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Quantum Science量子柴郡猫在量子力学中，量子柴郡猫是一种量子现象，表明粒子的物理性质可以采取与粒子本身不同的轨迹。这个名字参考了刘易斯·卡罗尔的《爱丽丝梦游仙境》中的柴郡猫，这种猫科动物角色可能会消失，只留下笑容。该效应最初由 Yakir Aharonov、Daniel Rohrlich、Sandu Popescu 和 Paul Skrzypczyk 于 2012 年提出。在经典物理学中，物理属性不能与其相关的物体分离。如果磁体在空间和时间上遵循给定的轨迹，则它的磁矩也遵循相同的轨迹。然而，在量子力学中，粒子在测量之前可以处于多个轨迹的量子叠加中。
In quantum mechanics, the quantum Cheshire cat is a quantum phenomenom that suggests that a particle's physical properties can take a different trajectory from that of the particle itself. The name makes reference to the Cheshire Cat from Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, a feline character which could disappear leaving only its grin behind. The effect was originally proposed by Yakir Aharonov, Daniel Rohrlich, Sandu Popescu and Paul Skrzypczyk in 2012. In classical physics, physical properties cannot be detached from the object associated to it. If a magnet follows a given trajectory in space and time, its magnetic moment follows it through the same trajectory. However, in quantum mechanics, particles can be in a quantum superposition of more than one trajectory previous to measurement.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 量子叠加是量子力学的基本原理，它指出薛定谔方程解的线性组合也是薛定谔方程的解。这是因为薛定谔方程是时间和位置的线性微分方程。更准确地说，系统的状态由控制该系统的薛定谔方程的所有本征函数的线性组合给出。一个例子是量子信息处理中使用的量子位。
Quantum superposition is a fundamental principle of quantum mechanics that states that linear combinations of solutions to the Schrödinger equation are also solutions of the Schrödinger equation. This follows from the fact that the Schrödinger equation is a linear differential equation in time and position. More precisely, the state of a system is given by a linear combination of all the eigenfunctions of the Schrödinger equation governing that system. An example is a qubit used in quantum information processing.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 在物理学中，量子隧道效应、势垒穿透或简称隧道效应是一种量子力学现象，其中电子或原子等物体穿过势能势垒，根据经典力学，由于物体没有足够的能量来通过或超越势垒，因此该势垒不应通过。隧道效应是物质波动性和量子不确定性的结果。量子波函数描述了粒子或其他物理系统的状态，而薛定谔方程等波动方程则描述了它们的演化。在具有短而窄势垒的系统中，波函数的一小部分可以出现在势垒之外，代表隧道穿过势垒的概率。
In physics, quantum tunnelling, barrier penetration, or simply tunnelling is a quantum mechanical phenomenon in which an object such as an electron or atom passes through a potential energy barrier that, according to classical mechanics, should not be passable due to the object not having sufficient energy to pass or surmount the barrier. Tunnelling is a consequence of the wave nature of matter and quantum indeterminacy. The quantum wave function describes the states of a particle or other physical system and wave equations such as the Schrödinger equation describe their evolution. In a system with a short, narrow potential barrier, a small part of wavefunction can appear outside of the barrier representing a probability for tunnelling through the barrier.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 量子断层扫描或量子态断层扫描是通过对相同量子态的集合进行测量来重建量子态的过程。这些态的源可以是任何将量子态制备成量子纯态或以其他方式制备成一般混合态的装置或系统。为了能够唯一地识别状态，测量必须是断层扫描完整的。也就是说，测量的算子必须在系统的希尔伯特空间上形成算子基础，提供有关状态的所有信息。这样的一组观察结果有时称为法定人数。断层扫描一词首次出现在量子物理文献中，是在 1993 年一篇介绍实验光学零差断层扫描的论文中。
Quantum tomography or quantum state tomography is the process by which a quantum state is reconstructed using measurements on an ensemble of identical quantum states. The source of these states may be any device or system which prepares quantum states either consistently into quantum pure states or otherwise into general mixed states. To be able to uniquely identify the state, the measurements must be tomographically complete. That is, the measured operators must form an operator basis on the Hilbert space of the system, providing all the information about the state. Such a set of observations is sometimes called a quorum. The term tomography was first used in the quantum physics literature in a 1993 paper introducing experimental optical homodyne tomography.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 在量子力学和介观物理中，量子搅拌、棘轮和泵浦是指在没有施加任何偏置电压或化学势差的情况下，在由交流电（AC）或循环变形驱动的系统中产生直流电（DC）的一类现象。虽然这些效应在经典随机和耗散过程中具有对应物，但它们的量子表现很大程度上受到量子干涉、几何相位和系统参数空间拓扑的影响。量子泵浦通常描述一种开放系统配置，其中设备周期性地变形其限制势以在两个储存库之间传输粒子（例如电子）。
