior of genes.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗荧光（英语：fluorescence）是光致冷发光现象，可以在气体、液体或固体化学体系中发生。当某种常温物质分子在单重基态吸收某种波长的入射光（通常是紫外线或X光）后被激发至单重激发态而产生的。当电子从激发态返回到基态时（几乎立即（大约在 10^-8 秒内），是由于材料中的原子受到激发后会释放出一个能量较低、波长较长的光子，其能量低于之前吸收的光子（通常波长比入射光的波长，在可见光波段）而且由于再发射过程非常迅速，一旦激发源被移除，荧光便会立即停止，而不像磷光那样会持续发光一段时间。（其与磷光不同，是因为电子的自旋方向仍然与基态电子保持配对。）有这性质的出射光就称为荧光。一般以持续发光时间来分辨荧光或磷光，持续发光时间短于10−8秒的称为荧光，长于10−8秒的称为磷光(原因详见磷光)，严谨的定义基于发光的物理机制，而非持续时间。在日常生活，人们通常把各种微弱的光都一律称为荧光。
Fluorescence is one of two kinds of photoluminescence, the emission of light by a substance that has absorbed light or other electromagnetic radiation. When exposed to ultraviolet radiation, many substances will glow (fluoresce) with colored visible light. The color of the light emitted depends on the chemical composition of the substance. Fluorescent materials generally cease to glow nearly immediately when the radiation source stops. This distinguishes them from the other type of light emission, phosphorescence. Phosphorescent materials continue to emit light for some time after the radiation stops. This difference in duration is a result of quantum spin effects. Fluorescence occurs when a photon from incoming radiation is absorbed by a molecule, exciting it to a higher energy level, followed by the emission of light as the molecule returns to a lower energy state. The emitted light may have a longer wavelength and, therefore, a lower photon energy than the absorbed radiation.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。
查看内容许可 ↗荧光各向异性或荧光偏振是荧光团发射的光沿不同偏振轴具有不相等强度的现象。该领域的早期先驱包括 Aleksander Jablonski、Gregorio Weber 和 Andreas Albrecht。 Lakowicz 的书中介绍了荧光偏振的原理以及该方法的一些应用。
Fluorescence anisotropy or fluorescence polarization is the phenomenon where the light emitted by a fluorophore has unequal intensities along different axes of polarization. Early pioneers in the field include Aleksander Jablonski, Gregorio Weber, and Andreas Albrecht. The principles of fluorescence polarization and some applications of the method are presented in Lakowicz's book.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗在生物信息学中，肽质量指纹或肽质量图是来自正在分析的消化蛋白质的肽混合物的质谱。质谱充当指纹，因为它是一种可以用于识别蛋白质的模式。 1993 年开发的形成肽质量指纹的方法包括分离蛋白质，将其分解成单个肽，并通过某种形式的质谱测定肽的质量。一旦形成，肽质量指纹可用于在数据库中搜索相关蛋白质甚至基因组序列，使其成为注释蛋白质编码基因的强大工具。质量指纹分析的一大优势是它的执行速度比肽测序快得多，但结果同样有用。
In bio-informatics, a peptide-mass fingerprint or peptide-mass map is a mass spectrum of a mixture of peptides that comes from a digested protein being analyzed. The mass spectrum serves as a fingerprint in the sense that it is a pattern that can serve to identify the protein. The method for forming a peptide-mass fingerprint, developed in 1993, consists of isolating a protein, breaking it down into individual peptides, and determining the masses of the peptides through some form of mass spectrometry. Once formed, a peptide-mass fingerprint can be used to search in databases for related protein or even genomic sequences, making it a powerful tool for annotation of protein-coding genes. One major advantage to mass fingerprinting is that it is significantly faster to carry out than peptide sequencing, yet the results are equally useful.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗生物催化（英语：Biocatalysis）是使用天然催化剂酶，对有机化合物进行的化学转化。这种反应过程又被称为“生物转化”。离体的酶和活细胞中的酶都可以参与到这一活动中。
