航空航天Telecommand遥控命令或远程控制是发送用于控制远程系统或未直接连接(例如通过电线)到遥控命令发送地点的系统的命令。该词源自 tele = 远程(希腊语),command = 委托/命令(拉丁语)。需要远程测量和报告系统设计者或操作员感兴趣的信息的系统需要远程命令的对应物,即遥测。遥控命令可以实时完成,也可以不实时完成,具体取决于具体情况(在太空中,可能会延迟数天),就像Marsokhod的情况一样。示例包括电视遥控器、武器或导弹的远程制导、从地面站控制卫星以及驾驶无线电遥控飞机。
A telecommand or telecontrol is a command sent to control a remote system or systems not directly connected (e.g. via wires) to the place from which the telecommand is sent. The word is derived from tele = remote (Greek), and command = to entrust/order (Latin). Systems that need remote measurement and reporting of information of interest to the system designer or operator require the counterpart of telecommand, telemetry. The telecommand can be done in real time or not depending on the circumstances (in space, delay may be of days), as was the case of Marsokhod. Examples include a television remote control, remote guidance of weapons or missiles, control of a satellite from a ground station, and flying a radio-controlled airplane.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取;两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查,不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译,请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗ 航空航天Atmospheric model在大气科学中,大气模型是围绕控制大气运动的全套原始动力学方程构建的数学模型。它可以用湍流扩散、辐射、潮湿过程(云和降水)、热交换、土壤、植被、地表水、地形运动学效应和对流的参数化来补充这些方程。大多数大气模型都是数值模型,即它们离散化运动方程。它们可以预测微尺度现象,例如龙卷风和边界层涡流、建筑物上的亚微尺度湍流以及天气和全球流动。模型的水平域可以是全球性的,覆盖整个地球(或其他行星体),也可以是区域性的(有限区域),仅覆盖地球的一部分。
In atmospheric science, an atmospheric model is a mathematical model constructed around the full set of primitive, dynamical equations which govern atmospheric motions. It can supplement these equations with parameterizations for turbulent diffusion, radiation, moist processes (clouds and precipitation), heat exchange, soil, vegetation, surface water, the kinematic effects of terrain, and convection. Most atmospheric models are numerical, i.e. they discretize equations of motion. They can predict microscale phenomena such as tornadoes and boundary layer eddies, sub-microscale turbulent flow over buildings, as well as synoptic and global flows. The horizontal domain of a model is either global, covering the entire Earth (or other planetary body), or regional (limited-area), covering only part of the Earth.
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查看内容许可 ↗ 航空航天Space environment在航天、航空航天工程和空间物理学中,空间环境的研究涉及太空中存在的条件及其对航天器设计和运行的影响。一个相关的主题,空间天气,涉及日地系统中的动态过程,这些过程可能会对航天器产生影响,但也会影响大气层、电离层和地磁场,从而对人类技术产生其他几种影响。辐射、空间碎片和流星体撞击、高层大气阻力和航天器静电充电可能会对航天器产生影响。已采取各种缓解策略。
In astronautics, aerospace engineering and space physics, the study of space environment is concerned with the conditions existing in space, and their effects on the design and operation of spacecraft. A related subject, space weather, deals with dynamic processes in the solar-terrestrial system that can give rise to effects on spacecraft, but that can also affect the atmosphere, ionosphere and geomagnetic field, giving rise to several other kinds of effects on human technologies. Effects on spacecraft can arise from radiation, space debris and meteoroid impact, upper atmospheric drag and spacecraft electrostatic charging. Various mitigation strategies have been adopted.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取;两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查,不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译,请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗ 航空航天Formation flying编队飞行是多个物体协同飞行。编队飞行在自然界中发生在飞行和滑翔动物之间,并且也在人类航空中进行,通常在军事航空和航空表演中进行。人们对飞机编队飞行的性能优势进行了大量研究。
Formation flying is the flight of multiple objects in coordination. Formation flying occurs in nature among flying and gliding animals, and is also conducted in human aviation, often in military aviation and at air shows. A multitude of studies have been performed on the performance benefits of aircraft flying in formation.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取;两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查,不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译,请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗ 航空航天Areostationary orbit静止轨道、静止同步赤道轨道 (AEO) 或火星地球静止轨道是圆形静止轨道 (ASO),高度位于火星赤道上方约 17,032 公里(10,583 英里),并遵循火星自转方向。在这样的轨道上的物体的轨道周期等于火星的自转周期,因此对于地面观察者来说,它在天空中的固定位置看起来是静止的。它类似于火星上的地球静止轨道(GEO),距行星表面的距离约为 GEO 的一半。前缀areo-源自古希腊战神阿瑞斯(Ares),与罗马神马尔斯(Mars)相对应,这颗行星就是与他对应的。
