生物化学Side chain在有机化学和生物化学中，侧链是连接到分子核心部分（称为“主链”或主链）的化学基团。侧链是连接到较大烃主链的分子的烃支化元素。它是决定分子性质和反应性的因素之一。侧链也称为侧链，但侧基（侧基）有不同的定义。
In organic chemistry and biochemistry, a side chain is a chemical group that is attached to a core part of the molecule called the "main chain" or backbone. The side chain is a hydrocarbon branching element of a molecule that is attached to a larger hydrocarbon backbone. It is one factor in determining a molecule's properties and reactivity. A side chain is also known as a pendant chain, but a pendant group (side group) has a different definition.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗死亡转录组是指在死亡后体内器官中仍然活跃或觉醒的基因组部分产生的所有 RNA 转录本。它与死亡学的生物化学、微生物学和生物物理学的研究相关，特别是在法医学领域。一些基因可能在细胞死亡后持续表达长达 48 小时，产生新的 mRNA。自胎儿发育结束以来通常受到抑制的某些基因可能在此时再次表达。
The thanatotranscriptome denotes all RNA transcripts produced from the portions of the genome still active or awakened in the internal organs of a body following its death. It is relevant to the study of the biochemistry, microbiology, and biophysics of thanatology, in particular within forensic science. Some genes may continue to be expressed in cells for up to 48 hours after death, producing new mRNA. Certain genes that are generally inhibited since the end of fetal development may be expressed again at this time.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗稀有元素是指自然界中储量稀少（一般地壳丰度为100ppm以下）或分布稀散、很少富集成矿的元素。部分稀有元素常用来制造特种金属材料或特殊元件，如特种钢、合金、永久磁铁等，在飞机、火箭、汽车、原子能、半导体等工业领域属于关键性材料。代表性的稀有金属有铍、镓、铟、铼以及稀土金属等。
A trace element is a chemical element of a minute quantity, a trace amount, especially used in referring to a micronutrient, but is also used to refer to minor elements in the composition of a rock, or other chemical substance. In nutrition, trace elements are classified into two groups: essential trace elements, and non-essential trace elements. Essential trace elements are needed for many physiological and biochemical processes in both plants and animals. Not only do trace elements play a role in biological processes but they also serve as catalysts to engage in redox – oxidation and reduction mechanisms. Trace elements of some heavy metals have a biological role as essential micronutrients.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。
查看内容许可 ↗振动圆二色性 (VCD) 是一种光谱技术，可检测穿过样品的左右圆偏振光的衰减差异。它是圆二色光谱向红外和近红外范围的延伸。由于 VCD 对分子中不同基团的相互方向敏感，因此它提供三维结构信息。因此，它是一项强大的技术，因为可以使用从头计算来模拟对映体的 VCD 光谱，从而可以从 VCD 光谱中识别溶液中小分子的绝对构型。由有机小分子的手性特性产生的 VCD 光谱的量子计算包括基于密度泛函理论 (DFT) 和规范原子轨道 (GIAO) 的计算。
Vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) is a spectroscopic technique which detects differences in attenuation of left and right circularly polarized light passing through a sample. It is the extension of circular dichroism spectroscopy into the infrared and near infrared ranges. Because VCD is sensitive to the mutual orientation of distinct groups in a molecule, it provides three-dimensional structural information. Thus, it is a powerful technique as VCD spectra of enantiomers can be simulated using ab initio calculations, thereby allowing the identification of absolute configurations of small molecules in solution from VCD spectra. Among such quantum computations of VCD spectra resulting from the chiral properties of small organic molecules are those based on density functional theory (DFT) and gauge-including atomic orbitals (GIAO).