Biocatalysis refers to the use of living (biological) systems or their parts to speed up (catalyze) chemical reactions. In biocatalytic processes, natural catalysts, such as enzymes, perform chemical transformations on organic compounds. Both enzymes that have been more or less isolated and enzymes still residing inside living cells are employed for this task. Modern biotechnology, specifically directed evolution, has made the production of modified or non-natural enzymes possible. This has enabled the development of enzymes that can catalyze novel small molecule transformations that may be difficult or impossible using classical synthetic organic chemistry. Utilizing natural or modified enzymes to perform organic synthesis is termed chemoenzymatic synthesis; the reactions performed by the enzyme are classified as chemoenzymatic reactions.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。
查看内容许可 ↗固定化酶（immobilized enzyme）是一种酶工程的常见技术。将水溶性酶经过物理或化学方法改造，然后固定到特定载体上，成为水不溶性，能反复连续进行有效催化反应，这样的酶称为固定化酶。这种技术可以使得酶对于pH或者温度的抗逆性增加。这种技术也使得酶在反应中得以被固定，因此可以轻易地与反应物或产物中分离，从而多次使用。这种高效的技术在工业化酶促反应中被广泛应用。固定化酶的其中一种技术也被称作全细胞固定化技术。
An immobilized enzyme is an enzyme, with restricted mobility, attached to an inert, insoluble material—such as calcium alginate (produced by reacting a mixture of sodium alginate solution and enzyme solution with calcium chloride). This can provide increased resistance to changes in conditions such as pH or temperature. It also lets enzymes be held in place throughout the reaction, following which they are easily separated from the products and may be used again - a far more efficient process and so is widely used in industry for enzyme catalysed reactions. An alternative to enzyme immobilization is whole cell immobilization. Immobilized enzymes are easily to be handled, simply separated from their products, and can be reused. Enzymes are bio-catalysts which play an essential role in the enhancement of chemical reactions in cells without being persistently modified, wasted, nor resulting in the loss of equilibrium of chemical reactions.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。
查看内容许可 ↗肼合酶是促进肼合成的关键酶，也是厌氧氨氧化途径的中间体。该酶利用其二聚体晶体结构的 α、β 和 γ 亚基之间的空间分离来进行肼合成中涉及的半反应。含有这种酶的生物是在低氧环境中发现的单系细菌。
Hydrazine synthase is a key enzyme that facilitates the synthesis of hydrazine, and intermediate in the anammox pathway. The enzyme utilizes spatial separation between the α, β, and γ subunits of its dimer crystal structure to undergo the half reactions involved in hydrazine synthesis. Organisms that contain this enzyme are monophyletic bacteria found in low oxygen environments.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗谷氨酸合酶（也称为谷氨酰胺氧化戊二酸转氨酶）是一种酶，通常缩写为 GOGAT。这种酶从谷氨酰胺和 α-酮戊二酸产生谷氨酸，因此与谷氨酰胺合成酶（缩写 GS）一起在光合真核生物和原核生物的氮同化调节中发挥着核心作用。这非常重要，因为许多海洋环境中的初级生产力是由无机氮的可用性调节的。海藻使用的无机氮的主要来源是硝酸盐和铵。两种形式最终通过谷氨酰胺合成酶 (GS) 和谷氨酸合成酶（谷氨酰胺：2-酮戊二酸转氨酶；GOGAT）的连续反应结合成氨基酸。
Glutamate synthase (also known as Glutamine oxoglutarate aminotransferase) is an enzyme and frequently abbreviated as GOGAT. This enzyme manufactures glutamate from glutamine and α-ketoglutarate, and thus along with glutamine synthetase (abbreviated GS) plays a central role in the regulation of nitrogen assimilation in photosynthetic eukaryotes and prokaryotes. This is of great importance as primary productivity in many marine environments is regulated by the availability of inorganic nitrogen. The primary sources of inorganic nitrogen used by marine algae are nitrate and ammonium. Both forms are ultimately incorporated into amino acids through the sequential reaction of glutamine synthetase (GS) and glutamate synthase (glutamine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase; GOGAT).