An areostationary orbit, areosynchronous equatorial orbit (AEO), or Mars geostationary orbit is a circular areosynchronous orbit (ASO) approximately 17,032 km (10,583 mi) in altitude above the Mars equator and following the direction of Mars's rotation. An object in such an orbit has an orbital period equal to Mars's rotational period, and so to ground observers it appears motionless in a fixed position in the sky. It is the Martian analog of a geostationary orbit (GEO), with a distance from its planet's surface approximately half that of GEO. The prefix areo- derives from Ares, the ancient Greek god of war and counterpart to the Roman god Mars, with whom the planet was identified.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取;两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查,不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译,请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗ 航空航天Ballistic capture弹道捕获是航天器进入绕遥远行星或月球轨道运行的一种低能量方法,无需燃料即可进入轨道。在理想情况下,发射后转移是弹道式的(需要零 Delta-v)。在弹道捕获的传统替代方案中,航天器将使用霍曼转移轨道或奥伯特效应,这要求航天器燃烧燃料以便在目标处减速。航天器携带燃料的要求增加了其成本和复杂性。为了实现弹道捕获,航天器被放置在目标轨道路径之前的飞行路径上。然后航天器落入所需轨道,只需要进行较小的轨道修正,这可能只需要低功率离子推进器。第一篇关于使用弹道捕获为航天器设计的传输的论文写于 1987 年。
Ballistic capture is a low energy method for a spacecraft to achieve an orbit around a distant planet or moon with no fuel required to go into orbit. In the ideal case, the transfer is ballistic (requiring zero Delta-v) after launch. In the traditional alternative to ballistic capture, spacecraft would either use a Hohmann transfer orbit or Oberth effect, which requires the spacecraft to burn fuel in order to slow down at the target. A requirement for the spacecraft to carry fuel adds to its cost and complexity. To achieve ballistic capture the spacecraft is placed on a flight path ahead of the target's orbital path. The spacecraft then falls into the desired orbit, requiring only minor orbit corrections which may only need low power ion thrusters. The first paper on using ballistic capture for transfer designed for spacecraft was written in 1987.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取;两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查,不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译,请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗ 航空航天Beta angle在轨道力学中,β角( β {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\beta }}} )是卫星围绕地球的轨道平面与太阳地心位置之间的角度。 β 角决定了近地轨道 (LEO) 卫星在阳光直射下吸收太阳辐射的时间百分比。对于发射进入轨道的物体,倾斜轨道和太阳同步轨道的太阳β角取决于发射高度、倾角和时间。 β 角并没有定义唯一的轨道平面:在给定轨道高度上具有给定 β 角的所有卫星在太阳下的暴露程度相同,即使它们可能在围绕地球的不同平面上运行。 β角在+90°和-90°之间变化,卫星绕其主体运行的方向决定了β角符号是正还是负。
In orbital mechanics, the beta angle ( β {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\beta }}} ) is the angle between a satellite's orbital plane around Earth and the geocentric position of the Sun. The beta angle determines the percentage of time that a satellite in low Earth orbit (LEO) spends in direct sunlight, absorbing solar radiation. For objects launched into orbit, the solar beta angle of inclined and sun-synchronous orbits depend on launch altitude, inclination, and time. The beta angle does not define a unique orbital plane: all satellites in orbit with a given beta angle at a given orbital altitude have the same exposure to the Sun, even though they may be orbiting in different planes around Earth. The beta angle varies between +90° and −90°, and the direction in which the satellite orbits its primary body determines whether the beta angle sign is positive or negative.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取;两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查,不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译,请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗ 航空航天Characteristic energy在天体动力学中,特征能量( C 3 {\displaystyle C_{3}} )是对勉强逃离大质量物体所需能量的过剩比能量的测量。单位是长度2时间−2,即速度的平方,或每质量的能量。
