结构生物学Root mean square deviation of atomic positions在生物信息学中，原子位置的均方根偏差，或简称均方根偏差（RMSD），是叠加分子的原子（通常是主链原子）之间的平均距离的度量。在球状蛋白质构象的研究中，习惯上通过最佳刚体叠加后的Cα原子坐标的RMSD来衡量三维结构的相似性。当动态系统围绕某个明确定义的平均位置波动时，随时间变化的平均值的 RMSD 可称为 RMSF 或均方根波动。例如可以使用穆斯堡尔光谱或核磁共振来测量这种波动的大小，并且可以提供重要的物理信息。 Lindemann 指数是一种将 RMSF 置于系统参数背景下的方法。
In bioinformatics, the root mean square deviation of atomic positions, or simply root mean square deviation (RMSD), is the measure of the average distance between the atoms (usually the backbone atoms) of superimposed molecules. In the study of globular protein conformations, one customarily measures the similarity in three-dimensional structure by the RMSD of the Cα atomic coordinates after optimal rigid body superposition. When a dynamical system fluctuates about some well-defined average position, the RMSD from the average over time can be referred to as the RMSF or root mean square fluctuation. The size of this fluctuation can be measured, for example using Mössbauer spectroscopy or nuclear magnetic resonance, and can provide important physical information. The Lindemann index is a method of placing the RMSF in the context of the parameters of the system.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗RNA 完整性值 (RIN) 是一种为 RNA 测量分配完整性值的算法。 RNA 的完整性是基因表达研究的一个主要问题，传统上使用 28S 与 18S rRNA 比率进行评估，但这种方法已被证明是不一致的。出现这种不一致的原因是，比较 28S 和 18S 凝胶图像需要主观的、人为的解释。 RIN 算法就是为了解决这个问题而设计的。 RIN 算法应用于电泳 RNA 测量，通常使用毛细管凝胶电泳获得，并基于提供有关 RNA 完整性信息的不同特征的组合，以提供更通用的测量。
The RNA integrity number (RIN) is an algorithm for assigning integrity values to RNA measurements. The integrity of RNA is a major concern for gene expression studies and traditionally has been evaluated using the 28S to 18S rRNA ratio, a method that has been shown to be inconsistent. This inconsistency arises because subjective, human interpretation is necessary to compare the 28S and 18S gel images. The RIN algorithm was devised to overcome this issue. The RIN algorithm is applied to electrophoretic RNA measurements, typically obtained using capillary gel electrophoresis, and based on a combination of different features that contribute information about the RNA integrity to provide a more universal measure.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗支架是生物信息学中使用的一种技术。它的定义如下：将一系列不连续的基因组序列连接在一起形成支架，该支架由由已知长度的间隙分隔的序列组成。连接的序列通常是对应于读数重叠的连续序列。创建基因组草图时，DNA 的各个读段随后被组装成重叠群，根据其组装的性质，重叠群之间存在间隙。下一步是桥接这些重叠群之间的间隙以创建支架。这可以通过光学绘图或配对测序来完成。
Scaffolding is a technique used in bioinformatics. It is defined as follows: Link together a non-contiguous series of genomic sequences into a scaffold, consisting of sequences separated by gaps of known length. The sequences that are linked are typically contiguous sequences corresponding to read overlaps. When creating a draft genome, individual reads of DNA are second assembled into contigs, which, by the nature of their assembly, have gaps between them. The next step is to then bridge the gaps between these contigs to create a scaffold. This can be done using either optical mapping or mate-pair sequencing.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗逆向筛选，也称为逆向筛选 (RS)，是一种用于识别潜在蛋白质靶标、非预期靶标以及生物活性或治疗分子的脱靶相互作用的计算方法。它与所谓的虚拟筛选 (VS) 的方向相反。在 VS 中，目标是使用蛋白质靶标从通常包含数十万个小分子的搜索库中识别高亲和力配体。相比之下，RS 从已知的药物或生物活性分子开始，并使用实验确定和/或计算预测的蛋白质结构（从实验和建模技术获得），针对潜在蛋白质靶标的面板或数据库对其进行筛选。
Retro screening, also known as reverse screening (RS), is a computational approach for identifying potential protein targets, unintended targets, and off-target interactions of a bioactive or therapeutic molecule.. It proceeds in the opposite direction to the so-called virtual screening (VS). In VS, the goal is to use a protein target to identify a high-affinity ligand from a search library typically containing hundreds of thousands of small molecules. In contrast, RS starts with a known drug or bioactive molecule and screens it against a panel or database of potential protein targets, using experimentally determined and/or computationally predicted protein structures(obtained from both experimental and modeling techniques).