In quantum mechanics and mesoscopic physics, quantum stirring, ratchets, and pumping refer to a class of phenomena where a direct current (DC) is generated in a system driven by an alternating current (AC) or cyclic deformation, without any applied bias voltage or chemical potential difference. While these effects have counterparts in classical stochastic and dissipative processes, their quantum manifestations are heavily influenced by quantum interference, geometric phases, and the topology of the system's parameter space. Quantum pumping typically describes an open-system configuration in which a device cyclically deforms its confining potential to transport particles, such as electrons, between two reservoirs.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 量子参考系是从理论上处理的参考系。它用于定义物理量，例如时间、位置、动量、自旋等。它具有一些在正常经典参考系中不存在的独特属性。
A quantum reference frame is a reference frame which is treated quantum theoretically. It is used to define physical quantities, such as time, position, momentum, spin, and so on. It has some unique properties which do not exist in a normal classical reference frame.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 在量子力学中，量子复兴是量子波函数在其时间演化过程中的周期性重现。这可以在空间中多次作为初始波函数的多个缩放副本（分数复兴），或者近似或精确地达到其原始形式（完全复兴）。因此，时间上具有周期性的量子波函数在每个周期都表现出完全的复兴。复兴现象在波函数中最容易观察到，波函数是在时间演化开始时定位良好的波包，例如氢原子。对于氢，分数复兴显示为围绕由原始局域态的主导圆形状态分量（在本征态展开中具有最高振幅）的径向最大值绘制的圆周围的多个角度高斯凸块，并且完全复兴显示为原始高斯。
In quantum mechanics, quantum revival is a periodic recurrence of the quantum wave function during its time-evolution. This can be either many times in space as multiple scaled copies of the initial wave function (fractional revival), or approximately or exactly to its original form (full revival). A quantum wave function that is periodic in time therefore exhibits a full revival every period. The phenomenon of revival is most readily observable in wave functions that are well-localized wave packets at the beginnings of their time-evolutions, such as in the hydrogen atom. For hydrogen, fractional revivals show up as multiple angular Gaussian bumps around the circle drawn by the radial maximum of the leading circular-state component (that with the highest amplitude in the eigenstate expansion) of the original localized state, and the full revival as the original Gaussian.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 在量子力学中，量子疤痕是一种现象，其中经典混沌量子系统的本征态在不稳定经典周期轨道的路径周围具有增强的概率密度。周期轨道的不稳定性是一个决定性的点，它将量子疤痕与更琐碎的观察（即稳定周期轨道附近的概率密度增加）区分开来。后者可以理解为纯粹的经典现象，是玻尔对应原理的体现，而前者则需要量子干涉。因此，疤痕既是量子经典对应的视觉例子，同时又是（局部）量子抑制混沌的例子。
In quantum mechanics, quantum scarring is a phenomenon where the eigenstates of a classically chaotic quantum system have enhanced probability density around the paths of unstable classical periodic orbits. The instability of the periodic orbit is a decisive point that differentiates quantum scars from the more trivial observation that the probability density is enhanced in the neighborhood of stable periodic orbits. The latter can be understood as a purely classical phenomenon, a manifestation of the Bohr correspondence principle, whereas in the former, quantum interference is essential. As such, scarring is both a visual example of quantum-classical correspondence, and simultaneously an example of a (local) quantum suppression of chaos.
