结构生物学The Plant Phenomics and Genomics Research Data Repository植物基因组学和表型组学研究数据存储库(PGP)是全面发布多领域植物研究数据的数据发布基础设施。会议由位于德国加特斯莱本的莱布尼茨植物遗传学和作物研究所 (IPK) 主办。该存储库托管数字对象标识符 (DOI) 可引用数据集,这些数据集由于其数量或数据范围而未在公共存储库中发布。 PGP 支持发布千兆字节规模的数据集,并在 FAIRSharing.org、re3data.org 和 OpenAIRE 上注册为研究数据存储库,作为有效的 EU Horizon 2020 开放数据存档。 PGP 满足公平数据原则——可查找、可访问、可互操作、可重用。 PGP 存储库是使用 e!DAL 软件基础设施创建的,并应用本地方法将数据引入基础设施。
The Plant Genomics and Phenomics Research Data Repository (PGP) is a data publication infrastructure to comprehensively publish multi-domain plant research data. It is hosted at the Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) in Gatersleben, Germany. The repository hosts Digital Object Identifier (DOI) citable datasets that are not published in public repositories because of their volume or data scope. PGP enables the publication of gigabyte-scale datasets and is registered as a research data repository at FAIRSharing.org, re3data.org and OpenAIRE as a valid EU Horizon 2020 open data archive. PGP fulfills the FAIR data principles—findable, accessible, interoperable, reusable. The PGP repository was created using the e!DAL software infrastructure and applies an on-premises approach to bring data to infrastructure.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取;两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查,不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译,请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗ 结构生物学EchinobaseEchinobase 是一个模式生物数据库 (MOD)。它通过提供集中、集成的基于网络的资源来访问棘皮动物进化、发育和基因调控网络的多样化且丰富的功能基因组学数据,从而为国际研究界提供支持。基因组研究数据和工具可用于基因组、基因和转录本的搜索、浏览和生物信息分析。 Echinobase 为其他 NIH 资助的项目提供了关键的数据共享基础设施,并提高了棘皮动物数据对更广泛的生物医学研究界的可用性和可见性。
Echinobase is a Model Organism Database (MOD). It supports the international research community by providing a centralized, integrated web based resource to access the diverse and rich, functional genomics data of echinoderm evolution, development and gene regulatory networks. Genomic research data and tools are available for searching, browsing and bioinformatic analysis of genomes, genes, and transcripts. Echinobase provides a critical data sharing infrastructure for other NIH-funded projects and enhances the availability and visibility of echinoderm data to the broader biomedical research community.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取;两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查,不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译,请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗ 结构生物学EMBRACEEMBRACE(欧洲生物信息学研究和社区教育模式)是一个成立于 2005 年的项目,由 18 个欧洲机构组成的联盟组成,旨在以统一的方式开发生命科学领域的生物信息学工具和网络服务。该项目于 2010 年结束,已提供近 1000 项涉及不同应用的服务,包括传统程序(如 BLAST 和 ClustalW)以及特定领域的工具和资源(如代谢物亚结构预测或蛋白质稳定性预测)。这些工具在集中注册表中发布。集成工作是由一组测试问题驱动的,这些测试问题代表了生物信息学服务提供商和最终用户生物学家的关键问题。 EMBRACE 向国际研究界提供了许多生物信息学网络服务。
EMBRACE (European Model for Bioinformatics Research and Community Education) was a project established in 2005 consisting of a consortium of 18 european institutions to develop bioinformatics tools and web-services in the life sciences domain in an unified manner. The project concluded in 2010, having produced almost 1000 services across with diverse applications including traditional programs, such as BLAST and ClustalW, and domain-specific tools and resources, such as metabolite substructure prediction or prediction of protein stabilization. The tools were published in a centralized registry. Integration efforts were driven by a set of test problems representing key issues for bioinformatics service providers and end-user biologists. EMBRACE made many bioinformatics web services available to the international research community.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取;两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查,不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译,请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗ 结构生物学EndemixitEndemixit 是一个研究人口规模减少对五种濒临灭绝的意大利特有物种的影响的项目。最终目标是根据基因组数据估计灭绝的风险,并为这些物种的保护做出贡献。该项目由 MUR(意大利研究部)资助,由费拉拉大学生命科学和生物技术系协调,其他五所意大利大学参与:安科纳大学、佛罗伦萨大学、帕多瓦大学、罗马托尔维加塔大学和的里雅斯特大学。