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗序列比对图（SAM）是一种基于文本的格式，最初用于存储与参考序列比对的生物序列，由 Heng Li 和 Bob Handsaker 等人开发。它是在 1000 个基因组计划想要放弃 MAQ 映射器格式并决定设计一种新格式时开发的。该格式的总体制表符分隔风格来自受 BLAT PSL 启发的早期格式。 SAM 的名称来自犹他大学的 Gabor Marth，他最初有一种同名格式，但语法不同，更类似于 BLAST 输出。它广泛用于存储由下一代测序技术生成的数据，例如核苷酸序列，并且该标准已扩大到包括未映射的序列。
Sequence Alignment Map (SAM) is a text-based format originally for storing biological sequences aligned to a reference sequence developed by Heng Li and Bob Handsaker et al. It was developed when the 1000 Genomes Project wanted to move away from the MAQ mapper format and decided to design a new format. The overall TAB-delimited flavour of the format came from an earlier format inspired by BLAT’s PSL. The name of SAM came from Gabor Marth from University of Utah, who originally had a format under the same name but with a different syntax more similar to a BLAST output. It is widely used for storing data, such as nucleotide sequences, generated by next generation sequencing technologies, and the standard has been broadened to include unmapped sequences.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗SciCrunch 是一个关于科学资源的协作编辑的知识库。它是研究人员的社区门户以及数据和数据库的内容管理系统。它旨在为研究界提供通用数据源以及有关研究资源标识符 (RRID) 的数据，这些数据可用于科学出版物。 2014 年开始在两种期刊上进行试点后，到 2022 年，已有 1,000 多种期刊在使用它们，科学文献中引用了超过 50 万个 RRID。在某些方面，它适用于科学和学术出版，类似于维基数据适用于维基媒体基金会项目。 SciCrunch 由加州大学圣地亚哥分校主办，旨在帮助研究人员社区创建自己的门户，以提供与其研究领域相关的资源、数据库和工具的访问
SciCrunch is a collaboratively edited knowledge base about scientific resources. It is a community portal for researchers and a content management system for data and databases. It is intended to provide a common source of data to the research community and the data about Research Resource Identifiers (RRIDs), which can be used in scientific publications. After starting as a pilot of two journals in 2014, by 2022 over 1,000 journals have been using them and over half a million RRIDs have been quoted in the scientific literature. In some respect, it is for science and scholarly publishing, similar to what Wikidata is for Wikimedia Foundation projects. Hosted by the University of California, San Diego, SciCrunch was also designed to help communities of researchers create their own portals to provide access to resources, databases and tools of relevance to their research areas
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗精氨酸-甘氨酸或精氨酸-甘氨酸-甘氨酸 (RG/RGG) 基序是 RNA 结合蛋白 (RBP) 中常见的重复氨基酸序列基序。蛋白质中的 RGG 区域被定义为一段 30 个氨基酸内的两个或多个 RG/RGG 序列。它最初被命名为 RGG 盒，它赋予蛋白质结合双链 mRNA 分子的能力。 RGG 基序已在至少 12 种动物（包括人类）的蛋白质中观察到。
The arginine-glycine or arginine-glycine-glycine (RG/RGG) motif is a repeating amino acid sequence motif commonly found in RNA-binding proteins (RBPs). RGG regions in proteins are defined as two or more RG/RGG sequences within a stretch of 30 amino acids. Initially named the RGG box, it confers a protein with the ability to bind double-stranded mRNA molecules. The RGG motif has been observed in proteins from at least 12 animal species, including humans.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗在遗传学中，术语“同线性”指两个相关的概念：在经典遗传学中，同线性描述了个体或物种内同一染色体上遗传位点的物理共定位。在基因组学中，同线性更常指共线性，即相互比较的两组染色体内顺序块的保守性。这些块被称为同线块。大英百科全书使用现代定义对同线性进行了以下描述：基因组测序和作图可以比较许多不同物种基因组的一般结构。一般的发现是，最近分化的生物体在基因组中相同的相对位置上显示出相似的基因块。这种情况称为同线性，大致翻译为拥有共同的染色体序列。