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View content license ↗ 量子自旋隧道效应或磁化强度的量子隧道效应是一种物理现象，描述纳米磁体集体磁化强度的量子力学状态是具有明确定义且相反磁化强度的两种状态的线性叠加。经典地，磁各向异性不利于磁化强度相反的两种状态，因此系统具有两个等效的基态。由于量子自旋隧道效应，具有相反磁化经典基态的键合和反键合线性组合之间会出现能量分裂，从而产生由第一激发态通过称为量子自旋隧道分裂的能量差分隔开的独特基态。具有相反磁化强度的激发态对也会发生量子自旋隧道分裂。
Quantum spin tunneling, or quantum tunneling of magnetization, is a physical phenomenon by which the quantum mechanical state that describes the collective magnetization of a nanomagnet is a linear superposition of two states with well defined and opposite magnetization. Classically, the magnetic anisotropy favors neither of the two states with opposite magnetization, so that the system has two equivalent ground states. Because of the quantum spin tunneling, an energy splitting between the bonding and anti-bonding linear combination of states with opposite magnetization classical ground states arises, giving rise to a unique ground state separated by the first excited state by an energy difference known as quantum spin tunneling splitting. The quantum spin tunneling splitting also occurs for pairs of excited states with opposite magnetization.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 在量子力学中，量子速度极限（QSL）是对量子系统在两个可区分（正交）状态之间演化的最短时间的限制。 QSL 定理与时间-能量不确定性关系密切相关。 1945 年，列昂尼德·曼德尔施塔姆 (Leonid Mandelstam) 和伊戈尔·塔姆 (Igor Tamm) 导出了时间-能量不确定性关系，该关系在能量色散方面限制了演化速度。半个多世纪后，诺曼·马戈卢斯和列夫·列维京证明，进化速度不能超过平均能量，这一结果被称为马戈卢斯-列维京定理。与环境接触的现实物理系统被称为开放量子系统，它们的演化也受到 QSL 的影响。值得注意的是，研究表明，环境影响（例如非马尔可夫动力学）可以加速量子过程，这一点在腔 QED 实验中得到了验证。
In quantum mechanics, a quantum speed limit (QSL) is a limitation on the minimum time for a quantum system to evolve between two distinguishable (orthogonal) states. QSL theorems are closely related to time-energy uncertainty relations. In 1945, Leonid Mandelstam and Igor Tamm derived a time-energy uncertainty relation that bounds the speed of evolution in terms of the energy dispersion. Over half a century later, Norman Margolus and Lev Levitin showed that the speed of evolution cannot exceed the mean energy, a result known as the Margolus–Levitin theorem. Realistic physical systems in contact with an environment are known as open quantum systems and their evolution is also subject to QSL. Quite remarkably it was shown that environmental effects, such as non-Markovian dynamics can speed up quantum processes, which was verified in a cavity QED experiment.
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View content license ↗ 量子轨迹理论 (QTT) 是量子力学的一种表述，用于模拟开放量子系统、量子耗散和单量子系统。它由 Howard Carmichael 在 20 世纪 90 年代初开发，与 Dalibard、Castin 和 Mølmer 开发的类似公式（称为量子跳跃法或蒙特卡罗波函数 (MCWF) 法）几乎同时期。其他同时期基于波函数的蒙特卡罗方法的开放量子系统研究包括 Dum、Zoller 和 Ritsch、Hegerfeldt 和 Wilser 的研究。 QTT 与薛定谔方程所描述的量子理论的标准表述兼容，但它提供了更详细的视图。薛定谔方程可用于计算在进行测量时找到处于每种可能状态的量子系统的概率。
Quantum Trajectory Theory (QTT) is a formulation of quantum mechanics used for simulating open quantum systems, quantum dissipation and single quantum systems. It was developed by Howard Carmichael in the early 1990s around the same time as the similar formulation, known as the quantum jump method or Monte Carlo wave function (MCWF) method, developed by Dalibard, Castin and Mølmer. Other contemporaneous works on wave-function-based Monte Carlo approaches to open quantum systems include those of Dum, Zoller and Ritsch, and Hegerfeldt and Wilser. QTT is compatible with the standard formulation of quantum theory, as described by the Schrödinger equation, but it offers a more detailed view. The Schrödinger equation can be used to compute the probability of finding a quantum system in each of its possible states should a measurement be made.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 隧道注入是一种场电子发射效应；具体来说，是一种称为福勒-诺德海姆隧道效应的量子过程，其中载流子通过电绝缘体的薄层注入到电导体中。它用于对 NAND 闪存进行编程。用于擦除的过程称为隧道释放。这种注入是通过在 MOSFET 的栅极和主体之间产生较大的电压差来实现的。当VGB>>0时，电子被注入浮栅。当 VGB << 0 时，电子被迫离开浮栅。隧道注入的替代方法是自旋注入。