Endemixit is a project that studies the effects of reduced population size in five Italian endemic species at risk of extinction. The final objective is to estimate the risk of extinction from genomic data and contribute to the preservation of these species. The project was funded by the MUR (Italian Ministry for Research) and coordinated by the Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology of the University of Ferrara with the involvement of five other Italian universities: Ancona, Florence, Padua, Rome Tor Vergata and Trieste.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取;两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查,不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译,请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗ 结构生物学Engineering biology工程生物学是设计、构建和测试工程生物系统的一套方法,这些系统已用于操纵信息、构建材料、加工化学品、生产能源、提供食物以及帮助维持或增强人类健康和环境。
Engineering biology is the set of methods for designing, building, and testing engineered biological systems which have been used to manipulate information, construct materials, process chemicals, produce energy, provide food, and help maintain or enhance human health and environment.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取;两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查,不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译,请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗ 结构生物学Epitranscriptomic sequencing在表观转录组测序中,大多数方法侧重于 (1) 在 RNA 测序仪上运行之前富集和纯化修饰的 RNA 分子,或 (2) 改进或修改生物信息学分析流程以调用修饰峰。大多数方法都已针对 mRNA 分子进行了调整和优化,但用于分析 5-甲基胞苷的改良亚硫酸氢盐测序除外,该测序针对 tRNA 和 rRNA 进行了优化。 RNA 分子中发现了七类主要的化学修饰:N6-甲基腺苷、2'-O-甲基化、N6,2'-O-二甲基腺苷、5-甲基胞苷、5-羟甲基胞苷、肌苷和假尿苷。已经开发了各种测序方法来分析每种类型的修饰。将讨论与每种方法以及所使用的相应生物信息学工具相关的规模、分辨率、灵敏度和限制。
In epitranscriptomic sequencing, most methods focus on either (1) enrichment and purification of the modified RNA molecules before running on the RNA sequencer, or (2) improving or modifying bioinformatics analysis pipelines to call the modification peaks. Most methods have been adapted and optimized for mRNA molecules, except for modified bisulfite sequencing for profiling 5-methylcytidine which was optimized for tRNAs and rRNAs. There are seven major classes of chemical modifications found in RNA molecules: N6-methyladenosine, 2'-O-methylation, N6,2'-O-dimethyladenosine, 5-methylcytidine, 5-hydroxylmethylcytidine, inosine, and pseudouridine. Various sequencing methods have been developed to profile each type of modification. The scale, resolution, sensitivity, and limitations associated with each method and the corresponding bioinformatics tools used will be discussed.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取;两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查,不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译,请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗ 结构生物学European Data Format欧洲数据格式 (EDF) 是一种标准文件格式,设计用于交换和存储医疗时间序列。作为一种开放且非专有的格式,EDF(+) 通常用于以独立于采集系统的格式归档、交换和分析来自商业设备的数据。这样,数据就可以通过独立的软件检索和分析。 EDF(+) 软件(浏览器、检查器等)和示例文件可免费获取。 EDF 于 1992 年发布,可存储多通道数据,允许每个信号使用不同的采样率。它在内部包括一个标题和一个或多个数据记录。标题包含一些一般信息(患者身份、开始时间...)和每个信号的技术规格(校准、采样率、过滤...),编码为 ASCII 字符。数据记录包含作为小端 16 位整数的样本。
European Data Format (EDF) is a standard file format designed for exchange and storage of medical time series. Being an open and non-proprietary format, EDF(+) is commonly used to archive, exchange and analyse data from commercial devices in a format that is independent of the acquisition system. In this way, the data can be retrieved and analyzed by independent software. EDF(+) software (browsers, checkers, ...) and example files are freely available. EDF was published in 1992 and stores multichannel data, allowing different sample rates for each signal. Internally it includes a header and one or more data records. The header contains some general information (patient identification, start time...) and technical specs of each signal (calibration, sampling rate, filtering, ...), coded as ASCII characters. The data records contain samples as little-endian 16-bit integers.
