生物化学Staphylopine dehydrogenaseStaphylopine 合酶 (EC 1.5.1.52) 是一种催化 NADPH 依赖性丙酮酸还原缩合为中间体 (2S)-2-amino-4-{[(1R)-1-carboxy-2-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)eth]amino}butanoate 的酶,这是金属载体 Staphylopine 生物合成的最后一步。化学反应为: H2O + NADP+ + 葡萄碱 = (2S)-2-氨基-4-{[(1R)-1-羧基-2-(1H-咪唑-4-基)乙基]氨基}丁酸 + H+ + NADPH + 丙酮酸 别名:葡萄碱脱氢酶。
Staphylopine synthase (EC 1.5.1.52) is an enzyme that catalyzes NADPH-dependent reductive condensation of pyruvate to the intermediate (2S)-2-amino-4-{[(1R)-1-carboxy-2-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)ethyl]amino}butanoate, which is the last step in the biosynthesis of the metallophore staphylopine. The chemical reaction is: H2O + NADP+ + staphylopine = (2S)-2-amino-4-{[(1R)-1-carboxy-2-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)ethyl]amino}butanoate + H+ + NADPH + pyruvate Alternative name(s): staphylopine dehydrogenase.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取;两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查,不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译,请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗ 生物化学Superoxide dismutase mimetics超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD) 模拟物是模仿天然超氧化物歧化酶的合成化合物。 SOD 模拟物有效地将超氧阴离子 (O−2)(一种活性氧)转化为过氧化氢,过氧化氢进一步被过氧化氢酶转化为水。活性氧是细胞呼吸的天然副产品,会引起氧化应激和细胞损伤,从而导致癌症、神经退行性疾病、与年龄相关的健康状况下降和炎症性疾病。 SOD 模拟物因其较小的尺寸、较长的半衰期以及与天然酶的功能相似而在氧化应激的治疗中受到主要关注。 SOD 模拟物的化学结构通常由锰、铁或铜(和锌)配位络合物组成。
Superoxide dismutase (SOD) mimetics are synthetic compounds that mimic the native superoxide dismutase enzyme. SOD mimetics effectively convert the superoxide anion (O−2), a reactive oxygen species, into hydrogen peroxide, which is further converted into water by catalase. Reactive oxygen species are natural byproducts of cellular respiration and cause oxidative stress and cell damage, which has been linked to causing cancers, neurodegeneration, age-related declines in health, and inflammatory diseases. SOD mimetics are a prime interest in therapeutic treatment of oxidative stress because of their smaller size, longer half-life, and similarity in function to the native enzyme. The chemical structure of SOD mimetics generally consists of manganese, iron, or copper (and zinc) coordination complexes.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取;两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查,不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译,请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗ 生物化学Surveyor nuclease assaySurveyor 核酸酶测定是一种酶错配裂解测定,用于检测单碱基错配或小插入或缺失 (indel)。 Surveyor 核酸酶是在芹菜中发现的错配特异性核酸内切酶家族的一部分(CEL 核酸酶)。该酶可识别所有碱基替换和插入/删除,并以高特异性切割两条 DNA 链中不匹配位点的 3' 侧。该测定已用于识别和分析多种生物体和细胞类型中的突变,以及确认基因组编辑(使用 CRISPR/TALENs/锌指)后的基因组修饰。
Surveyor nuclease assay is an enzyme mismatch cleavage assay used to detect single base mismatches or small insertions or deletions (indels). Surveyor nuclease is part of a family of mismatch-specific endonucleases that were discovered in celery (CEL nucleases). The enzyme recognizes all base substitutions and insertions/deletions, and cleaves the 3′ side of mismatched sites in both DNA strands with high specificity This assay has been used to identify and analyze mutations in a variety of organisms and cell types, as well as to confirm genome modifications following genome editing (using CRISPR/TALENs/zinc fingers).