Tunnel injection is a field electron emission effect; specifically a quantum process called Fowler–Nordheim tunneling, whereby charge carriers are injected into an electric conductor through a thin layer of an electric insulator. It is used to program NAND flash memory. The process used for erasing is called tunnel release. This injection is achieved by creating a large voltage difference between the gate and the body of the MOSFET. When VGB >> 0, electrons are injected into the floating gate. When VGB << 0, electrons are forced out of the floating gate. An alternative to tunnel injection is the spin injection.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 当考虑包含不连续性的介质中的波传播时，传输系数用于物理和电气工程。传输系数描述了传输波相对于入射波的幅度、强度或总功率。
The transmission coefficient is used in physics and electrical engineering when wave propagation in a medium containing discontinuities is considered. A transmission coefficient describes the amplitude, intensity, or total power of a transmitted wave relative to an incident wave.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 时间演化块抽取（TEBD）算法是一种用于模拟一维量子多体系统的数值方案，其特征是至多最近邻相互作用。它被称为“时间演化块抽取”，因为它动态地识别指数级更大的原始希尔伯特空间的相关低维希尔伯特子空间。该算法基于矩阵乘积状态形式主义，当系统中的纠缠量有限时，该算法非常高效，而这一要求可由一大类一维量子多体系统满足。
The time-evolving block decimation (TEBD) algorithm is a numerical scheme used to simulate one-dimensional quantum many-body systems, characterized by at most nearest-neighbour interactions. It is dubbed "time-evolving block decimation" because it dynamically identifies the relevant low-dimensional Hilbert subspaces of an exponentially larger original Hilbert space. The algorithm, based on the matrix product state formalism, is highly efficient when the amount of entanglement in the system is limited, a requirement fulfilled by a large class of quantum many-body systems in one dimension.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 在物理学中，热导量子 g 0 {\displaystyle g_{0}} 描述了通过温度为 T {\displaystyle T} 的单个弹道声子通道传输热量的速率。
In physics, the thermal conductance quantum g 0 {\displaystyle g_{0}} describes the rate at which heat is transported through a single ballistic phonon channel with temperature T {\displaystyle T} .
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 在凝聚态物理学中，时间晶体是一种粒子的量子系统，其最低能量状态是粒子处于重复运动的状态。该系统不会向环境损失能量并停止运行，因为它已经处于量子基态。时间晶体最早由 Alfred Shapere 和 Frank Wilczek 于 2012 年在理论上提出，作为普通晶体的基于时间的模拟——晶体中的原子在空间中周期性排列，而时间晶体中的原子在空间和时间中都周期性排列。几个不同的小组已经证明物质在周期性驱动的系统中具有稳定的周期性演化。就实际应用而言，时间晶体有一天可能会被用作量子计算机存储器。
In condensed matter physics, a time crystal is a quantum system of particles whose lowest-energy state is one in which the particles are in repetitive motion. The system cannot lose energy to the environment and come to rest because it is already in its quantum ground state. Time crystals were first proposed theoretically by Alfred Shapere and Frank Wilczek in 2012 as a time-based analogue to common crystals – whereas the atoms in crystals are arranged periodically in space, the atoms in a time crystal are arranged periodically in both space and time. Several different groups have demonstrated matter with stable periodic evolution in systems that are periodically driven. In terms of practical use, time crystals may one day be used as quantum computer memory.
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View content license ↗ 在纯粹数学和应用数学、量子力学和计算机图形学中，张量算子概括了算子的概念，即标量和向量。其中一类特殊的是球面张量算子，它应用球基和球谐函数的概念。球基与量子力学和球谐函数中角动量的描述密切相关。张量算子的无坐标泛化称为表示算子。
In pure and applied mathematics, quantum mechanics and computer graphics, a tensor operator generalizes the notion of operators which are scalars and vectors. A special class of these are spherical tensor operators which apply the notion of the spherical basis and spherical harmonics. The spherical basis closely relates to the description of angular momentum in quantum mechanics and spherical harmonic functions. The coordinate-free generalization of a tensor operator is known as a representation operator.