In astrodynamics, the characteristic energy ( C 3 {\displaystyle C_{3}} ) is a measure of the excess specific energy over that required to just barely escape from a massive body. The units are length2 time−2, i.e. velocity squared, or energy per mass.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取;两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查,不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译,请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗ 航空航天Clohessy–Wiltshire equationsClohessy-Wiltshire方程描述了轨道相对运动的简化模型,其中目标处于圆形轨道,而追踪器航天器处于椭圆或圆形轨道。该模型给出了以目标为中心的坐标系中追踪器运动的一阶近似。它用于规划追踪器与目标的交会点。
The Clohessy–Wiltshire equations describe a simplified model of orbital relative motion, in which the target is in a circular orbit, and the chaser spacecraft is in an elliptical or circular orbit. This model gives a first-order approximation of the chaser's motion in a target-centered coordinate system. It is used to plan the rendezvous of the chaser with the target.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取;两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查,不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译,请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗ 航空航天Delta-v budget在天体动力学和航空航天中,delta-v 预算是对太空任务所需的速度总变化 (delta-v) 的估计。它的计算方式是执行任务期间所需的每次推进机动所需的 delta-v 之和。作为齐奥尔科夫斯基火箭方程的输入,它确定了给定空质量和推进系统的飞行器需要多少推进剂。 Delta-v 是一个标量,仅取决于所需轨迹,而不取决于航天器的质量。例如,虽然将较重的通信卫星从近地轨道转移到地球同步轨道比较轻的通信卫星需要更多的燃料,但所需的 delta-v 是相同的。与火箭燃烧时间相比,Delta-v 也是可累加的,后者在任务后期当更多燃料耗尽时具有更大的影响。
In astrodynamics and aerospace, a delta-v budget is an estimate of the total change in velocity (delta-v) required for a space mission. It is calculated as the sum of the delta-v required to perform each propulsive maneuver needed during the mission. As input to the Tsiolkovsky rocket equation, it determines how much propellant is required for a vehicle of given empty mass and propulsion system. Delta-v is a scalar quantity dependent only on the desired trajectory and not on the mass of the space vehicle. For example, although more fuel is needed to transfer a heavier communication satellite from low Earth orbit to geosynchronous orbit than for a lighter one, the delta-v required is the same. Delta-v is also additive, as contrasted to rocket burn time, the latter having greater effect later in the mission when more fuel has been used up.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取;两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查,不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译,请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗ 航空航天Spacecraft flight dynamics航天器飞行动力学是机械动力学的应用,用于模拟作用在航天器或航天器上的外力如何确定其飞行路径。这些力主要分为三种类型:由车辆发动机提供的推进力;地球和其他天体施加的引力;以及空气动力升力和阻力(当在地球或其他天体(例如火星或金星)的大气层中飞行时)。飞行动力学原理用于模拟飞行器从地球发射期间的动力飞行;航天器的轨道飞行;改变轨道的机动;跨月和行星际飞行;从有或没有大气层的天体发射和着陆;穿过地球或其他天体的大气层;和态度控制。
Spacecraft flight dynamics is the application of mechanical dynamics to model how the external forces acting on a space vehicle or spacecraft determine its flight path. These forces are primarily of three types: propulsive force provided by the vehicle's engines; gravitational force exerted by the Earth and other celestial bodies; and aerodynamic lift and drag (when flying in the atmosphere of the Earth or other body, such as Mars or Venus). The principles of flight dynamics are used to model a vehicle's powered flight during launch from the Earth; a spacecraft's orbital flight; maneuvers to change orbit; translunar and interplanetary flight; launch from and landing on a celestial body, with or without an atmosphere; entry through the atmosphere of the Earth or other celestial body; and attitude control.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取;两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查,不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译,请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗ 航空航天Gauss's method在轨道力学(天体力学的一个子领域)中,高斯方法用于根据感兴趣的轨道天体在三个不同时间的至少三次观测(更多观测增加了所确定轨道的精度)来初步确定轨道。所需的信息是观测次数、观测点的位置向量(赤道坐标系)、轨道物体距观测点的方向余弦向量(地心赤道坐标系)和一般物理数据。卡尔·弗里德里希·高斯 (Carl Friedrich Gauss) 于 1801 年开发了重要的数学技术(总结为高斯方法),专门用于确定谷神星的轨道。