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取;两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查,不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译,请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗ 生物化学Synthesizing unit合成单位 (SU) 是广义的酶,遵循经典酶动力学规则,但有两个修改:产物形成不是底物浓度的函数,而是到达 SU 的底物通量的函数。假设底物-SU 复合物与(未改变的)底物和(未结合的)SU 的解离速率很小。
Synthesizing units (SUs) are generalized enzymes that follow the rules of classic enzyme kinetics with two modifications: product formation is not taken to be a function of substrate concentrations but of substrate fluxes that arrive at the SUs the dissociation rate of the substrate-SU complex to (unchanged) substrate and (unbounded) SU is assumed to be small.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取;两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查,不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译,请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗ 生物化学Thionein硫蛋白是一种与金属硫蛋白相关的富含半胱氨酸的辅酶。硫蛋白和金属硫蛋白充当氧化还原对,金属硫蛋白的大部分抗氧化功能实际上是由于硫蛋白。重金属离子与硫因和金属硫蛋白的结合是由于它们的高半胱氨酸含量。
Thionein is a cysteine-rich coenzyme associated with metallothioneins. Thionein and metallothionein act as a redox pair, and much of the antioxidant functions of attributed to metallothionein are actually due to thionein. The binding of heavy metal ions to both thionein and metallothionein is due to their high cysteine content.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取;两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查,不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译,请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗ 生物化学Tissue alpha-L-fucosidase组织 α-L-岩藻糖苷酶是人类中由 FUCA1 基因编码的一种酶。 α-岩藻糖苷酶是一种分解岩藻糖的酶。岩藻糖苷沉积症是一种常染色体隐性遗传性溶酶体贮积病,由 α-L-岩藻糖苷酶缺陷引起,岩藻糖在组织中积聚。不同的表型包括临床特征,如神经系统恶化、生长迟缓、内脏肿大和严重的早期癫痫发作;面部特征粗糙、弥漫性体质血管角化瘤、痉挛和存活时间较长的精神运动发育迟缓;以及另一种形式的不寻常的脊椎干骺端发育不良。[由 OMIM 提供]
Tissue alpha-L-fucosidase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the FUCA1 gene. Alpha-fucosidase is an enzyme that breaks out fucose. Fucosidosis is an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disease caused by defective alpha-L-fucosidase with accumulation of fucose in the tissues. Different phenotypes include clinical features such as neurologic deterioration, growth retardation, visceromegaly, and seizures in a severe early form; coarse facial features, angiokeratoma corporis diffusum, spasticity and delayed psychomotor development in a longer surviving form; and an unusual spondylometaphyseoepiphyseal dysplasia in yet another form.[supplied by OMIM]
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取;两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查,不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译,请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗ 生物化学Tobacco acid pyrophosphatase烟草酸性焦磷酸酶 (TAP) 是一种催化多种分子(包括 mRNA 5' 端)中磷酸酯键水解的酶。在 mRNA 成熟过程中,新 mRNA 分子的 5' 三磷酸被快速去除。然后,二磷酸 5' 末端攻击甲基化 GTP 的 α-磷原子,形成非常不寻常的 5'-5' 三磷酸键,称为帽。在分子生物学中,TAP 用于水解这种特殊结构的磷酸二酯键,并释放 5' 端仅具有一个磷酸基团的 mRNA 分子,例如在 RACE(cDNA 末端快速扩增)方案中。 TAP 的商业化生产已于 2015 年停止,但 Cap-Clip 酸性焦磷酸酶在全基因组研究中被发现表现几乎相同。
Tobacco Acid Pyrophosphatase (TAP) is an enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of a phosphoric ester bond in a broad spectrum of molecules, including the 5'-end of mRNA. During mRNA maturation the 5' triphosphate of the new mRNA molecule is rapidly removed. The diphosphate 5' end then attacks the α-phosphorus atom of a methylated GTP to form a very unusual 5'-5' triphosphate linkage, called cap. In molecular biology, TAP is used to hydrolyse a phosphodiester bond of this particular structure and release a mRNA molecule with only one phosphate group in the 5'-end, for instance in protocols for RACE (Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends). Commercial production of TAP was discontinued in 2015, however Cap-Clip acid pyrophosphatase has been found to perform nearly identically in genome-wide studies.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取;两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查,不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译,请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗ 生物化学Transcription factory遗传学中的转录工厂描述了细胞核中发生转录的离散位点,是生物分子凝聚体的一个例子。它们于 1993 年首次被发现,并被发现具有类似于复制工厂的结构,复制也发生在离散的站点上。这些工厂含有 RNA 聚合酶(活性或非活性)和转录所需的转录因子(激活子和阻遏子)。含有 RNA 聚合酶 II 的转录工厂是研究最多的,但 RNA 聚合酶 I 和 III 也可以存在工厂;核仁被视为转录工厂的原型。可以在光学显微镜和电子显微镜下观察它们。