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗同种异型酶（或也称为同种异型酶）是一种酶的变体形式，其结构与同一基因座上不同等位基因编码的其他同种异型酶在结构上不同，但在功能上没有差异。它们与同工酶相反，同工酶是执行相同功能的酶，但由位于不同基因座的基因编码。同种酶是常见的生物酶，在整个特定门和界中表现出高水平的功能进化保守性。它们被系统发生学家用作分子标记来衡量进化历史和不同物种之间的关系。这是可以做到的，因为同种酶不具有相同的结构。它们可以通过毛细管电泳分离。然而，一些物种的许多同种异型酶是单态的，这使得系统发生学家很难评估这些物种的进化历史。
Alloenzymes (or also called allozymes) are variant forms of an enzyme which differ structurally but not functionally from other allozymes coded for by different alleles at the same locus. These are opposed to isozymes, which are enzymes that perform the same function, but which are coded by genes located at different loci. Alloenzymes are common biological enzymes that exhibit high levels of functional evolutionary conservation throughout specific phyla and kingdoms. They are used by phylogeneticists as molecular markers to gauge evolutionary histories and relationships between different species. This can be done because allozymes do not have the same structure. They can be separated by capillary electrophoresis. However, some species are monomorphic for many of their allozymes which would make it difficult for phylogeneticists to assess the evolutionary histories of these species.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗人工金属酶 (ArM) 是一种设计金属蛋白，在自然界中未发现，可以催化所需的化学反应。尽管属于经典酶类别，ArM 还具有新的自然化学反应潜力，例如催化 Suzuki 偶联、复分解等，这些在天然酶反应中从未报道过。 ArM 有两个主要成分：蛋白质支架和人工催化部分，在这种情况下，其特征是金属中心。
An artificial metalloenzyme (ArM) is a designer metalloprotein, not found in nature, which can catalyze desired chemical reactions. Despite fitting into classical enzyme categories, ArMs also have potential in new-to-nature chemical reactivity like catalysing Suzuki coupling, metathesis etc., which were never reported among natural enzymatic reactions. ArMs have two main components: a protein scaffold and an artificial catalytic moiety, which, in this case, features a metal center.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗天冬酰胺肽裂解酶是七组蛋白酶之一，也称为蛋白水解酶、肽酶或蛋白酶，根据其催化残基进行分类。天冬酰胺肽裂解酶的催化机制涉及天冬酰胺残基作为亲核试剂进行亲核消除反应，而不是水解，以催化肽键的断裂。通过发现大肠杆菌 Tsh 自转运蛋白的自裂解前体的晶体结构，证明了第七种催化类型蛋白酶的存在，其中肽键裂解是通过自加工而不是水解发生的。
Asparagine peptide lyase are one of the seven groups in which proteases, also termed proteolytic enzymes, peptidases, or proteinases, are classified according to their catalytic residue. The catalytic mechanism of the asparagine peptide lyases involves an asparagine residue acting as nucleophile to perform a nucleophilic elimination reaction, rather than hydrolysis, to catalyse the breaking of a peptide bond. The existence of this seventh catalytic type of proteases, in which the peptide bond cleavage occurs by self-processing instead of hydrolysis, was demonstrated with the discovery of the crystal structure of the self-cleaving precursor of the Tsh autotransporter from E. coli.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗ATP 合酶 delta/epsilon 亚基是 ATP 合酶和 F-ATP 酶家族的一部分。它在线粒体 ATP 合成中被称为 delta 亚基，在细菌和叶绿体 ATP 合成中被称为 epsilon 亚基。它是子单元 F1 和 FO 之间的转子的一部分。其 C 末端结构域似乎抑制合酶的 ATP 酶活性。
ATP synthase delta/epsilon subunit is a part of the ATP synthase and the F-ATPase family in general. It is known as the delta subunit in mitochondrial ATP syntheses, and the epsilon subunit in bacterial and chloroplastic ATP syntheses. It is part of the rotor between subunits F1 and FO. Its C terminal domain seems to inhibit ATPase activity of the synthase.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗线粒体 ATP 合酶外周茎亚基 b 是人类中由 ATP5PB 基因编码的酶。该基因编码线粒体 ATP 合酶的一个亚基。线粒体 ATP 合酶在氧化磷酸化过程中利用穿过内膜的质子电化学梯度来催化 ATP 合成。 ATP 合酶由两个相连的多亚基复合物组成：可溶性催化核心 F1 和构成质子通道的跨膜组件 Fo。线粒体 ATP 合酶的催化部分由 5 个不同的亚基（α、β、γ、δ 和 epsilon）组成，其化学计量为 3 个 α、3 个 β 以及其他 3 个的单个代表。质子通道似乎有 9 个亚基（a、b、c、d、e、f、g、F6 和 8）。该基因编码质子通道的 b 亚基。