来源、授权与使用说明
维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取;两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查,不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译,请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗ 结构生物学EVA (benchmark)EVA 是一个持续运行的基准项目,用于评估蛋白质结构预测和二级结构预测方法的质量和价值。将预测二级结构和三级结构的方法(包括同源建模、蛋白质线索和接触顺序预测)与蛋白质数据库中每周新解析的蛋白质结构的结果进行比较。该项目旨在确定普通、公开可用的预测网络服务器的非专家用户所期望的预测准确性;这与相关的 LiveBench 项目类似,并与两年一度的基准 CASP 形成鲜明对比,后者旨在确定预测专家可实现的最大准确度。
EVA was a continuously running benchmark project for assessing the quality and value of protein structure prediction and secondary structure prediction methods. Methods for predicting both secondary structure and tertiary structure - including homology modeling, protein threading, and contact order prediction - were compared to results from each week's newly solved protein structures deposited in the Protein Data Bank. The project aimed to determine the prediction accuracy that would be expected for non-expert users of common, publicly available prediction webservers; this is similar to the related LiveBench project and stands in contrast to the bi-yearly benchmark CASP, which aims to identify the maximum accuracy achievable by prediction experts.
来源、授权与使用说明
维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取;两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查,不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译,请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗ 结构生物学Evolution@Homeevolution@home 是一个针对进化生物学的志愿者计算项目,于 2001 年启动。evolution@home 的目的是提高对进化过程的理解。这是通过模拟基于个体的模型来实现的。 evolution@home 的 Simulator005 模块旨在更好地预测 Muller 棘轮的行为。该项目是半自动运行的;使用这种操作方法,参与者必须手动从网页下载任务并通过电子邮件提交结果。 yoyo@home 使用 BOINC 包装器通过自动分配任务并收集结果来完全自动化该项目。因此,BOINC版本是一个完整的志愿者计算项目。 yoyo@home 已宣布参与该项目已结束。
evolution@home was a volunteer computing project for evolutionary biology, launched in 2001. The aim of evolution@home is to improve understanding of evolutionary processes. This is achieved by simulating individual-based models. The Simulator005 module of evolution@home was designed to better predict the behaviour of Muller's ratchet. The project was operated semi-automatically; participants had to manually download tasks from the webpage and submit results by email using this method of operation. yoyo@home used a BOINC wrapper to completely automate this project by automatically distributing tasks and collecting their results. Therefore, the BOINC version was a complete volunteer computing project. yoyo@home has declared its involvement in this project finished.
来源、授权与使用说明
维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取;两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查,不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译,请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗ 结构生物学ExpasyExpasy 是由 SIB 瑞士生物信息学研究所运营的在线生物信息学资源。它是一个可扩展的综合门户,提供对 160 多个数据库和软件工具的访问,并支持一系列生命科学和临床研究领域,从基因组学、蛋白质组学和结构生物学,到进化和系统发育、系统生物学和医学化学。各个资源(数据库、基于网络和可下载的软件工具)由 SIB 瑞士生物信息学研究所的不同小组和合作机构以分散的方式托管。
Expasy is an online bioinformatics resource operated by the SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. It is an extensible and integrative portal which provides access to over 160 databases and software tools and supports a range of life science and clinical research areas, from genomics, proteomics and structural biology, to evolution and phylogeny, systems biology and medical chemistry. The individual resources (databases, web-based and downloadable software tools) are hosted in a decentralized way by different groups of the SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics and partner institutions.