In orbital mechanics (a subfield of celestial mechanics), Gauss's method is used for preliminary orbit determination from at least three observations (more observations increases the accuracy of the determined orbit) of the orbiting body of interest at three different times. The required information are the times of observations, the position vectors of the observation points (in Equatorial Coordinate System), the direction cosine vector of the orbiting body from the observation points (from Topocentric Equatorial Coordinate System) and general physical data. Working in 1801, Carl Friedrich Gauss developed important mathematical techniques (summed up in Gauss's methods) which were specifically used to determine the orbit of Ceres.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取;两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查,不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译,请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗ 航空航天Geostationary ring在轨道力学中,对地静止环是地球周围的空间区域,包括对地静止轨道和从对地静止轨道开始并随后受到扰动的不受控制的物体可以到达的空间体积。对地静止轨道上的物体可能会受到地球引力场异常、太阳和月球的引力效应以及太阳辐射压力的扰动。轨道平面的进动是由地球的扁率 ( J 2 {\displaystyle J_{2}} ) 以及太阳和月球的引力效应引起的。这项议案的期限约为53年。描述空间轨道平面方向的两个参数、升交点的赤经和倾角都受到进动的影响。 53年周期内达到的最大倾角约为15度。
In orbital mechanics, the geostationary ring is the region of space around the Earth that includes geostationary orbits and the volume of space which can be reached by uncontrolled objects which begin in geostationary orbits and are subsequently perturbed. Objects in geostationary orbit can be perturbed by anomalies in the gravitational field of the Earth, by the gravitational effects of Sun and Moon, and by solar radiation pressure. A precessional motion of the orbital plane is caused by the oblatedness of the Earth ( J 2 {\displaystyle J_{2}} ), and the gravitational effects of Sun and Moon. This motion has a period of about 53 years. The two parameters describing the direction of the orbit plane in space, the right ascension of the ascending node, and the inclination are affected by this precession. The maximum inclination reached during the 53-year cycle is about 15 degrees.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取;两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查,不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译,请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗ 航空航天Gravitational scattering引力散射是两个或多个天体通过紧密的引力相遇交换能量和动量时轨迹的改变。这个过程是天体物理学中许多动力学现象的基础,从双星系统的形成到行星系统中物体的喷射。当恒星、行星或黑洞等物体距离足够近以影响彼此的运动时,它们的路径可能会发生巨大的变化。大质量物体(例如恒星、行星或黑洞)之间的紧密通道可以产生束缚对或未束缚的喷射物。一个例子是木星将柯伊伯带物体散射出太阳系。
Gravitational scattering is the alteration of trajectories when two or more celestial objects exchange energy and momentum through close gravitational encounters. This process underpins many dynamical phenomena in astrophysics, from the formation of binary star systems to the ejection of bodies from planetary systems. When objects like stars, planets, or black holes pass close enough to influence each other’s motions, their paths can shift dramatically. Close passages between massive objects—such as stars, planets, or black holes—can produce either bound pairs or unbound ejecta. An example is Jupiter scattering Kuiper belt objects out of the Solar System.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取;两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查,不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译,请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗ 航空航天Gravity loss在天体动力学和火箭技术中,重力损失是火箭在重力场中推进时净性能损失的衡量标准。换句话说,这是必须将火箭保持在重力场中的成本。重力损失取决于推力施加的时间以及推力施加的方向。如果短时间内施加最大推力,并且避免直接远离当地重力场,则重力损失占 delta-v 的比例会最小化。然而,在发射和上升阶段,必须长时间施加推力,且推力的主要分量与重力方向相反,因此重力损失变得很大。例如,要在近地轨道上达到 7.8 公里/秒的速度,需要 9 至 10 公里/秒之间的 delta-v。