Transcription factories, in genetics describe the discrete sites where transcription occurs in the cell nucleus, and are an example of a biomolecular condensate. They were first discovered in 1993 and have been found to have structures analogous to replication factories, sites where replication also occurs in discrete sites. The factories contain an RNA polymerase (active or inactive) and the necessary transcription factors (activators and repressors) for transcription. Transcription factories containing RNA polymerase II are the most studied but factories can exist for RNA polymerase I and III; the nucleolus being seen as the prototype for transcription factories. It is possible to view them under both light and electron microscopy.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取;两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查,不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译,请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗ 生物化学TRNA wybutosine-synthesizing protein 3tRNA 威布托辛合成蛋白 3,也称为 tRNAPhe 7-[(3-氨基-3-羧丙基)-4-去甲基威奥辛37-N4]-甲基转移酶,缩写为 TYW3,是一种 S-腺苷-L-甲硫氨酸依赖性甲基转移酶,参与威布托辛(一种超修饰鸟苷)的生物合成途径3'位具有三环碱基,接近真核苯丙氨酸tRNA的反密码子。据信TYW3还可甲基化亮氨酸的羧基以形成α-亮氨酸酯。该酶催化以下反应,4-去甲基-7-[(3S)-3-氨基-3-羧丙基]wyosine(37) + S-腺苷-L-甲硫氨酸 = 7-[(3S)-3-氨基-3-羧丙基]wyosine(37) + S-腺苷-L-高半胱氨酸 + H+ 该酶所做的修饰对于翻译阅读框的维护非常重要。 TYW3 存在于所有真核生物和一些古细菌中,但不存在于细菌中。
tRNA wybutosine-synthesizing protein 3, known also as tRNAPhe 7-[(3-amino-3-carboxypropyl)-4-demethylwyosine37-N4]-methyltransferase, abbreviated to TYW3 is an S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methyltransferase that is involved in the biosynthetic pathway of wybutosine, a hyper-modified guanosine possessing tricyclic base found at the 3'-position which is close to the anticodon of eukaryotic phenylalanine tRNA. TYW3 is believed to also methylate the carboxyl group of leucine to form α-leucine esters. The enzyme catalyzes the following reaction, 4-demethyl-7-[(3S)-3-amino-3-carboxypropyl]wyosine(37) + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 7-[(3S)-3-amino-3-carboxypropyl]wyosine(37) + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + H+ The modifications this enzyme makes are important for translational reading-frame maintenance. TYW3 is found in all eukaryotes and in some archaea, but not in bacteria.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取;两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查,不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译,请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗ 生物化学Type IX secretion systemIX型分泌系统是在纤维杆菌-绿球菌-拟杆菌超门中发现的一种特殊的蛋白质细菌分泌系统。它在各种细胞过程中发挥着至关重要的作用,包括牙龈卟啉单胞菌的滑动运动和毒力因子的分泌。迄今为止,T9SS 至少有 19 个组件已被识别,但它们的精确架构和机械功能仍未完全了解。细菌分泌系统有几种不同的类型。这些是复杂的蛋白质复合物,掺入许多不同种类细菌的膜内。细菌利用这些蛋白质将细胞内酶、蛋白质和分子排出并运输穿过细胞质膜进入宿主细胞或周围的细胞外空间。
The type IX secretion system is a specialized protein bacterial secretion system found in the Fibrobacteres-Chlorobi-Bacteroidetes superphylum. It plays a crucial role in various cellular processes, including gliding motility and the secretion of virulence factors in Porphyromonas gingivalis. To date, at least nineteen components of the T9SS have been identified, though their precise architecture and mechanistic functions remain incompletely understood. Bacterial secretion systems come in several different varieties. These are intricate complexes of proteins that are incorporated within the membranes of many different species of bacteria. These proteins are used by the bacteria to expel and transport intracellular enzymes, proteins, and molecules across the cytoplasmic membrane into a host cell or into the surrounding extracellular space.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取;两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查,不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译,请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗ 生物化学Ubiquitin-protein ligase E3B泛素蛋白连接酶 E3B (UBE3B) 是人类 UBE3B 基因编码的酶。 UBE3B 具有一个 N 端 IQ 基序,可介导不依赖钙的钙调蛋白结合和一个大的 C 端催化 HECT 结构域。