ATP synthase peripheral stalk subunit b, mitochondrial is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ATP5PB gene. This gene encodes a subunit of mitochondrial ATP synthase. Mitochondrial ATP synthase catalyzes ATP synthesis, utilizing an electrochemical gradient of protons across the inner membrane during oxidative phosphorylation. ATP synthase is composed of two linked multi-subunit complexes: the soluble catalytic core, F1, and the membrane-spanning component, Fo, comprising the proton channel. The catalytic portion of mitochondrial ATP synthase consists of 5 different subunits (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon) assembled with a stoichiometry of 3 alpha, 3 beta, and a single representative of the other 3. The proton channel seems to have nine subunits (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, F6 and 8). This gene encodes the b subunit of the proton channel.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗线粒体 ATP 合酶 F1 亚基 epsilon 是人类中由 ATP5F1E 基因编码的一种酶。 ATP5F1E 编码的蛋白质是 ATP 合酶的一个亚基，也称为复合体 V。该基因的变异与线粒体复合体 V 缺乏症、核型 3 (MC5DN3) 和乳头状甲状腺癌有关。 ATP5F1E基因位于20号染色体q臂13.32位，由3个外显子组成，长度为3,690个碱基对。 ATP5F1E 蛋白重 5.7 kDa，由 51 个氨基酸组成。该基因的两个假基因位于4号和13号染色体上。ATP5F1E位于ATP合酶的旋转中心柄上，可以收缩或伸长。当它收缩时，它会抑制 ATP 合酶活性位点，阻止 ATP 的产生或降解。
ATP synthase F1 subunit epsilon, mitochondrial is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ATP5F1E gene. The protein encoded by ATP5F1E is a subunit of ATP synthase, also known as Complex V. Variations of this gene have been associated with a condition called mitochondrial complex V deficiency, nuclear type 3 (MC5DN3) and papillary thyroid cancer. The ATP5F1E gene, located on the q arm of chromosome 20 in position 13.32, is made up of 3 exons and is 3,690 base pairs in length. The ATP5F1E protein weighs 5.7 kDa and is composed of 51 amino acids. Two pseudogenes of this gene are located on chromosomes 4 and 13. ATP5F1E is located on the rotating central stalk of ATP synthase, and can be contracted or extended. When it is contracted, it inhibits the ATP synthase active site, preventing ATP from being produced or degraded.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗拟南芥 SUMO 结合酶 (AtSCE1) 是一种小泛素样修饰剂 (SUMO) 翻译后修饰途径成员的酶。这个过程以及与之相关的 SCE1 酶在真核生物中高度保守，但在原核生物中不存在。简而言之，该途径导致小多肽通过修饰酶和底物中赖氨酸残基的ε-氨基之间的异肽键连接。在植物中，由 160 个氨基酸组成的 SCE1 酶于 2003 年首次得到表征。在 3 号染色体上发现了一个功能基因副本 SCE1a。
Arabidopsis SUMO-conjugation enzyme (AtSCE1) is an enzyme that is a member of the small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) post-translational modification pathway. This process, and the SCE1 enzyme with it, is highly conserved across eukaryotes yet absent in prokaryotes. In short, this pathway results in the attachment of a small polypeptide through an isopeptide bond between modifying enzyme and the ε-amino group of a lysine residue in the substrate. In plants, the 160 amino acid SCE1 enzyme was first characterized in 2003. One functional gene copy, SCE1a, was found on chromosomes 3.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗燕麦糖苷酶是在燕麦种燕麦中发现的一种葡萄糖苷酶。已知燕麦糖苷酶可对抗真菌感染。燕麦糖苷酶是催化 O 和 S-糖基化合物水解的酶家族的一员。该酶催化以下反应： 燕麦苷 B + H2O = 26-脱葡萄糖-燕麦苷 B + D-葡萄糖 该蛋白质由 60 kDa（千道尔顿）亚基组成，首次从燕麦幼苗中分离出来。众所周知，一旦冷冻和解冻，这种酶就会停止所有催化活性。