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗木质素修饰酶 (LME) 是由真菌和细菌产生的各种酶，可催化木质素的分解，木质素是植物细胞壁中常见的生物聚合物。术语木质素酶和木素酶是同一类别的较旧名称，但现在优选名称“木质素修饰酶”，因为这些酶不水解，而是通过其酶促机制氧化（吸电子）。 LME包括过氧化物酶，例如木质素过氧化物酶(EC 1.11.1.14)、锰过氧化物酶(EC 1.11.1.13)、多功能过氧化物酶(EC 1.11.1.16)和许多漆酶类型的酚氧化酶。已知 LME 是由多种白腐担子菌真菌产生的，包括：黄孢原毛平革菌 (Phanerochaete chrysosporium)、细孢子菌 (Ceriporiopsis subvermispora)、花斑栓菌 (Trametes versicolor)、辐射静脉 (Phlebia radiata)、平菇 (Pleurotus ostreatus) 和杏鲍菇 (Pleurotus eryngii)。
Lignin-modifying enzymes (LMEs) are various types of enzymes produced by fungi and bacteria that catalyze the breakdown of lignin, a biopolymer commonly found in the cell walls of plants. The terms ligninases and lignases are older names for the same class, but the name "lignin-modifying enzymes" is now preferred, given that these enzymes are not hydrolytic but rather oxidative (electron withdrawing) by their enzymatic mechanisms. LMEs include peroxidases, such as lignin peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.14), manganese peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.13), versatile peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.16), and many phenoloxidases of the laccase type. LMEs have been known to be produced by many species of white rot basidiomycetous fungi, including: Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Ceriporiopsis subvermispora, Trametes versicolor, Phlebia radiata, Pleurotus ostreatus and Pleurotus eryngii.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗内酯酶（EC 3.1.1.81，酰基高丝氨酸内酯酶；系统名称 N-酰基-L-高丝氨酸内酯内酯水解酶）是一种金属酶，由某些细菌产生，其目标是酰化高丝氨酸内酯 (AHL) 并使其失活。它催化 N-酰基-L-高丝氨酸内酯 + H2O ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } 和 N-酰基-L-高丝氨酸的反应 许多α-、β-和γ-变形菌种产生酰化高丝氨酸内酯，这是一种类似激素的小分子，通常用作群体中细菌细胞之间的通讯信号，以调节某些基因表达和表型行为。这种类型的基因调控被称为群体感应。
Lactonase (EC 3.1.1.81, acyl-homoserine lactonase; systematic name N-acyl-L-homoserine-lactone lactonohydrolase) is a metalloenzyme, produced by certain species of bacteria, which targets and inactivates acylated homoserine lactones (AHLs). It catalyzes the reaction an N-acyl-L-homoserine lactone + H2O ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } an N-acyl-L-homoserine Many species of α-, β-, and γ-proteobacteria produce acylated homoserine lactones, small hormone-like molecules commonly used as communication signals between bacterial cells in a population to regulate certain gene expression and phenotypic behaviours. This type of gene regulation is known as quorum sensing.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗脂氧合酶 (EC 1.13.11.-) (LOX) 是一类（非血红素）含铁酶，更具体地说是氧化酶，其中大多数催化含有 cis,cis-1,4-戊二烯的脂质中的多不饱和脂肪酸双氧合成细胞信号传导剂，这些细胞信号传导剂发挥多种作用，如调节其母细胞功能的自分泌信号、调节附近细胞功能的旁分泌信号和调节远处细胞功能的内分泌信号。脂加氧酶由于其相似的遗传结构和双加氧活性而彼此相关。