来源、授权与使用说明
维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取;两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查,不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译,请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗ 结构生物学Exscalate4CovExscalate4Cov 是一个由欧盟 Horizon Europe 计划支持的公私联盟,旨在利用高性能计算 (HPC) 来应对冠状病毒大流行。该项目利用高通量、超大规模的计算机辅助药物设计软件进行实验。 Exsclate4Cov 项目代表 EXaSCale 对抗冠状病毒病原体的智能平台,由 Dompé Farmaceutici 协调,有 17 名参与者参与。这是地平线 2020 社会挑战 - 健康、人口变化和福祉创始资金的一部分。该项目进行了最大的虚拟筛选和药物重新定位实验之一,确定了一种潜在有效的对抗 SARS-CoV-2 的分子。
Exscalate4Cov was a public-private consortium supported by the Horizon Europe program from the European Union, aimed at leveraging high-performance computing (HPC) as a response to the coronavirus pandemic. The project utilized high-throughput, extreme-scale, computer-aided drug design software to conduct experiments. The Exsclate4Cov project, which stands for EXaSCale smArt pLatform Against paThogEns for Corona Virus, was coordinated by Dompé Farmaceutici and involved 17 participants. It was part of the Horizon 2020 SOCIETAL CHALLENGES - Health, demographic change and well-being founding funding. The project conducted one of the largest virtual screening and drug repositioning experiments, identifying a potentially effective molecule against SARS-CoV-2.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取;两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查,不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译,请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗ 结构生物学Fast statistical alignment快速统计比对 (FSA) 是一种多序列比对程序,用于比对多种蛋白质、RNA 或长基因组 DNA 序列。与 MUSCLE 和 MAFFT 一样,FSA 是少数可以比对数百或数千个序列的数据集的序列比对程序之一。 FSA 使用不同的优化标准,使其能够比其他程序更可靠地识别非同源序列,尽管这种准确性的提高是以速度降低为代价的。 FSA 目前正用于多个项目,包括对新蠕虫基因组进行测序和分析果蝇体内转录因子的结合。
Fast statistical alignment (FSA) is a multiple sequence alignment program for aligning many proteins, RNAs, or long genomic DNA sequences. Along with MUSCLE and MAFFT, FSA is one of the few sequence alignment programs which can align datasets of hundreds or thousands of sequences. FSA uses a different optimization criterion which allows it to more reliably identify non-homologous sequences than these other programs, although this increased accuracy comes at the cost of decreased speed. FSA is currently being used for multiple projects, including sequencing new worm genomes and analyzing in vivo transcription factor binding in flies.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取;两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查,不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译,请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗ 结构生物学FastContactFastContact 是一种用于快速估计蛋白质-蛋白质复合结构的接触和结合自由能的算法。它基于统计确定的去溶剂化接触电势和具有与距离相关的介电常数的库仑静电。该应用程序还报告残留的无接触能量,快速突出相互作用的热点。该程序由宾夕法尼亚州匹兹堡大学计算生物学系的 Carlos J. Camacho 和 Chao Zhang 使用 Fortran 77 编写。 P. Christoph Champ 于 2005 年 7 月建立了一个用于在线运行 FastContact 或下载二进制文件的 Web 服务器。
FastContact is an algorithm for the rapid estimate of contact and binding free energies for protein–protein complex structures. It is based on a statistically determined desolvation contact potential and Coulomb electrostatics with a distance-dependent dielectric constant. The application also reports residue contact free energies that rapidly highlight the hotspots of the interaction. The programme was written in Fortran 77 by Carlos J. Camacho and Chao Zhang at the Department of Computational Biology, University of Pittsburgh, PA. A web server for running FastContact online or downloading the binary was set up by P. Christoph Champ in July 2005.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取;两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查,不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译,请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗ 结构生物学Fish DNA barcoding鱼类 DNA 条形码方法用于根据基因组选定区域内的 DNA 序列来识别鱼类群体。这些方法可用于研究鱼类,因为遗传物质以环境 DNA (eDNA) 或细胞的形式自由扩散在水中。这使得研究人员能够通过收集水样、从样品中提取 DNA 并分离感兴趣物种特有的 DNA 序列来识别水体中存在哪些物种。条形码方法还可用于生物监测和食品安全验证、动物饮食评估、食物网和物种分布评估以及入侵物种检测。在鱼类研究中,条形码可以用作传统采样方法的替代方法。条形码方法通常可以提供信息而不会对所研究的动物造成损害。
DNA barcoding methods for fish are used to identify groups of fish based on DNA sequences within selected regions of a genome. These methods can be used to study fish, as genetic material, in the form of environmental DNA (eDNA) or cells, is freely diffused in the water. This allows researchers to identify which species are present in a body of water by collecting a water sample, extracting DNA from the sample and isolating DNA sequences that are specific for the species of interest. Barcoding methods can also be used for biomonitoring and food safety validation, animal diet assessment, assessment of food webs and species distribution, and for detection of invasive species. In fish research, barcoding can be used as an alternative to traditional sampling methods. Barcoding methods can often provide information without damage to the studied animal.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取;两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查,不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译,请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗ 结构生物学Flow cytometry bioinformatics流式细胞术生物信息学是生物信息学在流式细胞术数据中的应用,涉及使用大量的计算资源和工具来存储、检索、组织和分析流式细胞术数据。流式细胞术生物信息学需要广泛使用计算统计和机器学习技术,并有助于其发展。流式细胞术和相关方法可以对大量单细胞上的多个独立生物标志物进行定量。流式细胞术数据的多维性和吞吐量的快速增长(尤其是在 2000 年代)导致了各种计算分析方法、数据标准和用于结果共享的公共数据库的创建。