Ubiquitin-Protein Ligase E3B (UBE3B) is an enzyme encoded by UBE3B gene in humans. UBE3B has an N-terminal IQ motif, which mediates calcium-independent calmodulin binding and a large C-terminal catalytic HECT domain.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取;两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查,不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译,请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗ 生物化学USP18泛素特异性肽酶 18 (USP18),也称为 UBP43,是一种 I 型干扰素受体阻遏物和异肽酶。在人类中,它由 USP18 基因编码。 USP18 由对 I 型和 III 型干扰素的免疫反应诱导,并作为 I 型干扰素的负调节剂,但不是 III 型干扰素。由于 USP18 在干扰素信号转导中的负调节功能,USP18 的缺失会导致人类对 I 型干扰素的反应性增加以及危及生命的自身炎症性疾病。独立于该活性,USP18 也是去泛素化蛋白酶家族的成员。众所周知,可以从多种蛋白质底物中去除 ISG15 缀合物,这一过程称为去ISGylation。
Ubiquitin specific peptidase 18 (USP18), also known as UBP43, is a type I interferon receptor repressor and an isopeptidase. In humans, it is encoded by the USP18 gene. USP18 is induced by the immune response to type I and III interferons, and serves as a negative regulator of type I interferon, but not type III interferon. Loss of USP18 results in increased responsiveness to type I interferons and life-threatening autoinflammatory disease in humans due to the negative regulatory function of USP18 in interferon signal transduction. Independent of this activity, USP18 is also a member of the deubiquitinating protease family of enzymes. It is known to remove ISG15 conjugates from a broad range of protein substrates, a process known as deISGylation.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取;两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查,不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译,请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗ 生物化学V-ATPase液泡型 ATP 酶(V-ATP 酶)是一种高度保守的进化古老酶,在真核生物中具有非常多样化的功能。 V-ATP 酶酸化多种细胞内细胞器,并泵送质子穿过多种细胞类型的质膜。 V-ATP酶将ATP水解的能量与穿过真核细胞的细胞内膜和质膜的质子传输结合起来。它通常被视为与 ATP 合酶相反,因为 ATP 合酶是一种质子通道,利用质子梯度的能量来产生 ATP。然而,V-ATP 酶是一种质子泵,它利用 ATP 水解产生的能量来产生质子梯度。古细菌型 ATP 酶 (A-ATP 酶) 是古细菌中发现的一组相关 ATP 酶,通常充当 ATP 合酶。它与 V-ATPase 形成分支 V/A-ATPase。
Vacuolar-type ATPase (V-ATPase) are a highly conserved evolutionarily ancient enzyme with remarkably diverse functions in eukaryotic organisms. V-ATPases acidify a wide array of intracellular organelles and pump protons across the plasma membranes of numerous cell types. V-ATPases couple the energy of ATP hydrolysis to proton transport across intracellular and plasma membranes of eukaryotic cells. It is generally seen as the polar opposite of ATP synthase because ATP synthase is a proton channel that uses the energy from a proton gradient to produce ATP. V-ATPase however, is a proton pump that uses the energy from ATP hydrolysis to produce a proton gradient. The Archaea-type ATPase (A-ATPase) is a related group of ATPases found in archaea that often work as an ATP synthase. It forms a clade V/A-ATPase with V-ATPase.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取;两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查,不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译,请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗ 生物化学WNK1WNK(赖氨酸缺陷蛋白激酶 1),也称为 WNK1,是一种由 WNK1 基因编码的酶。 WNK1 是丝氨酸-苏氨酸蛋白激酶,是“无赖氨酸/K”激酶 WNK 家族的一部分。 WNK1 的主要作用是调节位于肾脏内的阳离子-Cl− 协同转运蛋白 (CCC),例如氯化钠协同转运蛋白 (NCC)、基底外侧 Na-K-Cl 同转运蛋白 (NKCC1) 和氯化钾协同转运蛋白 (KCC1)。 CCC 通过将离子运入和运出细胞来介导离子稳态并调节血压。因此,WNK1 突变与血压紊乱/疾病有关;一个典型的例子是家族性高钾性高血压(FHHt)。
WNK (lysine deficient protein kinase 1), also known as WNK1, is an enzyme that is encoded by the WNK1 gene. WNK1 is serine-threonine protein kinase and part of the "with no lysine/K" kinase WNK family. The predominant role of WNK1 is the regulation of cation-Cl− cotransporters (CCCs) such as the sodium chloride cotransporter (NCC), basolateral Na-K-Cl symporter (NKCC1), and potassium chloride cotransporter (KCC1) located within the kidney. CCCs mediate ion homeostasis and modulate blood pressure by transporting ions in and out of the cell. WNK1 mutations as a result have been implicated in blood pressure disorders/diseases; a prime example being familial hyperkalemic hypertension (FHHt).