Lipoxygenases (EC 1.13.11.-) (LOX) are a family of (non-heme) iron-containing enzymes, more specifically oxidative enzymes, most of which catalyze the dioxygenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids in lipids containing a cis,cis-1,4-pentadiene into cell signaling agents that serve diverse roles as autocrine signals that regulate the function of their parent cells, paracrine signals that regulate the function of nearby cells, and endocrine signals that regulate the function of distant cells. The lipoxygenases are related to each other based upon their similar genetic structure and dioxygenation activity.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗分选酶是指一组通过识别和切割羧基末端分选信号来修饰表面蛋白的原核肽酶。对于分选酶的大多数底物，识别信号由基序 LPXTG (Leu-Pro-any-Thr-Gly) 组成，然后是高度疏水性跨膜序列，最后是一簇碱性残基，例如精氨酸。裂解发生在 Thr 和 Gly 之间，通过 Thr 残基瞬时附着到活性位点 Cys 残基，然后进行转肽作用，将蛋白质共价附着到细胞壁成分上。分选酶存在于几乎所有革兰氏阳性细菌和偶尔的革兰氏阴性细菌（例如腐败希瓦氏菌）或古细菌（例如热自养甲烷杆菌）中，但尚未报道细胞壁 LPXTG 介导的修饰。
Sortase refers to a group of prokaryotic peptidases that modify surface proteins by recognizing and cleaving a carboxyl-terminal sorting signal. For most substrates of sortase enzymes, the recognition signal consists of the motif LPXTG (Leu-Pro-any-Thr-Gly), then a highly hydrophobic transmembrane sequence, followed by a cluster of basic residues such as arginine. Cleavage occurs between the Thr and Gly, with transient attachment through the Thr residue to the active site Cys residue, followed by transpeptidation that attaches the protein covalently to cell wall components. Sortases occur in almost all Gram-positive bacteria and the occasional Gram-negative bacterium (e.g. Shewanella putrefaciens) or Archaea (e.g. Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum), where cell wall LPXTG-mediated decoration has not been reported.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗泛醇氧化酶 (EC 1.10.3.11) 是细菌电子传递链中的酶，可将泛醇氧化成泛醌并将氧还原成水。这些酶是支链原核电子传递链中许多替代末端氧化酶中的一组。大肠杆菌泛醇氧化酶的整体结构与哺乳动物细胞色素 c 氧化酶相似，只是在膜中添加了极性泛醇结合位点。
Ubiquinol oxidases (EC 1.10.3.11) are enzymes in the bacterial electron transport chain that oxidise ubiquinol into ubiquinone and reduce oxygen to water. These enzymes are one set of the many alternative terminal oxidases in the branched prokaryotic electron transport chain. The overall structure of the E. coli ubiquinol oxidase is similar to that of the mammalian Cytochrome c oxidase, with the addition of a polar ubiquinol-binding site embedded in the membrane.
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查看内容许可 ↗液泡型 ATP 酶（V-ATP 酶）是一种高度保守的进化古老酶，在真核生物中具有非常多样化的功能。 V-ATP 酶酸化多种细胞内细胞器，并泵送质子穿过多种细胞类型的质膜。 V-ATP酶将ATP水解的能量与穿过真核细胞的细胞内膜和质膜的质子传输结合起来。它通常被视为与 ATP 合酶相反，因为 ATP 合酶是一种质子通道，利用质子梯度的能量来产生 ATP。然而，V-ATP 酶是一种质子泵，它利用 ATP 水解产生的能量来产生质子梯度。古细菌型 ATP 酶 (A-ATP 酶) 是古细菌中发现的一组相关 ATP 酶，通常充当 ATP 合酶。它与 V-ATPase 形成分支 V/A-ATPase。
Vacuolar-type ATPase (V-ATPase) are a highly conserved evolutionarily ancient enzyme with remarkably diverse functions in eukaryotic organisms. V-ATPases acidify a wide array of intracellular organelles and pump protons across the plasma membranes of numerous cell types. V-ATPases couple the energy of ATP hydrolysis to proton transport across intracellular and plasma membranes of eukaryotic cells. It is generally seen as the polar opposite of ATP synthase because ATP synthase is a proton channel that uses the energy from a proton gradient to produce ATP. V-ATPase however, is a proton pump that uses the energy from ATP hydrolysis to produce a proton gradient. The Archaea-type ATPase (A-ATPase) is a related group of ATPases found in archaea that often work as an ATP synthase. It forms a clade V/A-ATPase with V-ATPase.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗ATP合成酶，又称三磷酸腺苷合成酶或ATP合酶，在这里并特指F类的FoF1ATP合酶（F Type FoF1 ATP Synthase）。它利用呼吸链产生的质子的电化学势能，通过改变蛋白质的结构来进行三磷酸腺苷(ATP)的合成。ATP是大多数生物体中细胞最常用的“能量通货”。 它由二磷酸腺苷（ADP）和无机磷酸盐（Pi）形成。 ATP合酶催化的总体反应为： ADP + Pi + H+out ⇌ ATP + H2O + H+in ATP合酶由两个主要的亚基Fo和F1组成，它们具有允许ATP产生的旋转运动机制。