In astrodynamics and rocketry, gravity loss is a measure of the loss in the net performance of a rocket while it is thrusting in a gravitational field. In other words, it is the cost of having to hold the rocket up in a gravity field. Gravity losses depend on the time over which thrust is applied as well the direction the thrust is applied in. Gravity losses as a proportion of delta-v are minimised if maximum thrust is applied for a short time, and by avoiding thrusting directly away from the local gravitational field. During the launch and ascent phase, however, thrust must be applied over a long period with a major component of thrust in the opposite direction to gravity, so gravity losses become significant. For example, to reach a speed of 7.8 km/s in low Earth orbit requires a delta-v of between 9 and 10 km/s.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取;两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查,不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译,请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗ 航空航天International Berthing and Docking Mechanism国际停泊对接机制(IBDM)是欧洲雌雄同体的低冲击对接机制,能够对接和停泊大型和小型航天器。 IBDM 的开发是根据 ESA 合同与 QinetiQ Space 作为主承包商进行的。
The International Berthing and Docking Mechanism (IBDM) is the European androgynous low impact docking mechanism that is capable of docking and berthing large and small spacecraft. The development of the IBDM is under ESA contract with QinetiQ Space as prime contractor.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取;两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查,不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译,请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗ 航空航天Interplanetary Transport Network行星际传输网络 (ITN) 是一组由引力决定的穿过太阳系的路径的集合,物体只需很少的能量即可遵循。 ITN 特别利用拉格朗日点作为空间轨迹的位置,可以使用很少的能量或不使用能量来重定向穿过空间的轨迹。这些点具有允许物体绕其轨道运行的特殊性质,尽管没有轨道物体,因为这些点存在于两个天体之间的引力相等的地方。虽然它消耗的能源很少,但沿网络的传输需要很长时间。
The Interplanetary Transport Network (ITN) is a collection of gravitationally determined pathways through the Solar System that require very little energy for an object to follow. The ITN makes particular use of Lagrange points as locations where trajectories through space can be redirected using little or no energy. These points have the peculiar property of allowing objects to orbit around them, despite lacking an object to orbit, as these points exist where gravitational forces between two celestial bodies are equal. While it would use little energy, transport along the network would take a long time.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取;两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查,不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译,请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗ 航空航天Lambert's problem在天体力学中,兰伯特问题涉及根据两个位置向量和飞行时间确定轨道,该问题由约翰·海因里希·兰伯特于 18 世纪提出,并由约瑟夫·路易斯·拉格朗日通过数学证明正式解决。它在交会、瞄准、制导和初步定轨等领域有着重要的应用。假设一个物体在中心引力的影响下,在时间 T 内从其圆锥轨迹上的点 P1 行进到点 P2。飞行时间通过兰伯特定理与其他变量相关,该定理指出:物体在圆锥轨迹上两点之间移动的转移时间仅是两点距力原点的距离、两点之间的线性距离以及圆锥曲线半长轴之和的函数。
In celestial mechanics, Lambert's problem is concerned with the determination of an orbit from two position vectors and the time of flight, posed in the 18th century by Johann Heinrich Lambert and formally solved with mathematical proof by Joseph-Louis Lagrange. It has important applications in the areas of rendezvous, targeting, guidance, and preliminary orbit determination. Suppose a body under the influence of a central gravitational force is observed to travel from point P1 on its conic trajectory, to a point P2 in a time T. The time of flight is related to other variables by Lambert's theorem, which states: The transfer time of a body moving between two points on a conic trajectory is a function only of the sum of the distances of the two points from the origin of the force, the linear distance between the points, and the semimajor axis of the conic.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取;两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查,不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译,请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗ 航空航天Low thrust relative orbital transfer在轨道力学中,低推力相对转移是一种轨道机动,其中追赶者航天器使用连续低推力系统(通常具有高比冲)相对于目标航天器覆盖特定的相对距离。这与使用热火箭发动机的传统轨道脉冲转移形成对比。此类转移使用低推力推进系统,例如电动航天器推进和太阳帆。低推力相对转移使用轨道相对运动方程。这些非线性方程描述了追踪器航天器相对于目标的运动,以沿固定在目标航天器上的加速参考系的相应轴的位移为单位。 1960 年,W. H. Clohessy 和 R. S.