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查看内容许可 ↗ 生物化学Active metabolite活性代谢物或药理活性代谢物是外源物质(例如药物或环境化学品)的生物活性代谢物。活性代谢物可能产生治疗作用,也可能产生有害作用。
An active metabolite, or pharmacologically active metabolite, is a biologically active metabolite of a xenobiotic substance, such as a drug or environmental chemical. Active metabolites may produce therapeutic effects, as well as harmful effects.
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查看内容许可 ↗ 生物化学Cytochrome P450细胞色素 P450(P450 或 CYP)是一个酶超家族,含有血红素作为辅助因子,主要但不限于单加氧酶。然而,它们并不是无所不在的;例如,在大肠杆菌中尚未发现它们。在哺乳动物中,这些酶氧化类固醇、脂肪酸、外源物质,并参与许多生物合成。通过羟基化,CYP450 酶将异生素转化为亲水性衍生物,更容易排出体外。一般来说,P450 是电子传递链中的末端氧化酶,大致分为含 P450 的系统。术语“P450”源自当酶处于还原状态并与一氧化碳络合时在酶的最大吸收波长(450nm)处的分光光度峰。
Cytochromes P450 (P450s or CYPs) are a superfamily of enzymes containing heme as a cofactor that mostly, but not exclusively, function as monooxygenases. However, they are not omnipresent; for example, they have not been found in Escherichia coli. In mammals, these enzymes oxidize steroids, fatty acids, xenobiotics, and participate in many biosyntheses. By hydroxylation, CYP450 enzymes convert xenobiotics into hydrophilic derivatives, which are more readily excreted. P450s are, in general, the terminal oxidase enzymes in electron transfer chains, broadly categorized as P450-containing systems. The term "P450" is derived from the spectrophotometric peak at the wavelength of the absorption maximum of the enzyme (450 nm) when it is in the reduced state and complexed with carbon monoxide.
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查看内容许可 ↗ 生物化学Enzyme inhibitor酶抑制剂是一种与酶结合并阻断其活性的分子。酶是加速生命必需的化学反应的蛋白质,其中底物分子转化为产物。酶通过将底物与其活性位点结合来促进特定的化学反应,活性位点是酶上的一个特殊区域,可加速反应中最困难的步骤。酶抑制剂通过与酶的活性位点结合(从而防止底物本身结合)或通过与酶上的另一个位点结合来阻止(“抑制”)该过程,从而阻止酶对反应的催化。酶抑制剂可以可逆或不可逆地结合。不可逆抑制剂与酶形成化学键,从而抑制酶直至化学键断裂。
An enzyme inhibitor is a molecule that binds to an enzyme and blocks its activity. Enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical reactions necessary for life, in which substrate molecules are converted into products. An enzyme facilitates a specific chemical reaction by binding the substrate to its active site, a specialized area on the enzyme that accelerates the most difficult step of the reaction. An enzyme inhibitor stops ("inhibits") this process, either by binding to the enzyme's active site (thus preventing the substrate itself from binding) or by binding to another site on the enzyme such that the enzyme's catalysis of the reaction is blocked. Enzyme inhibitors may bind reversibly or irreversibly. Irreversible inhibitors form a chemical bond with the enzyme such that the enzyme is inhibited until the chemical bond is broken.