In genetics, the term synteny refers to two related concepts: In classical genetics, synteny describes the physical co-localization of genetic loci on the same chromosome within an individual or species. In genomics, synteny more commonly refers to colinearity, i.e. conservation of blocks of order within two sets of chromosomes that are being compared with each other. These blocks are referred to as syntenic blocks. The Encyclopædia Britannica gives the following description of synteny, using the modern definition: Genomic sequencing and mapping have enabled comparison of the general structures of genomes of many different species. The general finding is that organisms of relatively recent divergence show similar blocks of genes in the same relative positions in the genome. This situation is called synteny, translated roughly as possessing common chromosome sequences.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗在分子生物学中，蛋白质线索，也称为折叠识别，是一种蛋白质建模方法，用于对那些与已知结构的蛋白质具有相同折叠但不具有已知结构的同源蛋白质的蛋白质进行建模。它与结构预测的同源建模方法不同，因为它（蛋白质线索）用于没有同源蛋白质结构存储在蛋白质数据库（PDB）中的蛋白质，而同源建模用于那些有同源蛋白质结构的蛋白质。线程的工作原理是利用 PDB 中存储的结构与希望建模的蛋白质序列之间关系的统计知识。
In molecular biology, protein threading, also known as fold recognition, is a method of protein modeling which is used to model those proteins which have the same fold as proteins of known structures, but do not have homologous proteins with known structure. It differs from the homology modeling method of structure prediction as it (protein threading) is used for proteins which do not have their homologous protein structures deposited in the Protein Data Bank (PDB), whereas homology modeling is used for those proteins which do. Threading works by using statistical knowledge of the relationship between the structures deposited in the PDB and the sequence of the protein which one wishes to model.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗系统生物医学，也称为系统生物医学科学，是系统生物学在理解和调节人类、动物和细胞模型的发育和病理过程中的应用。系统生物学的目标是主要在细胞内水平上对详尽的相互作用网络（例如，创建细胞的综合计算模型）进行建模，而系统生物医学则强调模型（分子、细胞器、细胞、组织、器官、个体/基因型、环境因素、群体、生态系统）的多层次、分层性质，方法是发现和选择每个层次的关键因素，并将它们整合到揭示所考虑的生物过程的全局、突发行为的模型中。
Systems biomedicine, also called systems biomedical science, is the application of systems biology to the understanding and modulation of developmental and pathological processes in humans, and in animal and cellular models. Whereas systems biology aims at modeling exhaustive networks of interactions (with the long-term goal of, for example, creating a comprehensive computational model of the cell), mainly at intra-cellular level, systems biomedicine emphasizes the multilevel, hierarchical nature of the models (molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, individual/genotype, environmental factor, population, ecosystem) by discovering and selecting the key factors at each level and integrating them into models that reveal the global, emergent behavior of the biological process under consideration.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗系统生物学本体 (SBO) 是一组受控的关系词汇表，通常用于系统生物学，特别是计算建模中。
The Systems Biology Ontology (SBO) is a set of controlled, relational vocabularies of terms commonly used in systems biology, and in particular in computational modeling.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗系统免疫学是系统生物学的一个研究领域，它使用数学方法和计算方法来检查免疫系统的细胞和分子网络内的相互作用。免疫系统的组成部分和功能已通过“还原论”方法进行了彻底分析，但通过研究其分离组成部分的特征并不能轻易预测其整体功能，因为它们强烈依赖于这些众多组成部分之间的相互作用。它侧重于计算机实验而不是体内实验。最近的实验和临床免疫学研究导致了讨论先天性和适应性免疫系统动力学的数学模型的发展。大多数数学模型用于在计算机中检查无法在体内完成的过程。
Systems immunology is a research field under systems biology that uses mathematical approaches and computational methods to examine the interactions within cellular and molecular networks of the immune system. The immune system has been thoroughly analyzed as regards to its components and function by using a "reductionist" approach, but its overall function can't be easily predicted by studying the characteristics of its isolated components because they strongly rely on the interactions among these numerous constituents. It focuses on in silico experiments rather than in vivo. Recent studies in experimental and clinical immunology have led to development of mathematical models that discuss the dynamics of both the innate and adaptive immune system. Most of the mathematical models were used to examine processes in silico that can't be done in vivo.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗在生物信息学中，模板建模分数或 TM 分数是两种蛋白质结构之间相似性的度量。 TM 分数旨在比常用的 RMSD 测量更准确地测量全长蛋白质结构的全局相似性。 TM 分数通过 ( 0 , 1 ] {\displaystyle (0,1]} 之间的分数表示两个结构之间的相似性，其中 1 表示两个结构之间的完美匹配（因此越高越好）。通常，分数低于 0.20 对应于随机选择的不相关蛋白质，而分数高于 0.5 的结构则假定大致相同的折叠。定量研究表明，TM 分数 = 0.5 的蛋白质在同一蛋白质中的后验概率为 37% CATH 拓扑家族和同一 SCOP 折叠家族中的 13% 当 TM-score > 0.5 时，概率迅速增加。