ATP synthase is an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of the energy storage molecule adenosine triphosphate (ATP) using adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate (Pi). ATP synthase is a molecular machine. The overall reaction catalyzed by ATP synthase is: ADP + Pi + 2H+out ⇌ ATP + H2O + 2H+in ATP synthase lies across a cellular membrane and forms an aperture that protons can cross from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration, imparting energy for the synthesis of ATP. This electrochemical gradient is generated by the electron transport chain and allows cells to store energy in ATP for later use. In prokaryotic cells ATP synthase lies across the plasma membrane, while in eukaryotic cells it lies across the inner mitochondrial membrane. Organisms capable of photosynthesis also have ATP synthase across the thylakoid membrane, which in plants is located in the chloroplast and in cyanobacteria is located in the cytoplasm. ATP synthase is present in all organisms studied.
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查看内容许可 ↗热合成是安东尼·穆勒提出的一种理论机制，用于生物利用温度梯度中的自由能来驱动高强度的合成代谢反应。它利用这种热梯度或该梯度中的对流耗散结构来驱动执行冷凝反应的微型热机。从而产生负熵。生物热合成机制的组成部分涉及当今 ATP 合酶的祖细胞，其根据化学渗透驱动的结合变化机制发挥作用。类似于基于对粘土等无机材料的温度依赖性吸附而产生原始自由能的物理化学过程，这种简单的能量转换被认为维持了生命的起源，包括 RNA 世界的出现。
Thermosynthesis is a theoretical mechanism proposed by Anthonie Muller for biological use of the free energy in a temperature gradient to drive energetically uphill anabolic reactions. It makes use of this thermal gradient, or the dissipative structure of convection in this gradient, to drive a microscopic heat engine that performs condensation reactions. Thus negative entropy is generated. The components of the biological thermosynthesis machinery concern progenitors of today's ATP synthase, which functions according to the binding change mechanism, driven by chemiosmosis. Resembling primitive free energy generating physico-chemical processes based on temperature-dependent adsorption to inorganic materials such as clay, this simple type of energy conversion is proposed to have sustained the origin of life, including the emergence of the RNA World.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗放射合成是理论上生物体从电离辐射中捕获和代谢能量，类似于光合作用。早在 1956 年，俄罗斯微生物学家 S. I. Kuznetsov 就提出了电离辐射代谢的理论。从 20 世纪 90 年代开始，切尔诺贝利核电站的研究人员在反应堆室的墙壁和周围土壤中发现了约 200 种明显具有放射性营养的真菌，这些真菌含有黑色素。这种“黑化”真菌也在营养贫乏、暴露于高强度紫外线辐射的高海拔地区被发现。根据乌克兰的研究结果，纽约叶史瓦大学阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦医学院的一个美国团队开始对黑色素和黑色化真菌进行辐射实验。