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View content license ↗ 在多光子干涉测量中，两个或更多光子通过多个可能的路径传播并随后被检测到。所得的检测统计数据由量子力学概率幅度决定：所有可能的多光子路径必须相干地相加，并且它们的干涉产生特征模式。这些干涉图案揭示了量子效应的特征。多光子干涉是光学非经典性的标志，因为它提供了对光独特量子特性的直接探测。光子的量子行为不能仅仅通过将经典电磁场衰减到单光子水平来理解。实验表明，这种减弱的经典状态再现了经典预测，而没有揭示真正的非经典特征。
In multi-photon interferometry, two or more photons propagate through multiple possible paths and are subsequently detected. The resulting detection statistics are determined by quantum-mechanical probability amplitudes: all possible multi-photon paths must be added coherently, and their interference produces characteristic patterns. These interference patterns reveal signatures of quantum effects. Multi-photon interference is a hallmark of optical non-classicality, as it provides a direct probe of the uniquely quantum properties of light. The quantum behavior of photons cannot be understood merely by attenuating a classical electromagnetic field down to the single-photon level; experiments have shown that such attenuated classical states reproduce classical predictions without revealing genuinely non-classical features.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ Eastin-Knill 定理是一个不可行的定理，它指出：“任何量子纠错码都不能具有横向作用于物理量子位的连续对称性”。换句话说，没有量子纠错码可以横向实现仅包含单一门的通用门集，其中横向逻辑门是可以通过单独的物理门对相应物理量子位的独立作用在逻辑量子位上实现的门集。除了研究容错量子计算之外，Eastin-Knill 定理还可用于通过 AdS/CFT 对应关系研究量子引力，以及通过量子参考系或多体理论研究凝聚态物理。该定理以 Bryan Eastin 和 Emanuel Knill 的名字命名，他们于 2009 年发表了该定理。
The Eastin–Knill theorem is a no-go theorem that states: "No quantum error correcting code can have a continuous symmetry which acts transversely on physical qubits". In other words, no quantum error correcting code can transversely implement a universal gate set that contains only unitary gates, where a transversal logical gate is one that can be implemented on a logical qubit by the independent action of separate physical gates on corresponding physical qubits. In addition to investigating fault tolerant quantum computation, the Eastin–Knill theorem is also useful for studying quantum gravity via the AdS/CFT correspondence and in condensed matter physics via quantum reference frame or many-body theory. The theorem is named after Bryan Eastin and Emanuel Knill, who published it in 2009.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 氦上电子量子位是一种量子位，其正交基态 |0⟩ 和 |1⟩ 由量子化运动态或液氦表面上方捕获的电子的自旋态定义。 Platzman 和 Dykman 于 1999 年提出，氦上电子量子位是构建氦上电子量子计算机的基本元件。
An electron-on-helium qubit is a quantum bit for which the orthonormal basis states |0⟩ and |1⟩ are defined by quantized motional states or alternatively the spin states of an electron trapped above the surface of liquid helium. The electron-on-helium qubit was proposed as the basic element for building quantum computers with electrons on helium by Platzman and Dykman in 1999.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 五量子位纠错码，[[5,1,3]] 码或 Laflamme-Miquel-Paz-Zurek 码是最小的量子纠错码，可以保护逻辑量子位免受任何任意单个量子位错误的影响。在此代码中，使用 5 个物理量子位对逻辑量子位进行编码。 X {\displaystyle X} 和 Z {\displaystyle Z} 为泡利矩阵， I {\displaystyle I} 为单位矩阵，此代码的生成元为 ⟨ X Z Z X I , I X Z Z X , X I X Z Z , Z X I X Z ⟩ {\displaystyle \langle XZZXI,IXZZX,XIXZZ,ZXIXZ\rangle } 。
The five-qubit error correcting code, [[5,1,3]] code, or Laflamme–Miquel–Paz–Zurek code is the smallest quantum error correcting code that can protect a logical qubit from any arbitrary single qubit error. In this code, 5 physical qubits are used to encode the logical qubit. With X {\displaystyle X} and Z {\displaystyle Z} being Pauli matrices and I {\displaystyle I} the Identity matrix, this code's generators are ⟨ X Z Z X I , I X Z Z X , X I X Z Z , Z X I X Z ⟩ {\displaystyle \langle XZZXI,IXZZX,XIXZZ,ZXIXZ\rangle } .