Flow cytometry bioinformatics is the application of bioinformatics to flow cytometry data, which involves storing, retrieving, organizing and analyzing flow cytometry data using extensive computational resources and tools. Flow cytometry bioinformatics requires extensive use of and contributes to the development of techniques from computational statistics and machine learning. Flow cytometry and related methods allow the quantification of multiple independent biomarkers on large numbers of single cells. The rapid growth in the multidimensionality and throughput of flow cytometry data, particularly in the 2000s, has led to the creation of a variety of computational analysis methods, data standards, and public databases for the sharing of results.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取;两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查,不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译,请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗ 结构生物学Flux balance analysis在生物化学和系统生物学中,通量平衡分析 (FBA) 是一种利用代谢网络的基因组规模重建来模拟细胞或整个单细胞生物(例如大肠杆菌或酵母)代谢的数学方法。基因组规模重建描述了生物体基于其整个基因组的所有已知或假设的生化反应。这些重建通过关注代谢物之间的相互转化来模拟代谢,识别哪些代谢物参与细胞或生物体中发生的各种反应,并确定编码催化这些反应的酶(如果有)的基因。
In biochemistry and systems biology, flux balance analysis (FBA) is a mathematical method for simulating the metabolism of cells or entire unicellular organisms, such as E. coli or yeast, using genome-scale reconstructions of metabolic networks. Genome-scale reconstructions describe all known or hypothesized biochemical reactions in an organism based on its entire genome. These reconstructions model metabolism by focusing on the interconversions between metabolites, identifying which metabolites are involved in the various reactions taking place in a cell or organism, and determining the genes that encode the enzymes which catalyze these reactions (if any).
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取;两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查,不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译,请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗ 结构生物学Fluxomics通量组学描述了寻求确定生物实体内代谢反应速率的各种方法。虽然代谢组学可以提供生物样品中代谢物的即时信息,但代谢是一个动态过程。通量组学的意义在于代谢通量决定细胞表型。它的另一个优点是基于代谢组,其成分比基因组或蛋白质组少。 Fluxomics属于随着高通量技术的出现而发展起来的系统生物学领域。系统生物学认识到生物系统的复杂性,并具有解释和预测这种复杂行为的更广泛目标。
Fluxomics describes the various approaches that seek to determine the rates of metabolic reactions within a biological entity. While metabolomics can provide instantaneous information on the metabolites in a biological sample, metabolism is a dynamic process. The significance of fluxomics is that metabolic fluxes determine the cellular phenotype. It has the added advantage of being based on the metabolome which has fewer components than the genome or proteome. Fluxomics falls within the field of systems biology which developed with the appearance of high throughput technologies. Systems biology recognizes the complexity of biological systems and has the broader goal of explaining and predicting this complex behavior.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取;两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查,不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译,请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗ 结构生物学Gene set enrichment analysis基因集富集分析 (GSEA)(也称为功能富集分析或通路富集分析)是一种识别在大量基因或蛋白质中过度代表的基因或蛋白质类别的方法,这些基因或蛋白质类别可能与不同的表型(例如不同的生物体生长模式或疾病)相关。该方法使用统计方法来识别显着富集或缺失的基因组。转录组学技术和蛋白质组学结果通常会识别数千个基因,用于分析。研究人员进行高通量实验来产生基因组(例如,在不同条件下差异表达的基因),通常希望检索该基因组的功能图谱,以便更好地了解潜在的生物过程。
Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) (also called functional enrichment analysis or pathway enrichment analysis) is a method to identify classes of genes or proteins that are over-represented in a large set of genes or proteins, and may have an association with different phenotypes (e.g. different organism growth patterns or diseases). The method uses statistical approaches to identify significantly enriched or depleted groups of genes. Transcriptomics technologies and proteomics results often identify thousands of genes, which are used for the analysis. Researchers performing high-throughput experiments that yield sets of genes (for example, genes that are differentially expressed under different conditions) often want to retrieve a functional profile of that gene set, in order to better understand the underlying biological processes.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取;两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查,不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译,请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗ 结构生物学General Data Format for Biomedical Signals生物医学信号通用数据格式是一种科学和医学数据文件格式。 GDF 的目标是将所有生物信号文件格式的最佳功能组合并集成到单一文件格式中。最初的 GDF 规范于 2005 年作为一种新的数据格式推出,旨在克服欧洲生物信号数据格式 (EDF) 的一些限制。 GDF 还旨在统一许多专为非常特定的应用程序(例如,心电图研究和脑电图分析)而设计的文件格式。原始规范包括二进制标头,并使用事件表。更新后的规范 (GDF v2) 于 2011 年发布,添加了用于附加主题特定信息(性别、年龄等)的字段,并使用了多个标准代码来存储物理单位和其他属性。