Avenacosidase is a glucosidase enzyme found in the oat species Avena. Avenacosidase is known to act against fungal infection. Avenacosidase is a member of the family of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of O and S-glycosyl compounds. The enzyme catalyzes the following reaction: avenacoside B + H2O = 26-desgluco-avenacoside B + D-glucose The protein consists of 60 kDa (kilodalton) subunits, and was first isolated from oat seedlings. The enzyme is known to halt all catalytic activity once frozen and thawed.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗细菌谷胱甘肽转移酶（GST；EC 2.5.1.18）是酶超家族的一部分，在细胞解毒（包括药物）中发挥着至关重要的作用。 GST 的主要作用是催化谷胱甘肽 (GSH) 与多种分子的亲电子中心的结合。 GST 最常见的底物是异生合成化学品。还有一些类型的 GST 利用谷胱甘肽作为辅助因子而不是底物。这些 GST 通常参与减少对细菌有毒的活性氧化物质。与谷胱甘肽受体结合使有毒物质更易溶解，因此更容易从细胞中胞吐。
Bacterial glutathione transferases (GSTs; EC 2.5.1.18) are part of a superfamily of enzymes that play a crucial role in cellular detoxification, including drugs. The primary role of GSTs is to catalyze the conjugation of glutathione (GSH) with the electrophilic centers of a wide variety of molecules. The most commonly known substrates of GSTs are xenobiotic synthetic chemicals. There are also classes of GSTs that utilize glutathione as a cofactor rather than a substrate. Often these GSTs are involved in reduction of reactive oxidative species toxic to the bacterium. Conjugation with glutathione receptors renders toxic substances more soluble, and therefore more readily exocytosed from the cell.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗BAHD 酰基转移酶是主要存在于植物、藻类和细菌中的酶超家族。它们是 CoA 依赖性酶，可将酰基激活的 CoA 硫酯供体的酰化部分 (RC(O)R’) 转移至受体分子。该酶家族的成员通常共享两个保守的氨基酸基序。第一个基序或连续氨基酸串是 HXXXD（组氨酸、任意、任意、任意、天冬氨酸），通常出现在蛋白质的中心区域。该基序中的组氨酸也已被证明在许多 BAHD 酶中充当催化残基。第二个保守基序是 DFGWG（天冬氨酸、苯丙氨酸、甘氨酸、色氨酸、甘氨酸），它通常出现在蛋白质的羧基末端附近，被认为参与 CoA 结合。
The BAHD acyltransferases are a super family of enzymes found primarily in plants, algae and bacteria. They are CoA-dependent enzymes that transfer acylated moieties (RC(O)R’) of an acyl-activated CoA thioester donor to an acceptor molecule. Members of this enzyme family typically share two conserved amino acid motifs. The first motif, or string of consecutive amino acids, is HXXXD (Histidine, Any, Any, Any, Aspartic acid) and it is typically found in the central region of the protein. The Histidine in this motif has also been shown to act as a catalytic residue in many BAHD enzymes. The second conserved motif is DFGWG (Aspartic acid, Phenylalanine, Glycine, Tryptophan, Glycine) and it is typically found near the carboxyl terminus of the protein and is thought to participate in CoA binding.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗带 3 阴离子转运蛋白，也称为阴离子交换器 1 (AE1) 或带 3 或溶质载体家族 4 成员 1 (SLC4A1)，是由人类 SLC4A1 基因编码的蛋白质。带 3 阴离子转运蛋白是一种系统发育上保留的转运蛋白，负责介导氯离子 (Cl−) 与碳酸氢根 (HCO3−>) 跨质膜的交换。 AE 进化枝的功能相似的成员是 AE2 和 AE3。
Band 3 anion transport protein, also known as anion exchanger 1 (AE1) or band 3 or solute carrier family 4 member 1 (SLC4A1), is a protein that is encoded by the SLC4A1 gene in humans. Band 3 anion transport protein is a phylogenetically-preserved transport protein responsible for mediating the exchange of chloride (Cl−) with bicarbonate (HCO3−>) across plasma membranes. Functionally similar members of the AE clade are AE2 and AE3.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗胆汁盐依赖性脂肪酶（或 BSDL），也称为羧基酯脂肪酶，是一种在人体中由 CEL 基因编码的酶。它由成人胰腺的腺泡细胞产生，有助于脂肪的消化。胆汁盐刺激脂肪酶（或 BSSL）是母乳中发现的等效酶。 BSDL 已在所有已发现的物种的胰腺分泌物中被发现。 BSSL 最初是在人类和其他各种灵长类动物的乳汁中发现的，后来又在许多动物的乳汁中发现，包括狗、猫、老鼠和兔子。