In bioinformatics, the template modeling score or TM-score is a measure of similarity between two protein structures. The TM-score is intended as a more accurate measure of the global similarity of full-length protein structures than the often used RMSD measure. The TM-score indicates the similarity between two structures by a score between ( 0 , 1 ] {\displaystyle (0,1]} , where 1 indicates a perfect match between two structures (thus the higher the better). Generally scores below 0.20 corresponds to randomly chosen unrelated proteins whereas structures with a score higher than 0.5 assume roughly the same fold. A quantitative study shows that proteins of TM-score = 0.5 have a posterior probability of 37% in the same CATH topology family and of 13% in the same SCOP fold family. The probabilities increase rapidly when TM-score > 0.5.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗拓扑组是形态完整的细胞和组织中蛋白质和其他生物分子的空间网络代码。它通过成像循环显微镜 (ICM) 在原位进行映射和解码，能够在一个样本（高亚细胞分辨率的组织切片或细胞样本）中共同映射数千个超分子。 “地形学”一词源自古希腊名词“topos”（τόπος：“地点、位置”）和“nomos”（νόμος：“法律”），术语“地形经济学”指的是对地形学的研究。它由 Walter Schubert 于 2003 年提出。它解决了细胞和组织中的生物分子网络遵循拓扑规则以实现协调行动的事实。例如，细胞表面拓扑组提供了用于执行细胞运动的空间蛋白质相互作用代码，即“行为代码”。
The toponome is the spatial network code of proteins and other biomolecules in morphologically intact cells and tissues. It is mapped and decoded by imaging cycler microscopy (ICM) in situ able to co-map many thousand supermolecules in one sample (tissue section or cell sample at high subcellular resolution). The term "toponome" is derived from the ancient Greek nouns "topos" (τόπος: "place, position") and "nomos" (νόμος: "law"), and the term "toponomics" refers to the study of the toponome. It was introduced by Walter Schubert in 2003. It addresses the fact that the network of biomolecules in cells and tissues follows topological rules enabling coordinated actions. For example, the cell surface toponome provides the spatial protein interaction code for the execution of a cell movement, a "code of conduct".
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗合成生物学开放语言 (SBOL) 是一种拟议的数据标准，用于在软件包之间交换合成生物学设计。自 2008 年以来，该标准一直由 SBOL 开发者小组开发。该小组旨在以开放和民主的方式开发该标准，以包含尽可能多的利益，并避免被单一公司垄断。该小组还旨在随着时间的推移开发和改进设计标准，因为合成生物学领域反映了这一发展。还创建了一种称为 SBOL Visual 的图形建模语言来可视化 SBOL 设计。
The Synthetic Biology Open Language (SBOL) is a proposed data standard for exchanging synthetic biology designs between software packages. It has been under development by the SBOL Developers Group since 2008. This group aims to develop the standard in a way that is open and democratic in order to include as many interests as possible and to avoid domination by a single company. The group also aims to develop and improve the design standard over time as the field of synthetic biology reflects this development. A graphical modeling language called SBOL Visual has also been created to visualize SBOL designs.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗Track Hub 是基因组数据的结构化目录，例如基因表达或表观遗传数据，可以使用基因组浏览器在网络上查看。轨道轮毂由轨道轮毂标准定义。它们最初是作为 UCSC 基因组浏览器的一部分开发的，现在得到 Ensembl 和 BioDalliance 的支持。轨道中心是可视化大型数据集的有用且高效的工具。转录组学研究产生的摆动图集合可以分层组织成所谓的复合轨迹和超级轨迹。