Radiosynthesis is the theorized capture and metabolism, by living organisms, of energy from ionizing radiation, analogously to photosynthesis. Metabolism of ionizing radiation was theorized as early as 1956 by the Russian microbiologist S. I. Kuznetsov. Beginning in the 1990s, researchers at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant uncovered some 200 species of apparently radiotrophic fungi containing the pigment melanin on the walls of the reactor room and in the surrounding soil. Such "melanized" fungi have also been discovered in nutrient-poor, high-altitude areas which are exposed to high levels of ultraviolet radiation. Following the Ukrainian results, an American team at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University in New York began experimenting with radiation exposure of melanin and melanized fungi.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗D-木糖是一种五碳的醛糖（戊糖、单糖），可被多种微生物催化代谢为有用的产物。 已知至少有四种木糖代谢的途径：1，氧化还原途径，存在于真核微生物中；2，异构酶途径，存在于某些原核生物中；3，Weimberg途径，一种原核生物的氧化途径；4，Dahms途径，原核生物的另一种氧化途径。
D-Xylose is a five-carbon aldose (pentose, monosaccharide) that can be catabolized or metabolized into useful products by a variety of organisms. There are at least four different pathways for the catabolism of D-xylose: An oxido-reductase pathway is present in eukaryotic microorganisms. Prokaryotes typically use an isomerase pathway, and two oxidative pathways, called Weimberg and Dahms pathways respectively, are also present in prokaryotic microorganisms.
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查看内容许可 ↗外源代谢（来自希腊语“xenos”“陌生人”和“biotic”“与生物有关”）是一组改变外源物质化学结构的代谢途径，外源物质是与生物体正常生物化学无关的化合物，例如药物和毒物。这些途径是生物转化的一种形式，存在于所有主要生物体中，并且被认为具有古老的起源。这些反应通常可以解毒有毒化合物。然而，在酒精代谢等情况下，异生物质代谢的中间体本身可能是毒性作用的原因。异生物质代谢分为三个阶段。在第一阶段，细胞色素 P450 氧化酶等酶将反应性或极性基团引入异生素中。然后这些修饰的化合物在第二阶段反应中与极性化合物缀合。
Xenobiotic metabolism (from the Greek xenos "stranger" and biotic "related to living beings") is the set of metabolic pathways that modify the chemical structure of xenobiotics, which are compounds foreign to an organism's normal biochemistry, such as drugs and poisons. These pathways are a form of biotransformation present in all major groups of organisms, and are considered to be of ancient origin. These reactions often act to detoxify poisonous compounds; however, in cases such as in the metabolism of alcohol, the intermediates in xenobiotic metabolism can themselves be the cause of toxic effects. Xenobiotic metabolism is divided into three phases. In phase I, enzymes such as cytochrome P450 oxidases introduce reactive or polar groups into xenobiotics. These modified compounds are then conjugated to polar compounds in phase II reactions.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗能量稳态（英文：Energy homeostasis）或能量平衡的稳态控制，在生物学中，是一个生物过程，涉及食物摄入（能量流入）和能量消耗（能量流出）的协调稳态调节。人脑，尤其是下丘脑会通过整合许多传递能量平衡信息的生化信号，在调节能量稳态和产生饥饿感方面发挥着核心作用。50%的葡萄糖代谢能量立即转化为热量。 能量稳态是生物能量学的一个重要方面。
In biology, energy homeostasis, or the homeostatic control of energy balance, is a biological process that involves the coordinated homeostatic regulation of food intake (energy inflow) and energy expenditure (energy outflow). The human brain, particularly the hypothalamus, plays a central role in regulating energy homeostasis and generating the sense of hunger by integrating a number of biochemical signals that transmit information about energy balance. Fifty percent of the energy from glucose metabolism is immediately converted to heat. Energy homeostasis is an important aspect of bioenergetics.