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查看内容许可 ↗ 生物化学Hibernation factor冬眠因子是细胞用来通过减慢或停止细胞代谢来诱导休眠状态的蛋白质。这可能发生在压力时期,随机地在群体中分配“指定幸存者”,或者当细菌停止生长(进入稳定期)时。冬眠因子可以做很多事情,包括拆除细胞机器和停止基因表达,但最重要的冬眠因子与核糖体结合并停止蛋白质生产,这消耗了细胞中的很大一部分能量。
A hibernation factor is a protein used by cells to induce a dormant state by slowing or halting the cellular metabolism. This can occur during periods of stress, randomly in order to allocate "designated survivors" in a population, or when bacteria cease growth (enter stationary phase). Hibernation factors can do a variety of things, including dismantling cellular machinery and halting gene expression, but the most important hibernation factors bind to the ribosome and halt protein production, which consumes a large fraction of the energy in a cell.
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查看内容许可 ↗ 生物化学(E)-4-Hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate(E)-4-羟基-3-甲基-丁-2-烯基焦磷酸(HMBPP 或 HMB-PP)是类异戊二烯生物合成的 MEP 途径(非甲羟戊酸途径)的中间体。 HMB-PP 合酶 (GcpE、IspG) 催化 2-C-甲基-D-赤藓糖醇 2,4-环二磷酸 (MEcPP) 转化为 HMB-PP。然后,HMB-PP 通过 HMB-PP 还原酶(LytB、IspH)进一步转化为异戊烯基焦磷酸 (IPP) 和二甲基烯丙基焦磷酸 (DMAPP)。
(E)-4-Hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate (HMBPP or HMB-PP) is an intermediate of the MEP pathway (non-mevalonate pathway) of isoprenoid biosynthesis. The enzyme HMB-PP synthase (GcpE, IspG) catalyzes the conversion of 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate (MEcPP) into HMB-PP. HMB-PP is then converted further to isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP) by HMB-PP reductase (LytB, IspH).
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查看内容许可 ↗ 生物化学Hypermetabolism代谢亢进被定义为静息能量消耗 (REE) 升高> 预测 REE 的 110%。代谢亢进伴随着各种内部和外部症状,最显着的是极度体重减轻,也可能本身就是一种症状,通常是由严重创伤引起的,使身体处于持续能量匮乏的状态。这种代谢活动增加的状态可能预示着潜在的问题,尤其是甲状腺功能亢进。致命性家族性失眠患者也可能出现代谢亢进。
Hypermetabolism is defined as an elevated resting energy expenditure (REE) > 110% of predicted REE. Hypermetabolism is accompanied by a variety of internal and external symptoms, most notably extreme weight loss, and can also be a symptom in itself, being generally caused from severe trauma, leaving the body in a state of constant energy deprivation. This state of increased metabolic activity can signal underlying issues, especially hyperthyroidism. Patients with Fatal familial insomnia can also present with hypermetabolism.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取;两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查,不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译,请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗ 生物化学Hyperthecosis卵泡膜细胞增多症或卵巢卵泡膜细胞增多症是卵巢内卵泡膜的增生。当黄素化区域与基质增生一起发生时,就会发生卵泡细胞增多症。黄素化细胞产生雄激素,可能导致受影响的女性出现多毛症和男性化(或男性化)。术语卵泡膜增生症是指由于卵巢间质细胞分化为具有类固醇生成活性的黄素化基质细胞,在卵巢基质中存在黄素化卵泡膜细胞巢。这些黄素化卵泡膜细胞的巢或岛分散在整个卵巢基质中,而不是像多内分泌代谢性卵巢综合征(PMOS)那样局限于囊性卵泡周围的区域。这些黄素化的卵泡膜细胞会产生更多的雄激素。
Hyperthecosis, or ovarian hyperthecosis, is hyperplasia of the theca interna of the ovary. Hyperthecosis occurs when an area of luteinization occurs along with stromal hyperplasia. The luteinized cells produce androgens, which may lead to hirsutism and virilization (or masculinization) in affected women. The term hyperthecosis refers to the presence of nests of luteinized theca cells in the ovarian stroma due to differentiation of the ovarian interstitial cells into steroidogenically active luteinized stromal cells. These nests or islands of luteinized theca cells are scattered throughout the stroma of the ovary, rather than being confined to areas around cystic follicles as in polyendocrine metabolic ovarian syndrome (PMOS). These luteinized theca cells result in greater production of androgens.