In orbital mechanics, low-thrust relative transfer is an orbital maneuver in which a chaser spacecraft covers a specific relative distance relative to the target spacecraft using continuous low-thrust system, typically with a high specific impulse. This is in contrast to conventional impulsive transfers in the orbit which use thermal rocket engines. Such transfers use low-thrust propulsion systems such as electrically powered spacecraft propulsion and solar sails. Low-thrust relative transfers use the orbital relative motion equations. These are the non-linear equations that describe the motion of the chaser spacecraft relative to the target in terms of displacements along the respective axis of the accelerated frame of reference fixed on the target spacecraft. In 1960, W. H. Clohessy and R. S.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取;两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查,不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译,请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗ 航空航天Near-equatorial orbit近赤道轨道是靠近绕轨道运行的主天体赤道面的轨道。这样的轨道的倾角接近0°。这些轨道位于主星天赤道附近,即与主星赤道共面的假想天球大圆。对地静止轨道是一种特殊类型的赤道轨道,是地球同步轨道。对于地球表面的观察者来说,地球静止轨道上的卫星看起来是静止的,始终位于天空中的同一点。出于多种原因,赤道轨道可能具有优势。
A near-equatorial orbit is an orbit that lies close to the equatorial plane of the primary body orbited. Such an orbit has an inclination near 0°. Such orbits lie near the primary's celestial equator, the great circle of the imaginary celestial sphere that is coplanar with the primary's equator. A geostationary orbit is a particular type of equatorial orbit, one which is geosynchronous. A satellite in a geostationary orbit appears stationary, always at the same point in the sky, to observers on the surface of the Earth. Equatorial orbits can be advantageous for several reasons.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取;两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查,不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译,请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗ 航空航天Orbit phasing在天体动力学中,轨道定相是航天器沿其轨道的时间位置的调整,通常被描述为调整在轨航天器的真实异常。轨道定相主要用于特定轨道上的航天器必须移动到同一轨道内的不同位置的情况。轨道内位置的变化通常定义为相位角 ,是航天器当前位置到最终位置之间所需的真实异常变化。
In astrodynamics, orbit phasing is the adjustment of the time-position of spacecraft along its orbit, usually described as adjusting the orbiting spacecraft's true anomaly. Orbital phasing is primarily used in scenarios where a spacecraft in a given orbit must be moved to a different location within the same orbit. The change in position within the orbit is usually defined as the phase angle, ϕ, and is the change in true anomaly required between the spacecraft's current position to the final position.
来源、授权与使用说明
维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取;两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查,不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译,请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗ 航空航天Orbital inclination change轨道倾角改变是一种旨在改变轨道物体轨道倾角的轨道机动。这种机动也称为轨道平面变化,因为轨道平面倾斜。这种机动需要改变轨道节点(即初始轨道和期望轨道相交的点,轨道节点线由两个轨道平面的交点定义)处的轨道速度矢量(delta-v)。一般来说,倾角变化可能需要大量的 delta-v 才能执行,大多数任务规划者会尽可能避免它们以节省燃料。这通常是通过将航天器直接发射到所需的倾角或尽可能接近所需的倾角来实现的,以便最大限度地减少航天器寿命期间所需的任何倾角变化。
Orbital inclination change is an orbital maneuver aimed at changing the inclination of an orbiting body's orbit. This maneuver is also known as an orbital plane change as the plane of the orbit is tipped. This maneuver requires a change in the orbital velocity vector (delta-v) at the orbital nodes (i.e. the point where the initial and desired orbits intersect, the line of orbital nodes is defined by the intersection of the two orbital planes). In general, inclination changes can take a very large amount of delta-v to perform, and most mission planners try to avoid them whenever possible to conserve fuel. This is typically achieved by launching a spacecraft directly into the desired inclination, or as close to it as possible so as to minimize any inclination change required over the duration of the spacecraft life.