The General Data Format for Biomedical Signals is a scientific and medical data file format. The aim of GDF is to combine and integrate the best features of all biosignal file formats into a single file format. The original GDF specification was introduced in 2005 as a new data format to overcome some of the limitations of the European Data Format for Biosignals (EDF). GDF was also designed to unify a number of file formats which had been designed for very specific applications (for example, in ECG research and EEG analysis). The original specification included a binary header, and used an event table. An updated specification (GDF v2) was released in 2011 and added fields for additional subject-specific information (gender, age, etc.) and utilized several standard codes for storing physical units and other properties.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取;两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查,不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译,请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗ 结构生物学General feature format在生物信息学中,通用特征格式(gene-finding format,gene-finding format,generic feature format,GFF)是一种用于描述基因以及DNA、RNA和蛋白质序列的其他特征的文件格式。
In bioinformatics, the general feature format (gene-finding format, generic feature format, GFF) is a file format used for describing genes and other features of DNA, RNA and protein sequences.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取;两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查,不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译,请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗ 结构生物学GeneRIFGeneRIF 或 Gene Reference Into Function 是关于基因功能的简短(255 个字符或更少)声明。 GeneRIF 提供了一种简单的机制,允许科学家添加 Entrez 基因数据库中描述的基因的功能注释。在实践中,函数的构造相当广泛。例如,有些 GeneRIF 讨论基因在疾病中的作用,GeneRIF 将观众引向有关该基因的评论文章,还有 GeneRIF 讨论基因的结构。然而,GeneRIF 的既定意图是与基因功能有关。目前,已经为来自近 1000 个不同物种的基因创建了超过 50 万个 GeneRIF。 GeneRIF 始终与 Entrez Gene 数据库中的特定条目相关联。
A GeneRIF or Gene Reference Into Function is a short (255 characters or fewer) statement about the function of a gene. GeneRIFs provide a simple mechanism for allowing scientists to add to the functional annotation of genes described in the Entrez Gene database. In practice, function is constructed quite broadly. For example, there are GeneRIFs that discuss the role of a gene in a disease, GeneRIFs that point the viewer towards a review article about the gene, and GeneRIFs that discuss the structure of a gene. However, the stated intent is for GeneRIFs to be about gene function. Currently over half a million geneRIFs have been created for genes from almost 1000 different species. GeneRIFs are always associated with specific entries in the Entrez Gene database.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取;两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查,不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译,请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗ 结构生物学Genome@homeGenome@home 是由斯坦福大学的 Stefan Larson 运营的一个志愿者计算项目,也是 Folding@home 的姐妹项目。其目标是蛋白质设计及其应用,这对包括医学在内的许多领域都有影响。 Genome@home 由 Pande 实验室运营。
Genome@home was a volunteer computing project run by Stefan Larson of Stanford University, and a sister project to Folding@home. Its goal was protein design and its applications, which had implications in many fields including medicine. Genome@home was run by the Pande Lab.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取;两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查,不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译,请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗ 结构生物学Genome informatics基因组信息学是生物信息学的一个子领域,它使用计算工具通过数据库、算法和生物信息学应用来处理和分析基因组信息。基因组信息学包括分析 DNA 序列数据、预测蛋白质序列和结构以及使用基因组工具和技术研究基因组数据集的方法。这些方法有助于分析复杂性状、精准医学和进化生物学研究。
Genome informatics is a subfield of bioinformatics that uses computational tools to process and analyze genomic information through databases, algorithms, and bioinformatics applications. Genome informatics includes methods for analyzing DNA sequence data, predicting protein sequences and structures, and studying genomic datasets using genomic tools and technologies. These methods help in the analysis of complex traits, precision medicine, and research in evolutionary biology.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取;两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查,不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译,请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗ 结构生物学Genome profiling基因组分析(GP)是一种无需测序即可获取基因组信息的生物技术。可用于生物体的鉴定和分类。它是由日本生物物理学家Koichi Nishigaki教授及其在埼玉大学的同事于1990年及其后首创的。为了避免混淆,术语“DNA 分析”更改为“基因组分析”,因为术语“DNA 分析”已开始用于法医学领域的不同技术。在 GP 中,基因组 DNA 的小片段被随机扩增(随机 PCR),并对随机 PCR 产物进行温度梯度凝胶电泳 (TGGE),以生成物种特异性迁移模式(基因组图谱)。由此分配物种识别点 (spiddos)。这种方法显然是优越的,因为它不需要任何基因序列的先验知识。