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查看内容许可 ↗ 生物化学Immunometabolism免疫代谢是生物学的一个分支,研究所有生物体中代谢与免疫学之间的相互作用。特别是,免疫代谢是对 i) 免疫功能的代谢调节和 ii) 免疫系统分子和细胞代谢调节的分子和生化基础的研究。进一步分类包括 i) 全身免疫代谢和 ii) 细胞免疫代谢。免疫代谢包括代谢性炎症:一种慢性、全身性、低度炎症,由肥胖或衰老引起的代谢失调精心策划。
Immunometabolism is a branch of biology that studies the interplay between metabolism and immunology in all organisms. In particular, immunometabolism is the study of the molecular and biochemical underpinnings for i) the metabolic regulation of immune function, and ii) the regulation of metabolism by molecules and cells of the immune system. Further categorization includes i) systemic immunometabolism and ii) cellular immunometabolism. Immunometabolism includes metabolic inflammation: a chronic, systemic, low grade inflammation, orchestrated by metabolic deregulation caused by obesity or aging.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取;两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查,不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译,请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗ 生物化学Indirect calorimetry间接量热法通过测量生物体产生的二氧化碳和氮废物(通常是水生生物中的氨,或陆生生物中的尿素)或氧气的消耗来计算生物体产生的热量。间接量热法从气体交换测量(休息和稳态运动期间的氧气消耗和二氧化碳产生)开始估计体内底物利用率和能量代谢的类型和速率。该技术提供了独特的信息,是非侵入性的,并且可以有利地与其他实验方法相结合,以研究营养同化、产热、体育锻炼的能量学和代谢疾病的发病机制的许多方面。
Indirect calorimetry calculates heat that living organisms produce by measuring either their production of carbon dioxide and nitrogen waste (frequently ammonia in aquatic organisms, or urea in terrestrial ones), or from their consumption of oxygen. Indirect calorimetry estimates the type and rate of substrate utilization and energy metabolism in vivo starting from gas exchange measurements (oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production during rest and steady-state exercise). This technique provides unique information, is noninvasive, and can be advantageously combined with other experimental methods to investigate numerous aspects of nutrient assimilation, thermogenesis, the energetics of physical exercise, and the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取;两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查,不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译,请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗ 生物化学KaPPA-View4KaPPA-View4 是一个代谢途径数据库,包含来自“组学”数据的代谢调节数据。
KaPPA-View4 is a metabolic pathway database containing data about metabolic regulation from 'omics' data.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取;两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查,不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译,请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗ 生物化学Lake metabolism湖泊代谢代表了湖泊固碳(总初级生产力)和生物碳氧化(生态系统呼吸)之间的平衡。全湖代谢包括湖内所有生物(从细菌到鱼类)的碳固定和氧化,通常通过测量全天溶解氧或二氧化碳的变化来估计。生态系统呼吸超过初级生产总量表明湖泊从周围流域接收有机物质,例如通过溪流或地下水流入或垃圾。湖泊代谢通常控制着湖泊的二氧化碳排放或流入,但它并不能解释所有的二氧化碳动态,因为来自周围流域的无机碳的输入也会影响湖泊内的二氧化碳。
Lake metabolism represents a lake's balance between carbon fixation (gross primary production) and biological carbon oxidation (ecosystem respiration). Whole-lake metabolism includes the carbon fixation and oxidation from all organisms within the lake, from bacteria to fishes, and is typically estimated by measuring changes in dissolved oxygen or carbon dioxide throughout the day. Ecosystem respiration in excess of gross primary production indicates the lake receives organic material from the surrounding catchment, such as through stream or groundwater inflows or litterfall. Lake metabolism often controls the carbon dioxide emissions from or influx to lakes, but it does not account for all carbon dioxide dynamics since inputs of inorganic carbon from the surrounding catchment also influence carbon dioxide within lakes.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取;两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查,不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译,请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗ 生物化学Lethal synthesis致死合成或自杀代谢是从本身无毒的前体生物合成毒素,例如从氟乙酸盐合成氟柠檬酸盐或从甘油合成甲基乙二醛。该术语由鲁道夫·彼得斯 (Rudolph Peters) 在 1951 年的克罗尼安讲座 (Croonian Lecture) 中首次提出。
Lethal synthesis, or suicide metabolism, is the biosynthesis of a toxin from a precursor which is not itself toxic, such as the synthesis of fluorocitrate from fluoroacetate or the synthesis of methylglyoxal from glycerol. The term was first publicised by Rudolph Peters in his Croonian Lecture of 1951.