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 在量子力学中，纠缠交换是一种将量子纠缠从一对粒子转移到另一对粒子的协议，即使第二对粒子从未相互作用过。该过程可能在量子通信网络和量子计算中得到应用。
In quantum mechanics, entanglement swapping is a protocol to transfer quantum entanglement from one pair of particles to another, even if the second pair of particles have never interacted. This process may have application in quantum communication networks and quantum computing.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 在凝聚态物理学中，斐波那契任意子是一种存在于二维拓扑有序系统中的任意子。斐波那契任意子 τ {\displaystyle \tau } 的独特之处在于它满足融合规则 τ ⊗ τ = 1 ⊕ τ {\displaystyle \tau \otimes \tau ={\bf {1}}\oplus \tau } 。或者，斐波那契任意子可以通过以下事实来定义：它是由斐波那契范畴中唯一的非平凡简单对象进行代数描述的。实验上，有人提出斐波那契任意子可以托管在分数量子霍尔系统中。特别是，系统中可能存在填充因子 ν = 12 / 5 {\displaystyle \nu =12/5} 的斐波那契任意子。斐波那契任意子主要是在拓扑量子计算的背景下开发的。
In condensed matter physics, a Fibonacci anyon is a type of anyon which lives in two-dimensional topologically ordered systems. The Fibonacci anyon τ {\displaystyle \tau } is distinguished uniquely by the fact that it satisfies the fusion rule τ ⊗ τ = 1 ⊕ τ {\displaystyle \tau \otimes \tau ={\bf {1}}\oplus \tau } . Alternatively, the Fibonacci anyon can be defined by fact that it is algebraically described by the unique non-trivial simple object in the Fibonacci category. Experimentally, it has been proposed that Fibonacci anyons could be hosted in the fractional quantum Hall system. In particular, it is possible that Fibonacci anyons are present in the system with filling factor ν = 12 / 5 {\displaystyle \nu =12/5} . Fibonacci anyons have primary been developed in the context of topological quantum computing.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 在量子信息中，容错量子计算（FTQC）是一种量子处理器机制，它既大规模又有效地结合了量子纠错以实现任意低的错误率（即它们的逻辑错误率远低于物理错误率）。全 FTQC 处理器在理论上是可能的，但尚未通过实验实现。它们通常被视为量子处理器开发的主要最终目标，并用于与现有的有噪声的中尺度量子 (NISQ) 量子处理器进行对比，后者容易受到噪声和退相干的影响，无法进行可扩展的纠错。实现 FTQC 设备的一种方法是将多个物理量子位组合在一起以创建单个逻辑量子位，并使用表面代码等纠错方法，以使组合系统具有容错能力。
In quantum information, fault-tolerant quantum computing (FTQC) is a regime of quantum processors that are both large-scale and that effectively incorporate quantum error correction to achieve arbitrarily low error rates (i.e. their logical error rate is much lower than their physical error rate). Full-FTQC processors are theoretically possible, but have not yet been realized experimentally. They are often seen as the primary end goal of quantum processor development, and are used to contrast with existing noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) quantum processors, which are subject to noise and decoherence preventing scalable error correction. One way FTQC devices can be realized is by grouping together multiple physical qubits to create a single logical qubit, and using error correction methods such as the surface code so that the combined system is fault-tolerant.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 氮空位中心（N-V中心或NV中心）是金刚石中众多光致发光点缺陷之一。它由取代碳原子的最近邻氮原子对和晶格空位组成。 NV中心最被探索和最有用的特性包括其自旋相关光致发光（可以使用光学检测的磁共振来测量电子自旋状态），以及其在室温下相对较长的自旋相干性，可持续长达毫秒。 NV 中心能级会受到磁场、电场、温度和应变的影响，这使其能够充当各种物理现象的传感器。它的原子尺寸和自旋特性可以构成有用的量子传感器的基础。
The nitrogen-vacancy center (N-V center or NV center) is one of numerous photoluminescent point defects in diamond. It consists of a nearest-neighbor pair of a nitrogen atom, which substitutes for a carbon atom, and a lattice vacancy. The most explored and useful properties of an NV center include its spin-dependent photoluminescence (which enables measurement of the electronic spin state using optically detected magnetic resonance), and its relatively long spin coherence at room temperature, lasting up to milliseconds. The NV center energy levels are modified by magnetic fields, electric fields, temperature, and strain, which allow it to serve as a sensor of a variety of physical phenomena. Its atomic size and spin properties can form the basis for useful quantum sensors.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 开放量子汇编语言（OpenQASM；发音为 open kazm）是一种编程语言，旨在描述在量子计算机上执行的量子电路和算法。