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查看内容许可 ↗维持呼吸（或维持能量）是指生物体中发生的新陈代谢，这是维持该生物体处于健康、生存状态所需的。维持呼吸与生长呼吸相反，生长呼吸负责生长中新结构的合成、养分吸收、氮 (N) 减少和韧皮部负荷，而维持呼吸与蛋白质和膜周转以及离子浓度和梯度的维持相关。
Maintenance respiration (or maintenance energy) refers to metabolism occurring in an organism that is needed to maintain that organism in a healthy, living state. Maintenance respiration contrasts with growth respiration, which is responsible for the synthesis of new structures in growth, nutrient uptake, nitrogen (N) reduction and phloem loading, whereas maintenance respiration is associated with protein and membrane turnover and maintenance of ion concentrations and gradients.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗外代谢组学，也称为“代谢足迹”，是对细胞外代谢物的研究，是代谢组学的一个子领域。虽然用于分析代谢物的相同分析方法也适用于外代谢组学，包括液相色谱质谱法 (LC-MS)、核磁共振 (NMR) 和气相色谱-质谱法 (GC-MS)，但外代谢物的分析带来了特定的挑战，并且最常见的重点是研究生物系统对外源代谢物库的转化。通常，这些实验是通过比较两个或多个时间点的代谢物来进行的，例如，废培养基与未接种/对照培养基；这种方法可以区分野生型酵母和酵母突变体之间的不同生理状态。
Exometabolomics, also known as 'metabolic footprinting', is the study of extracellular metabolites and is a sub-field of metabolomics. While the same analytical approaches used for profiling metabolites apply to exometabolomics, including liquid-chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS), analysis of exometabolites provides specific challenges and is most commonly focused on investigation of the transformations of exogenous metabolite pools by biological systems. Typically, these experiments are performed by comparing metabolites at two or more time points, for example, spent vs. uninoculated/control culture media; this approach can differentiate different physiological states of wild-type yeast and between yeast mutants.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗腐烂是死亡的第五阶段，继尸苍白、尸肝、尸尸、尸僵之后。这个过程指的是动物死后尸体的分解。从广义上讲，它可以被视为蛋白质的分解，组织之间的凝聚力的最终破坏以及大多数器官的液化。这是由于有机物被细菌或真菌消化分解，释放出气体渗入人体组织，导致组织器官的恶化。腐败发生的大致时间取决于多种因素。影响腐烂速度的内部因素包括死亡时的年龄、身体的整体结构和状况、死亡原因以及死前或死后发生的外伤。
Putrefaction is the fifth stage of death, following pallor mortis, livor mortis, algor mortis, and rigor mortis. This process references the breaking down of a body of an animal post-mortem. In broad terms, it can be viewed as the decomposition of proteins, and the eventual breakdown of the cohesiveness between tissues, and the liquefaction of most organs. This is caused by the decomposition of organic matter by bacterial or fungal digestion, which causes the release of gases that infiltrate the body's tissues, and leads to the deterioration of the tissues and organs. The approximate time it takes putrefaction to occur is dependent on various factors. Internal factors that affect the rate of putrefaction include the age at which death has occurred, the overall structure and condition of the body, the cause of death, and external injuries arising before or after death.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗在材料科学和分子生物学中，热稳定性是指物质在较高的相对温度下抵抗其化学或物理结构发生不可逆变化的能力，通常通过抵抗分解或聚合来实现。耐热材料可在工业上用作阻燃剂。热稳定塑料是一个不常见且非常规的术语，它可能是指加热时无法重塑的热固性塑料，而不是可以重熔和重铸的热塑性塑料。热稳定性也是一些蛋白质的特性。成为热稳定性蛋白质意味着能够抵抗由于施加的热量而导致的蛋白质结构的变化。
In materials science and molecular biology, thermostability is the ability of a substance to resist irreversible change in its chemical or physical structure, often by resisting decomposition or polymerization, at a high relative temperature. Thermostable materials may be used industrially as fire retardants. A thermostable plastic, an uncommon and unconventional term, is likely to refer to a thermosetting plastic that cannot be reshaped when heated, than to a thermoplastic that can be remelted and recast. Thermostability is also a property of some proteins. To be a thermostable protein means to be resistant to changes in protein structure due to applied heat.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗酶学委员会编号或酶编号（英语：Enzyme Commission number），简称EC编号或EC号（EC number），是一种基于酶催化化学反应而制定数字分类方案。作为酶命名法 / 酶学委员会命名法（enzyme nomenclature）系统，同时会为各种酶给予一个建议的名称，且每个EC编号都与相应酶催化反应的推荐名称相关联。 EC编号并非针对不同种类的酶，而是针对酶催化的反应。如果不同的酶（例如来自不同生物体的酶）催化相同的反应，则它们会获得相同的EC编号。此外，通过趋同进化，完全不同的蛋白质折叠可以催化相同的反应（这些有时被称为非同源同功能酶）因此会被分配相同的EC编号。相比之下，联合蛋白数据库标识符通过氨基酸序列唯一地指定蛋白质。