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查看内容许可 ↗ 生物化学Lipotoxicity脂毒性是一种代谢综合征,由非脂肪组织中脂质中间体的积累引起,导致细胞功能障碍和死亡。通常受影响的组织包括肾脏、肝脏、心脏和骨骼肌。脂毒性被认为与心力衰竭、肥胖和糖尿病有关,估计影响约 25% 的美国成年人口。
Lipotoxicity is a metabolic syndrome that results from the accumulation of lipid intermediates in non-adipose tissue, leading to cellular dysfunction and death. The tissues normally affected include the kidneys, liver, heart and skeletal muscle. Lipotoxicity is believed to have a role in heart failure, obesity, and diabetes, and is estimated to affect approximately 25% of the adult American population.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取;两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查,不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译,请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗ 生物化学Lithotroph石营养生物是利用无机底物(通常是矿物来源)获得还原当量的生物体,用于通过有氧或无氧呼吸进行生物合成(例如二氧化碳固定)或能量保存(即 ATP 产生)。虽然广义上的石质营养生物包括像植物这样的光石营养生物,但化学石营养生物则完全是微生物。没有已知的大型动物具有使用无机化合物作为电子源的能力。大型动物和石营养生物可以形成共生关系,在这种情况下,石营养生物被称为“原核共生体”。一个例子是巨型管虫中的化能营养细菌。或质体,它们是植物细胞内的细胞器,可能是从光养蓝藻类生物体进化而来的。化能营养生物属于细菌和古细菌领域。
Lithotrophs are a diverse group of organisms using an inorganic substrate (usually of mineral origin) to obtain reducing equivalents for use in biosynthesis (e.g., carbon dioxide fixation) or energy conservation (i.e., ATP production) via aerobic or anaerobic respiration. While lithotrophs in the broader sense include photolithotrophs like plants, chemolithotrophs are exclusively microorganisms; no known macrofauna possesses the ability to use inorganic compounds as electron sources. Macrofauna and lithotrophs can form symbiotic relationships, in which case the lithotrophs are called "prokaryotic symbionts". An example of this is chemolithotrophic bacteria in giant tube worms; or plastids, which are organelles within plant cells that may have evolved from photolithotrophic cyanobacteria-like organisms. Chemolithotrophs belong to the domains Bacteria and Archaea.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取;两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查,不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译,请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗ 生物化学Luxury uptake奢侈吸收是指微藻的适应能力,其吸收的营养物质(通常是磷)数量多于它们能够立即利用的生长或代谢功能。
Luxury uptake refers to the adaptation of microalgae sequestering a greater quantity of nutrients, typically phosphorus, than they are immediately able to utilize for growth or metabolic function.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取;两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查,不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译,请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗ 生物化学Maintenance respiration维持呼吸(或维持能量)是指生物体中发生的新陈代谢,这是维持该生物体处于健康、生存状态所需的。维持呼吸与生长呼吸相反,生长呼吸负责生长中新结构的合成、养分吸收、氮 (N) 减少和韧皮部负荷,而维持呼吸与蛋白质和膜周转以及离子浓度和梯度的维持相关。
Maintenance respiration (or maintenance energy) refers to metabolism occurring in an organism that is needed to maintain that organism in a healthy, living state. Maintenance respiration contrasts with growth respiration, which is responsible for the synthesis of new structures in growth, nutrient uptake, nitrogen (N) reduction and phloem loading, whereas maintenance respiration is associated with protein and membrane turnover and maintenance of ion concentrations and gradients.
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