Open Quantum Assembly Language (OpenQASM; pronounced open kazm) is a programming language designed for describing quantum circuits and algorithms for execution on quantum computers.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 在量子信息中，一个干净的量子位模型的计算是在一个具有一种纯态和 n − 1 {\displaystyle n-1} 个最大混合态的 n {\displaystyle n} 量子位系统中执行的。该模型的动机是核磁共振量子计算机中普遍存在的高度混合态。它由密度矩阵 ρ = | 描述。 0 ⟩ ⟨ 0 | ⊗ I 2 n − 1 {\displaystyle \rho =\left|0\right\rangle \langle 0|\otimes {\frac {I}{2^{n-1}}}} ，其中 I {\displaystyle I} 是单位矩阵。
In quantum information, the one clean qubit model of computation is performed an n {\displaystyle n} qubit system with one pure state and n − 1 {\displaystyle n-1} maximally mixed states. This model was motivated by highly mixed states that are prevalent in nuclear magnetic resonance quantum computers. It's described by the density matrix ρ = | 0 ⟩ ⟨ 0 | ⊗ I 2 n − 1 {\displaystyle \rho =\left|0\right\rangle \langle 0|\otimes {\frac {I}{2^{n-1}}}} , where I {\displaystyle I} is the identity matrix.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 嘈杂的中规模量子 (NISQ) 计算的特点是量子处理器包含多达 1,000 个量子位，这些量子位的先进程度还不足以实现容错，也不足以实现量子优势。这些处理器对其环境（噪声）敏感并且容易发生量子退相干，尚不具备连续量子纠错的能力。这种中间规模由量子体积定义，量子体积基于适度数量的量子位和门保真度。 NISQ 时代是量子计算机技术的当前状态，该术语由 John Preskill 在 2018 年创造。根据 Microsoft Azure Quantum 的方案，NISQ 计算被视为 1 级，即量子计算实现级别中最低的。 2023 年 10 月，AtomComputing 的 1,180 qubit 量子处理器首次突破 1,000 qubit 大关。
Noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) computing is characterized by quantum processors containing up to 1,000 qubits which are not advanced enough yet for fault-tolerance or large enough to achieve quantum advantage. These processors, which are sensitive to their environment (noisy) and prone to quantum decoherence, are not yet capable of continuous quantum error correction. This intermediate-scale is defined by the quantum volume, which is based on a moderate number of qubits and gate fidelity. The NISQ era is the current state of quantum computer technology, and the term was coined by John Preskill in 2018. According to Microsoft Azure Quantum's scheme, NISQ computation is considered level 1, the lowest of the quantum computing implementation levels. In October 2023, the 1,000 qubit mark was passed for the first time by Atom Computing's 1,180 qubit quantum processor.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 中性原子量子计算机是一种使用里德伯原子构建的量子计算机；这种类型与俘获离子量子计算机有许多共同点。截至 2023 年 12 月，该概念已用于演示 48 个逻辑量子位处理器。为了进行计算，原子首先被困在磁光陷阱中。然后量子位被编码为原子的能级。计算机的初始化和操作是通过在量子位上应用激光来执行的。例如，激光可以实现任意单量子位门和用于通用量子计算的 C Z {\displaystyle CZ} 门。 C Z {\displaystyle CZ} 门是通过利用里德堡封锁来实现的，当量子位在物理上彼此靠近时，这会导致强烈的相互作用。
A neutral atom quantum computer is a type of quantum computer built using Rydberg atoms; this type has many commonalities with trapped-ion quantum computers. As of December 2023, the concept has been used to demonstrate a 48 logical qubit processor. To perform computation, the atoms are first trapped in a magneto-optical trap. Qubits are then encoded in the energy levels of the atoms. Initialization and operation of the computer is performed via the application of lasers on the qubits. For example, the laser can accomplish arbitrary single qubit gates and a C Z {\displaystyle CZ} gate for universal quantum computation. The C Z {\displaystyle CZ} gate is carried out by leveraging the Rydberg blockade which leads to strong interactions when the qubits are physically close to each other.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 量子光学是原子、分子、光学物理和量子化学的一个分支，研究光子（光的单个量子）的行为。它包括对光子的粒子状特性及其与原子和分子等相互作用的研究。光子已被用来测试量子力学的许多反直觉预测，例如纠缠和隐形传态，并且是量子信息处理的有用资源。
Quantum optics is a branch of atomic, molecular, and optical physics and quantum chemistry that studies the behavior of photons (individual quanta of light). It includes the study of the particle-like properties of photons and their interaction with, for instance, atoms and molecules. Photons have been used to test many of the counter-intuitive predictions of quantum mechanics, such as entanglement and teleportation, and are a useful resource for quantum information processing.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
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