Bile salt-dependent lipase (or BSDL), also known as carboxyl ester lipase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the gene CEL. It is produced by the acinar cells of the adult pancreas and aids in the digestion of fats. Bile salt-stimulated lipase (or BSSL) is an equivalent enzyme found within breast milk. BSDL has been found in the pancreatic secretions of all species in which it has been looked for. BSSL, originally discovered in the milk of humans and various other primates, has since been found in the milk of many animals including dogs, cats, rats, and rabbits.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗生物素羧基载体蛋白（BCCP）是指含有生物素附着结构域的蛋白质，在生物素依赖性羧化酶的ATP依赖性羧化过程中携带生物素和羧基生物素。生物素羧基载体蛋白是乙酰辅酶A亚基，可催化乙酰辅酶A并转化为丙二酰辅酶A。更具体地，BCCP催化载体蛋白的羧化形成中间体。然后羧基被转羧酶转移形成丙二酰辅酶A。这种转化是脂肪酸生物合成的重要步骤。就大肠杆菌乙酰辅酶A羧化酶而言，BCCP是一种单独的蛋白质，称为accB (P0ABD8)。另一方面，在 Haloferax mediterranei 中，丙酰辅酶 A 羧化酶的 BCCP pccA (I3R7G3) 与生物素羧化酶融合。
Biotin carboxyl carrier protein (BCCP) refers to proteins containing a biotin attachment domain that carry biotin and carboxybiotin throughout the ATP-dependent carboxylation by biotin-dependent carboxylases. The biotin carboxyl carrier protein is an Acetyl CoA subunit that allows for Acetyl CoA to be catalyzed and converted to malonyl-CoA. More specifically, BCCP catalyzes the carboxylation of the carrier protein to form an intermediate. Then the carboxyl group is transferred by the transcacrboxylase to form the malonyl-CoA. This conversion is an essential step in the biosynthesis of fatty acids. In the case of E. coli Acetyl-CoA carboxylase, the BCCP is a separate protein known as accB (P0ABD8). On the other hand, in Haloferax mediterranei, propionyl-CoA carboxylase, the BCCP pccA (I3R7G3) is fused with biotin carboxylase.
来源、授权与使用说明
维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗丁酰胆碱酯酶（HGNC 符号 BCHE；EC 3.1.1.8），也称为 BChE、BuChE、BuChase、假胆碱酯酶或血浆（胆碱）酯酶，是一种非特异性胆碱酯酶，是一种水解许多不同胆碱酯的酶。在人类中，它是在肝脏中产生的，主要存在于血浆中。它由 BCHE 基因编码。它与神经元乙酰胆碱酯酶非常相似，神经元乙酰胆碱酯酶也称为 RBC 或“红细胞胆碱酯酶”。术语“血清胆碱酯酶”通常用于反映血液中这两种酶的水平的临床测试。血浆中丁酰胆碱酯酶活性的测定可以用作肝功能测试，因为高胆碱酯酶血症和低胆碱酯酶血症都表明病理过程。 BCHE 的半衰期约为 10 至 14 天。
Butyrylcholinesterase (HGNC symbol BCHE; EC 3.1.1.8), also known as BChE, BuChE, BuChase, pseudocholinesterase, or plasma (cholin)esterase, is a nonspecific cholinesterase, an enzyme that hydrolyses many different choline-based esters. In humans, it is made in the liver and found mainly in blood plasma. It is encoded by the BCHE gene. It is very similar to the neuronal acetylcholinesterase, which is also known as RBC or "erythrocyte cholinesterase". The term "serum cholinesterase" is generally used in reference to a clinical test that reflects levels of both of these enzymes in the blood. Assay of butyrylcholinesterase activity in plasma can be used as a liver function test, due to the fact that both hypercholinesterasemia and hypocholinesterasemia indicate pathological processes. The half-life of BCHE is approximately 10 to 14 days.
来源、授权与使用说明
维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗小牛肠碱性磷酸酶 (CIAP/CIP) 是一种碱性磷酸酶，可催化去除 DNA 链 5' 端的磷酸基团和 RNA 中的磷酸单酯。该酶经常用于 DNA 亚克隆，因为缺少 5' 磷酸基团的 DNA 片段无法连接。这可以防止线性化 DNA 载体的再环化，并提高含有适当插入片段的载体的产量。
Calf-intestinal alkaline phosphatase (CIAP/CIP) is a type of alkaline phosphatase that catalyzes the removal of phosphate groups from the 5' end of DNA strands and phosphomonoesters from RNA. This enzyme is frequently used in DNA sub-cloning, as DNA fragments that lack the 5' phosphate groups cannot ligate. This prevents recircularization of the linearized DNA vector, and improves the yield of the vector containing the appropriate insert.