来源、授权与使用说明
维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取;两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查,不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译,请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗ 航空航天Orbital maneuver在太空飞行中,轨道机动(也称为燃烧)是使用推进系统来改变航天器的轨道。对于远离地球的深空航天器,轨道机动称为深空机动(DSM)。当航天器不进行机动时,特别是在转移轨道上,称为滑行。
In spaceflight, an orbital maneuver (otherwise known as a burn) is the use of propulsion systems to change the orbit of a spacecraft. For spacecraft far from Earth, in deep space, an orbital maneuver is called a deep-space maneuver (DSM). When a spacecraft is not conducting a maneuver, especially in a transfer orbit, it is said to be coasting.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取;两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查,不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译,请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗ 航空航天Orbital pass轨道通过(或简称通过)是航天器位于当地地平线上方的时期,因此可用于与给定地面站、接收器或中继卫星进行视距通信,或用于目视瞄准。通道的开始称为信号采集 (AOS);通过的结束称为信号丢失 (LOS)。航天器最接近地面观察者的点是最近接近时间(TCA)。
An orbital pass (or simply pass) is the period in which a spacecraft is above the local horizon, and thus available for line-of-sight communication with a given ground station, receiver, or relay satellite, or for visual sighting. The beginning of a pass is termed acquisition of signal (AOS); the end of a pass is termed loss of signal (LOS). The point at which a spacecraft comes closest to a ground observer is the time of closest approach (TCA).
来源、授权与使用说明
维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取;两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查,不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译,请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗ 航空航天Orbiting body在天体动力学中,绕轨道运行的天体是指围绕质量更大的天体(称为主天体)运行的任何物理天体。绕轨道运行的天体被正确地称为次要天体( m 2 {\displaystyle m_{2}} ),其质量小于主天体( m 1 {\displaystyle m_{1}} )。因此, m 2 < m 1 {\displaystyle m_{2}<m_{1}} 或 m 1 > m 2 {\displaystyle m_{1}>m_{2}} 。根据天体动力学的标准假设,两个天体的重心是两个轨道的焦点。绕轨道运行的物体可能是航天器(即
In astrodynamics, an orbiting body is any physical body that orbits a more massive one, called the primary body. The orbiting body is properly referred to as the secondary body ( m 2 {\displaystyle m_{2}} ), which is less massive than the primary body ( m 1 {\displaystyle m_{1}} ). Thus, m 2 < m 1 {\displaystyle m_{2}<m_{1}} or m 1 > m 2 {\displaystyle m_{1}>m_{2}} . Under standard assumptions in astrodynamics, the barycenter of the two bodies is a focus of both orbits. An orbiting body may be a spacecraft (i.e.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取;两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查,不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译,请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗ 航空航天Parking orbit停泊轨道是航天器发射期间使用的临时轨道。运载火箭沿着轨道进入停泊轨道,然后滑行一段时间,然后发动机再次点火进入最终的期望轨道。在某些任务中使用的另一种轨道是直接喷射,火箭连续发射(分级期间除外),直到燃料耗尽,最终有效载荷位于最终轨道上。 1961年苏联金星一号任务首次使用了这项技术。
A parking orbit is a temporary orbit used during the launch of a spacecraft. A launch vehicle follows a trajectory to the parking orbit, then coasts for a while, then engines fire again to enter the final desired trajectory. An alternative trajectory that is used on some missions is direct injection, where the rocket fires continuously (except during staging) until its fuel is exhausted, ending with the payload on the final trajectory. This technique was first used by the Soviet Venera 1 mission to Venus in 1961.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取;两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查,不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译,请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗ 航空航天Patched conic approximation在天体动力学中,修补二次曲线近似或修补二体近似是一种简化多体环境中航天器轨迹计算的方法。