Genome profiling (GP) is a biotechnology that acquires genome information without sequencing. It can be used for identification and classification of organisms. It was pioneered by Japanese biophysicist Prof. Koichi Nishigaki and his colleagues at Saitama University in 1990 and later. The term 'DNA profiling' was changed to 'genome profiling' to avoid confusion, as the term 'DNA profiling' had begun to be used for a different technology in the field of forensics. In GP, small fragments of genomic DNA are randomly amplified (random PCR) and the random PCR products are subjected to temperature-gradient gel electrophoresis (TGGE) to generate a species-specific mobility pattern (genome profile). From this, species identification dots (spiddos) are assigned. This approach is clearly superior because it does not require prior knowledge of any gene sequence.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取;两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查,不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译,请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗ 结构生物学Genome survey sequence在生物信息学和计算生物学领域,基因组调查序列(GSS)是类似于表达序列标签(EST)的核苷酸序列,唯一的区别是它们大多数起源于基因组,而不是mRNA。基因组调查序列通常由执行基因组测序的实验室生成并提交给 NCBI,并用作标准 GenBank 部门中包含的基因组大小片段的绘图和测序框架等。
In the fields of bioinformatics and computational biology, Genome survey sequences (GSS) are nucleotide sequences similar to expressed sequence tags (ESTs) that the only difference is that most of them are genomic in origin, rather than mRNA. Genome survey sequences are typically generated and submitted to NCBI by labs performing genome sequencing and are used, amongst other things, as a framework for the mapping and sequencing of genome size pieces included in the standard GenBank divisions.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取;两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查,不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译,请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗ 结构生物学Genome-based peptide fingerprint scanning基于基因组的肽指纹扫描 (GFS) 是生物信息学分析中的一个系统,它试图通过根据整个基因组的理论翻译和蛋白水解消化扫描肽质量指纹来识别样本蛋白质的基因组起源(即它们来自哪个物种)。该方法是对以前方法的改进,因为它将肽指纹与整个基因组进行比较,而不是与已经注释的基因组进行比较。这一改进有可能改善基因组注释并识别注释不正确或缺失的蛋白质。
Genome-based peptide fingerprint scanning (GFS) is a system in bioinformatics analysis that attempts to identify the genomic origin (that is, what species they come from) of sample proteins by scanning their peptide-mass fingerprint against the theoretical translation and proteolytic digest of an entire genome. This method is an improvement from previous methods because it compares the peptide fingerprints to an entire genome instead of comparing it to an already annotated genome. This improvement has the potential to improve genome annotation and identify proteins with incorrect or missing annotations.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取;两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查,不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译,请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗ 结构生物学Geometric morphometrics in anthropology人类学中几何形态测量学的研究通过帮助一些技术和方法论的进步,对形态测量学领域产生了重大影响。几何形态计量学是一种使用笛卡尔地标和半地标坐标研究形状的方法,这些坐标能够捕获形态上不同的形状变量。可以使用与大小、位置和方向分开的各种统计技术来分析地标,以便观察到的唯一变量基于形态。几何形态计量学用于观察多种形式的变化,特别是与进化和生物过程有关的变化,可用于帮助探索体质人类学中许多问题的答案。
The study of geometric morphometrics in anthropology has made a major impact on the field of morphometrics by aiding in some of the technological and methodological advancements. Geometric morphometrics is an approach that studies shape using Cartesian landmark and semilandmark coordinates that are capable of capturing morphologically distinct shape variables. The landmarks can be analyzed using various statistical techniques separate from size, position, and orientation so that the only variables being observed are based on morphology. Geometric morphometrics is used to observe variation in numerous formats, especially those pertaining to evolutionary and biological processes, which can be used to help explore the answers to a lot of questions in physical anthropology.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取;两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查,不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译,请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗ 结构生物学GFP-cDNAGFP-cDNA 项目利用荧光显微镜记录了蛋白质在真核细胞亚细胞区室中的定位。实验数据通过生物信息学分析进行补充,并在数据库中在线发布。搜索功能可以找到包含特别感兴趣的特征或基序的蛋白质。该项目是 Rainer Pepperkok 研究小组与德国癌症研究中心 (DKFZ) 的 Stefan Wiemann 的合作成果,存档于 2007-07-22 欧洲分子生物学实验室 (EMBL) 的 Wayback Machine。
The GFP-cDNA project documents the localisation of proteins to subcellular compartments of the eukaryotic cell applying fluorescence microscopy. Experimental data are complemented with bioinformatic analyses and published online in a database. A search function allows the finding of proteins containing features or motifs of particular interest. The project is a collaboration of the research groups of Rainer Pepperkok Archived 2007-07-22 at the Wayback Machine at the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) and Stefan Wiemann at the German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ).