来源、授权与使用说明
维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗酶诱导剂是一类通过与酶结合并激活它，或通过增加酶编码基因的表达来增加酶的代谢活性的药物。酶诱导剂的例子之一是细胞色素 P450 酶，它将有助于药物在生物体内更快地代谢。酶诱导剂在制药领域对于了解药物相互作用非常重要。研究表明某些药物会增加诱导剂的活性，例如抗生素。它与酶抑制剂相反。有一些特定类型的酶诱导剂可以产生细胞保护途径，在预防和治疗癌症和其他疾病（包括心血管疾病和神经退行性疾病）中发挥作用。酶诱导剂可以是天然存在的或合成的。
An enzyme inducer is a type of drug that increases the metabolic activity of an enzyme, either by binding to the enzyme and activating it, or by increasing the expression of the gene coding for the enzyme. One of the examples of enzyme inducers can be Cytochrome P450 enzymes, which will help to metabolize the drugs faster in the organism. Enzyme inducers are important in the pharmaceutical field to learn drug interactions. Studies show that certain drugs will increase the activity of the inducer, examples could be antibiotics. It is the opposite of an enzyme repressor. There are specific types of enzyme inducers that create cytoprotective pathways that play a role in prevention and treatment of cancer and other diseases including cardiovascular disease and neurodegenerative diseases. Enzyme inducers can be either naturally occurring or synthetically made.
来源、授权与使用说明
维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗半乳糖苷乙酰转移酶（也称为半乳糖苷O-乙酰转移酶、硫代半乳糖苷转乙酰酶、β-半乳糖苷转乙酰酶和GAT）是将乙酰基从乙酰辅酶A转移到β-半乳糖苷、葡萄糖苷和乳糖苷的酶。它由大肠杆菌中 lac 操纵子的 lacA 基因编码。
Galactoside acetyltransferase (also known as Galactoside O-acetyltransferase, thiogalactoside transacetylase, β-galactoside transacetylase and GAT) is an enzyme that transfers an acetyl group from acetyl-CoA to β-galactosides, glucosides and lactosides. It is coded for by the lacA gene of the lac operon in E. coli.
来源、授权与使用说明
维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗葡聚糖蔗糖酶（也称为葡萄糖基转移酶）是糖苷水解酶家族 GH70 中的一种酶，乳酸菌使用它来分解蔗糖；然后，它利用产生的葡萄糖分子构建长而粘的生物膜链。这些胞外同多糖称为α-葡聚糖聚合物。葡聚糖蔗糖酶可以通过改变聚合物的糖苷键类型、支化程度、长度、质量和构象来合成具有不同溶解度、流变性和其他特性的多种葡聚糖。葡聚糖蔗糖酶根据其催化的糖苷键进行分类。它们可以是变异蔗糖酶、葡聚糖蔗糖酶、交替蔗糖酶或reuteransucrases。这种多功能性使得葡聚糖蔗糖酶可用于工业应用。葡聚糖蔗糖酶在龋齿发生中的作用是一个主要的关注点。
Glucansucrase (also known as glucosyltransferase) is an enzyme in the glycoside hydrolase family GH70 used by lactic acid bacteria to split sucrose; it then utilizes the resulting glucose molecules to build long, sticky biofilm chains. These extracellular homopolysaccharides are called α-glucan polymers. Glucansucrase enzymes can synthesize a variety of glucans with differing solubilities, rheology, and other properties by altering the type of glycosidic linkage, degree of branching, length, mass, and conformation of the polymers. Glucansucrases are classified according to the glycosidic linkage they catalyze. They can be mutansucrases, dextransucrases, alternansucrases, or reuteransucrases. This versatility has made glucansucrase useful for industrial applications. Glucansucrase's role in cariogenesis is a major point of interest.