In astrodynamics, the patched conic approximation or patched two-body approximation is a method to simplify trajectory calculations for spacecraft in a multiple-body environment.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取;两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查,不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译,请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗ 航空航天Path-constrained rendezvous在太空飞行中,路径约束交会是将轨道物体从当前位置移动到所需位置和速度的过程,其方式是沿途不接触任何障碍物。这是轨道交会一般问题的一个更受限制的例子。当没有障碍物需要考虑时,交会问题很简单,并且可以使用许多有效的算法来规划必要的机动。根据完成交会所需的时间,可能的交会路径有无数种。造成碰撞风险的障碍物的存在使问题变得更加复杂。最短时间或最低能量的交会可能会因障碍而变得不可行,因此必须采用需要更多时间或更多能量的路径。
In spaceflight, a path-constrained rendezvous is the process of moving an orbiting object from its current position to a desired position and velocity, in such a way that no obstacles are contacted along the way. It is a more constrained instance of the general problem of orbital rendezvous. When no obstacles need consideration, the problem of rendezvous is straightforward, and many efficient algorithms are available to plan the necessary maneuvers. Depending on the desired time taken to accomplish the rendezvous, there are an infinite number of possible rendezvous paths. The presence of obstacles posing a collision risk complicates the problem. The shortest-time or lowest-energy rendezvous might be made infeasible by obstacles, so a path requiring more time or more energy would have to be employed.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取;两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查,不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译,请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗ 航空航天Payload fraction在航空航天工程中,有效载荷分数是一个常用术语,用于表征特定设计的效率。有效负载分数是有效负载质量与旅程开始时车辆总质量的商。它是比冲、推进剂质量分数和结构系数的函数。在飞机上,短途旅行时装载少于满油的燃油是减轻重量和燃油消耗的标准做法。因此,有用负载分数计算出类似的数字,但它是基于有效负载和燃料的总重量与总重量的关系。螺旋桨驱动的客机的有用负载分数约为 25-35%。现代喷气式客机的有用载荷分数相当高,约为 45-55%。
In aerospace engineering, payload fraction is a common term used to characterize the efficiency of a particular design. The payload fraction is the quotient of the payload mass and the total vehicle mass at the start of its journey. It is a function of specific impulse, propellant mass fraction and the structural coefficient. In aircraft, loading less than full fuel for shorter trips is standard practice to reduce weight and fuel consumption. For this reason, the useful load fraction calculates a similar number, but it is based on the combined weight of the payload and fuel together in relation to the total weight. Propeller-driven airliners had useful load fractions on the order of 25–35%. Modern jet airliners have considerably higher useful load fractions, on the order of 45–55%.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取;两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查,不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译,请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗ 航空航天Perifocal coordinate system焦周坐标 (PQW) 系统是轨道的参考系。框架以轨道焦点为中心,即轨道所围绕的天体。单位向量 p ^ {\displaystyle \mathbf {\hat {p}} } 和 q ^ {\displaystyle \mathbf {\hat {q}} } 位于轨道平面内。 p ^ {\displaystyle \mathbf {\hat {p}} } 指向轨道的近点,而 q ^ {\displaystyle \mathbf {\hat {q}} } 具有超过近点 90 度的真实异常点 ( θ {\displaystyle \theta } )。
The perifocal coordinate (PQW) system is a frame of reference for an orbit. The frame is centered at the focus of the orbit, i.e. the celestial body about which the orbit is centered. The unit vectors p ^ {\displaystyle \mathbf {\hat {p}} } and q ^ {\displaystyle \mathbf {\hat {q}} } lie in the plane of the orbit. p ^ {\displaystyle \mathbf {\hat {p}} } is directed towards the periapsis of the orbit and q ^ {\displaystyle \mathbf {\hat {q}} } has a true anomaly ( θ {\displaystyle \theta } ) of 90 degrees past the periapsis.
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