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取;两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查,不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译,请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗ 结构生物学GISAIDGISAID (),即共享所有流感数据的全球倡议,以前是共享禽流感数据的全球倡议,是一项于 2008 年成立的全球科学倡议,旨在提供流感病毒基因组数据的获取。该数据库已扩大到包括导致 COVID-19 大流行的冠状病毒以及其他病原体。该数据库被描述为“世界上最大的 COVID-19 序列存储库”。 GISAID 促进基因组流行病学和实时监测,以监测全球新的 COVID-19 病毒株的出现。自作为通过传统公共领域档案共享禽流感数据的替代方案成立以来,GISAID 促进了 2009 年 H1N1 大流行、2013 年 H7N9 流行、COVID-19 大流行和 2022-2023 年 MPOX 疫情期间爆发基因组数据的交换。
GISAID (), the Global Initiative on Sharing All Influenza Data, previously the Global Initiative on Sharing Avian Influenza Data, is a global science initiative established in 2008 to provide access to genomic data of influenza viruses. The database was expanded to include the coronavirus responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as other pathogens. The database has been described as "the world's largest repository of COVID-19 sequences". GISAID facilitates genomic epidemiology and real-time surveillance to monitor the emergence of new COVID-19 viral strains across the planet. Since its establishment as an alternative to sharing avian influenza data via conventional public-domain archives, GISAID has facilitated the exchange of outbreak genome data during the H1N1 pandemic in 2009, the H7N9 epidemic in 2013, the COVID-19 pandemic and the 2022–2023 mpox outbreak.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取;两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查,不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译,请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗ 结构生物学Global distance test全局距离测试(GDT),也写为 GDT_TS 来表示“总分”,是对具有已知氨基酸对应关系(例如相同的氨基酸序列)但不同三级结构的两个蛋白质结构之间的相似性的度量。它最常用于将蛋白质结构预测的结果与通过 X 射线晶体学、蛋白质 NMR 或越来越多的冷冻电子显微镜测量的实验确定的结构进行比较。 GDT 指标由劳伦斯利弗莫尔国家实验室的 Adam Zemla 开发,最初在局部全局对齐 (LGA) 项目中实施。它的目的是比常见的均方根偏差 (RMSD) 指标更准确,后者对异常值区域敏感,例如,由于对结构中各个环路区域的不良建模而产生的异常值区域,而该结构在其他方面是相当准确的。
The global distance test (GDT), also written as GDT_TS to represent "total score", is a measure of similarity between two protein structures with known amino acid correspondences (e.g. identical amino acid sequences) but different tertiary structures. It is most commonly used to compare the results of protein structure prediction to the experimentally determined structure as measured by X-ray crystallography, protein NMR, or, increasingly, cryoelectron microscopy. The GDT metric was developed by Adam Zemla at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and originally implemented in the Local-Global Alignment (LGA) program. It is intended as a more accurate measurement than the common root-mean-square deviation (RMSD) metric - which is sensitive to outlier regions created, for example, by poor modeling of individual loop regions in a structure that is otherwise reasonably accurate.
来源、授权与使用说明
维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取;两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查,不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译,请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
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