来源、授权与使用说明
维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗谷氨酸合酶（也称为谷氨酰胺氧化戊二酸转氨酶）是一种酶，通常缩写为 GOGAT。这种酶从谷氨酰胺和 α-酮戊二酸产生谷氨酸，因此与谷氨酰胺合成酶（缩写 GS）一起在光合真核生物和原核生物的氮同化调节中发挥着核心作用。这非常重要，因为许多海洋环境中的初级生产力是由无机氮的可用性调节的。海藻使用的无机氮的主要来源是硝酸盐和铵。两种形式最终通过谷氨酰胺合成酶 (GS) 和谷氨酸合成酶（谷氨酰胺：2-酮戊二酸转氨酶；GOGAT）的连续反应结合成氨基酸。
Glutamate synthase (also known as Glutamine oxoglutarate aminotransferase) is an enzyme and frequently abbreviated as GOGAT. This enzyme manufactures glutamate from glutamine and α-ketoglutarate, and thus along with glutamine synthetase (abbreviated GS) plays a central role in the regulation of nitrogen assimilation in photosynthetic eukaryotes and prokaryotes. This is of great importance as primary productivity in many marine environments is regulated by the availability of inorganic nitrogen. The primary sources of inorganic nitrogen used by marine algae are nitrate and ammonium. Both forms are ultimately incorporated into amino acids through the sequential reaction of glutamine synthetase (GS) and glutamate synthase (glutamine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase; GOGAT).
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗糖基酶 (EC 3.2) 是水解糖基化合物的酶。它们是一种水解酶 (EC 3)。反过来，糖基酶又分为两组：糖苷酶 - 水解 O- 和 S- 糖基化合物的酶 (EC 3.2.1) - 以及水解 N-糖基化合物的酶 (EC 3.2.2)。
Glycosylases (EC 3.2) are enzymes that hydrolyze glycosyl compounds. They are a type of hydrolase (EC 3). In turn, glycosylases are divided into two groups: glycosidases—enzymes that hydrolyze O- and S-glycosyl compounds (EC 3.2.1) -- and enzymes that hydrolyze N-glycosyl compounds (EC 3.2.2).
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗遗传抑制元件 1 是人类中由 GSE1 基因编码的蛋白质。关于 GSE1 功能的报道不多，但它可能是 BHC 组蛋白脱乙酰酶复合物的一个亚基，该复合物包括 HDAC1、HDAC2 和 HMG20B 等蛋白质亚基。
Genetic suppressor element 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GSE1 gene. Not much has been reported about the function of GSE1, but it may be a subunit of a BHC histone deacetylase complex, which includes HDAC1, HDAC2, and HMG20B among other protein subunits.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗谷胱甘肽 S-转移酶 theta-1 是人类中由 GSTT1 基因编码的一种酶。谷胱甘肽 S-转移酶 (GST) theta 1 (GSTT1) 是蛋白质超家族的成员，可催化还原型谷胱甘肽与各种亲电子和疏水化合物的缀合。人类 GST 可分为五个主要类别：α、mu、pi、theta 和 zeta。 theta 类包括 GSTT1 和 GSTT2。 GSTT1和GSTT2具有55%的氨基酸序列同一性，并且两者都被认为在人类致癌过程中具有重要作用。 GSTT1 基因距离 GSTT2 基因约 50kb。 GSTT1 和 GSTT2 基因具有相似的结构，由具有相同外显子/内含子边界的五个外显子组成。
Glutathione S-transferase theta-1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the GSTT1 gene. Glutathione S-transferase (GST) theta 1 (GSTT1) is a member of a superfamily of proteins that catalyze the conjugation of reduced glutathione to a variety of electrophilic and hydrophobic compounds. Human GSTs can be divided into five main classes: alpha, mu, pi, theta, and zeta. The theta class includes GSTT1 and GSTT2. The GSTT1 and GSTT2 share 55% amino acid sequence identity and both of them were claimed to have an important role in human carcinogenesis. The GSTT1 gene is located approximately 50kb away from the GSTT2 gene. The GSTT1 and GSTT2 genes have a similar structure, being composed of five exons with identical exon/intron boundaries.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗GTP 环化水解酶 I (GTPCH) (EC 3.5.4.16) 是 GTP 环化水解酶家族的成员。 GTPCH 是叶酸和生物蝶呤生物合成途径的一部分。它负责三磷酸鸟苷 (GTP) 的水解，形成 7,8-二氢新蝶呤三磷酸 (7,8-DHNP-3'-TP、7,8-NH2-3'-TP)。
GTP cyclohydrolase I (GTPCH) (EC 3.5.4.16) is a member of the GTP cyclohydrolase family of enzymes. GTPCH is part of the folate and biopterin biosynthesis pathways. It is responsible for the hydrolysis of guanosine triphosphate (GTP) to form 7,8-dihydroneopterin triphosphate (7,8-DHNP-3'-TP, 7,8-NH2-3'-TP).