The Enzyme Commission number (EC number) is a numerical classification scheme for enzymes, based on the chemical reactions they catalyze. As a system of enzyme nomenclature, every EC number is associated with a recommended name for the corresponding enzyme-catalyzed reaction. EC numbers do not specify enzymes but enzyme-catalyzed reactions. If different enzymes (for instance from different organisms) catalyze the same reaction, then they receive the same EC number. Furthermore, through convergent evolution, completely different protein folds can catalyze an identical reaction (these are sometimes called non-homologous isofunctional enzymes) and therefore would be assigned the same EC number. By contrast, UniProt identifiers uniquely specify a protein by its amino acid sequence.
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查看内容许可 ↗生物信息学 (Bioinformatics) 是一个跨学科的科学领域，它开发用于理解生物数据的计算方法和软件工具，特别是当数据集庞大且复杂时。生物信息学整合了生物学、化学、物理学、计算机科学、数据科学、计算机编程、信息工程、数学和统计学的原理来分析和解释生物数据。这个过程有时可以被称为计算生物学；然而，这两个术语之间的区别经常引起争议。术语计算生物学可以指构建和使用生物系统模型。生物信息学的一些主要分支是计算基因组学、计算表观遗传学、计算免疫学和计算代谢组学。
Bioinformatics ( ) is an interdisciplinary field of science that develops computational methods and software tools for understanding biological data, especially when the data sets are large and complex. Bioinformatics integrates principles from biology, chemistry, physics, computer science, data science, computer programming, information engineering, mathematics, and statistics to analyze and interpret biological data. This process can sometimes be referred to as computational biology; however, the distinction between the two terms is often disputed. The term computational biology can refer to building and using models of biological systems. Some of the main sub-branches of bioinformatics are computational genomics, computational epigenetics, computational immunology, and computational metabolomics.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗生物分析是分析化学的一个子学科，涵盖生物系统中外源物质（药物及其代谢物、非自然位置或浓度的生物分子）和生物物质（大分子、蛋白质、DNA、大分子药物、代谢物）的定量测量。
Bioanalysis is a sub-discipline of analytical chemistry covering the quantitative measurement of xenobiotics (drugs and their metabolites, and biological molecules in unnatural locations or concentrations) and biotics (macromolecules, proteins, DNA, large molecule drugs, metabolites) in biological systems.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗酶诱导是分子（例如药物）诱导（即启动或增强）酶表达的过程。如果分子诱导负责其自身代谢的酶，则称为自诱导（如果存在抑制，则称为自抑制）。这些过程是基因表达调控的特殊形式。这些术语对药理学特别感兴趣，更具体地说是对药物代谢和药物相互作用特别感兴趣。它们也适用于分子生物学。
Enzyme induction is a process in which a molecule (e.g. a drug) induces (i.e. initiates or enhances) the expression of an enzyme. If the molecule induces enzymes that are responsible for its own metabolism, this is called auto-induction (or auto-inhibition if there is inhibition). These processes are particular forms of gene expression regulation. These terms are of particular interest to pharmacology, and more specifically to drug metabolism and drug interactions. They also apply to molecular biology.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
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