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗tRNA 修饰 GTP 酶 GTPBP3（线粒体）是一种酶，在人类中由 19 号染色体上的 GTPBP3 基因编码。GTPBP3 基因编码一种 GTP 结合蛋白，该蛋白在从细菌到哺乳动物的进化过程中都是保守的，定位于线粒体并在 tRNA 修饰中发挥作用。已知至少有两种由可变剪接引起的主要亚型。此外，缬氨酸250 上的多态性是已知的，并且可能影响氨基甘多苷诱导的耳聋。
tRNA modification GTPase GTPBP3, mitochondrial is an enzyme that in human is encoded by the GTPBP3 gene on chromosome 19. The GTPBP3 gene encodes a GTP-binding protein that is evolutionarily conserved from bacteria to mammals and which is localized to the mitochondrion and functions in tRNA modification. At least two major isoforms due to alternative splicing are known In addition, a polymorphism on valine 250 is known and may influence aminoglydoside-induced deafness.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗解旋酶-引物酶复合物（也称为解旋酶-引物酶、Hel/Prim、H-P 或 H/P）是包括 DNA 解旋酶和 DNA 引物酶的酶复合物。还可能存在解旋酶-引物酶相关因子蛋白。该复合物被疱疹病毒使用，负责裂解 DNA 病毒的复制。在许多 dsDNA 病毒中，引物酶和解旋酶融合成一条多肽链，因此引物酶和解旋酶结构域分别对应于蛋白质的 N 端和 C 端部分。解旋酶引物酶抑制剂 (HPI) 是一种通过充当酶抑制剂来阻断这种作用的药物。
A helicase–primase complex (also helicase-primase, Hel/Prim, H-P or H/P) is a complex of enzymes including DNA helicase and DNA primase. A helicase-primase associated factor protein may also be present. The complex is used by herpesviruses, in which it is responsible for lytic DNA virus replication. In many dsDNA viruses, primase and helicase are fused into a single polypeptide chain, so that the primase and helicase domains correspond to the N-terminal and C-terminal parts of the protein, respectively. A helicase-primase inhibitor (HPI) is a drug that blocks this action through acting as an enzyme inhibitor.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗肝脂肪酶 (HL)，也称为肝甘油三酯脂肪酶 (HTGL) 或 LIPC（“脂肪酶，肝”），是脂肪酶的一种形式，催化三酰甘油的水解。肝脂肪酶由15号染色体编码，其基因也常被称为HTGL或LIPC。肝脂肪酶主要在肝细胞（称为肝细胞）和肝内皮细胞中表达。肝脂肪酶可以保持附着在肝脏上，也可以与肝内皮细胞解除结合，并自由进入身体的循环系统。当结合在肝脏内皮细胞上时，经常发现它与硫酸乙酰肝素蛋白聚糖 (HSPG) 结合，使 HL 保持失活并且无法与 HDL（高密度脂蛋白）或 IDL（中密度脂蛋白）结合。然而，当它在血液中游离时，它会与高密度脂蛋白结合以保持其不活跃。
Hepatic lipase (HL), also called hepatic triglyceride lipase (HTGL) or LIPC (for "lipase, hepatic"), is a form of lipase, catalyzing the hydrolysis of triacylglyceride. Hepatic lipase is coded by chromosome 15 and its gene is also often referred to as HTGL or LIPC. Hepatic lipase is expressed mainly in liver cells, known as hepatocytes, and endothelial cells of the liver. The hepatic lipase can either remain attached to the liver or can unbind from the liver endothelial cells and is free to enter the body's circulation system. When bound on the endothelial cells of the liver, it is often found bound to heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG), keeping HL inactive and unable to bind to HDL (high-density lipoprotein) or IDL (intermediate-density lipoprotein). When it is free in the bloodstream, however, it is found associated with HDL to maintain it inactive.
来源、授权与使用说明
维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
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