A track hub is a structured directory of genomic data, such as gene expression or epigenetic data, viewable over the web with a genome browser. Track hubs are defined by the track hub standard. Originally developed as part of the UCSC genome browser, they are now supported by Ensembl and BioDalliance. Track hubs are a useful and efficient tool for visualizing large data sets. Collections of wiggle plots produced by a transcriptomics study can be organized hierarchically into so called composite and super-tracks.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗转录因子是结合基因组调控位点的蛋白质。基因组调控元件的鉴定对于理解发育、生理和病理过程的动态至关重要。染色质免疫沉淀测序 (ChIP-seq) 的最新进展为识别 DNA 结合蛋白和组蛋白修饰的全基因组分析提供了强大的方法。 ChIP-seq 方法的应用可靠地发现了转录因子结合位点和组蛋白修饰位点。
Transcription factors are proteins that bind genomic regulatory sites. Identification of genomic regulatory elements is essential for understanding the dynamics of developmental, physiological and pathological processes. Recent advances in chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by sequencing (ChIP-seq) have provided powerful ways to identify genome-wide profiling of DNA-binding proteins and histone modifications. The application of ChIP-seq methods has reliably discovered transcription factor binding sites and histone modification sites.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗在生物化学中，Eadie-Hofstee 图（或 Eadie-Hofstee 图）是酶动力学中 Michaelis-Menten 方程的图形表示。它有各种不同的名称，包括 Eadie 图、Hofstee 图和 Augustinsson 图。伍尔夫的贡献常常被忽略，因为尽管霍尔丹和斯特恩将基本方程归功于伍尔夫，但这只是他们最初引入的米氏方程的三个线性变换之一。然而，霍尔丹在 1957 年指出，伍尔夫确实发现了三种线性形式： 1932 年，库尔特·斯特恩博士出版了我的书《酶》的德文译本，并对英文文本进行了大量补充。在第 119-120 页，我描述了一些图形方法，并指出它们是我的朋友 Dr.
In biochemistry, an Eadie–Hofstee plot (or Eadie–Hofstee diagram) is a graphical representation of the Michaelis–Menten equation in enzyme kinetics. It has been known by various different names, including Eadie plot, Hofstee plot and Augustinsson plot. Attribution to Woolf is often omitted, because although Haldane and Stern credited Woolf with the underlying equation, it was just one of the three linear transformations of the Michaelis–Menten equation that they initially introduced. However, Haldane indicated in 1957 that Woolf had indeed found the three linear forms:In 1932, Dr. Kurt Stern published a German translation of my book Enzymes, with numerous additions to the English text. On pp. 119–120, I described some graphical methods, stating that they were due to my friend Dr.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗Edman 降解由 Pehr Edman 开发，是一种对肽中氨基酸进行测序的方法。在此方法中，氨基末端残基被标记并从肽上裂解，而不破坏其他氨基酸残基之间的肽键。
Edman degradation, developed by Pehr Edman, is a method of sequencing amino acids in a peptide. In this method, the amino-terminal residue is labeled and cleaved from the peptide without disrupting the peptide bonds between other amino acid residues.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗在生物化学中，在生物体调节基因表达和基因产物产生的生物学背景下，下调是细胞响应外部刺激而减少其细胞成分（例如RNA和蛋白质）的产生和数量的过程。涉及细胞成分数量增加的补充过程称为上调。下调的一个例子是细胞响应某种分子（例如激素或神经递质）激活增加而减少特定受体的表达，这降低了细胞对该分子的敏感性。这是局部作用（负反馈）机制的示例。上调的一个例子是肝细胞暴露于二恶英等外源分子的反应。
In biochemistry, in the biological context of organisms' regulation of gene expression and production of gene products, downregulation is the process by which a cell decreases the production and quantities of its cellular components, such as RNA and proteins, in response to an external stimulus. The complementary process that involves increase in quantities of cellular components is called upregulation. An example of downregulation is the cellular decrease in the expression of a specific receptor in response to its increased activation by a molecule, such as a hormone or neurotransmitter, which reduces the cell's sensitivity to the molecule. This is an example of a locally acting (negative feedback) mechanism. An example of upregulation is the response of liver cells exposed to such xenobiotic molecules as dioxin.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗电泳迁移率变动测定 (EMSA) 或迁移率变动电泳，也称为凝胶迁移测定、凝胶迁移率变动测定、条带变动测定或凝胶阻滞测定，是用于研究蛋白质-DNA 或蛋白质-RNA 相互作用的常见亲和电泳技术。这一过程可以确定蛋白质或蛋白质混合物是否能够与给定的 DNA 或 RNA 序列结合，有时还可以表明结合复合物中是否涉及多个蛋白质分子。当研究转录起始、DNA 组复制、DNA 修复或 RNA 加工和成熟以及前 mRNA 剪接时，凝胶位移测定通常与 DNase 足迹、引物延伸和启动子探针实验同时在体外进行。
An electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) or mobility shift electrophoresis, also referred as a gel shift assay, gel mobility shift assay, band shift assay, or gel retardation assay, is a common affinity electrophoresis technique used to study protein–DNA or protein–RNA interactions. This procedure can determine if a protein or mixture of proteins is capable of binding to a given DNA or RNA sequence, and can sometimes indicate if more than one protein molecule is involved in the binding complex. Gel shift assays are often performed in vitro concurrently with DNase footprinting, primer extension, and promoter-probe experiments when studying transcription initiation, DNA gang replication, DNA repair or RNA processing and maturation, as well as pre-mRNA splicing.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗DPVweb 是一个供病毒学家研究植物病毒的数据库，结合了分类学、生物信息学和症状数据。
DPVweb is a database for virologists working on plant viruses combining taxonomic, bioinformatic and symptom data.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗电色谱是分析化学、生物化学和分子生物学中的一种化学分离技术，用于解析和分离大部分大的生物分子，例如蛋白质。它是尺寸排阻色谱（凝胶过滤色谱）和凝胶电泳的组合。这些分离机制基本上沿着凝胶过滤柱的长度叠加运行，其中添加了轴向电场梯度。由于凝胶过滤机制，分子按大小分离，并且由于凝胶电泳机制，分子通过电泳迁移率分离。此外还有二级色谱溶质保留机制。
Electrochromatography is a chemical separation technique in analytical chemistry, biochemistry and molecular biology used to resolve and separate mostly large biomolecules such as proteins. It is a combination of size exclusion chromatography (gel filtration chromatography) and gel electrophoresis. These separation mechanisms operate essentially in superposition along the length of a gel filtration column to which an axial electric field gradient has been added. The molecules are separated by size due to the gel filtration mechanism and by electrophoretic mobility due to the gel electrophoresis mechanism. Additionally there are secondary chromatographic solute retention mechanisms.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗有效密码子数（缩写为 ENC 或 Nc）是研究基因和基因组中密码子使用偏差状态的一种度量。 ENC的计算方式与种群遗传学中有效种群规模的计算有明显的相似之处。虽然计算 ENC 值很容易，但事实证明，这种测量方法是显示密码子使用偏差的最佳测量方法之一。自ENC最初提出建议以来，几位研究者已尝试改进该方法，但似乎该措施还有很大的改进空间。
Effective number of codons (abbreviated as ENC or Nc) is a measure to study the state of codon usage biases in genes and genomes. The way that ENC is computed has obvious similarities to the computation of effective population size in population genetics. Although it is easy to compute ENC values, it has been shown that this measure is one of the best measures to show codon usage bias. Since the original suggestion of the ENC, several investigators have tried to improve the method, but it seems that there is much room to improve this measure.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗电切换生物表面是一种基于电极（通常是金）的生物传感器，电极上附着有一层生物分子（通常是 DNA 分子）。将交变或固定电势施加到电极，导致带电生物分子的结构和位置（运动）发生变化。生物传感器用于科学，例如生物医学和生物物理研究或药物发现，评估生物分子之间的相互作用和结合动力学以及生物分子大小或构象的变化。
An electro-switchable biosurface is a biosensor that is based on an electrode (often gold) to which a layer of biomolecules (often DNA molecules) has been tethered. An alternating or fixed electrical potential is applied to the electrode which causes changes in the structure and position (movement) of the charged biomolecules. The biosensor is used in science, e.g. biomedical and biophysical research or drug discovery, to assess interactions between biomolecules and binding kinetics as well as changes in size or conformation of biomolecules.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗欧洲分子生物学组织会员资格（EMBO会员）是欧洲分子生物学组织（EMBO）为表彰“生命科学家的卓越研究和杰出成就”而授予的奖项。截至2018年，已有88名EMBO会员和准会员荣获诺贝尔生理学或医学、化学或物理学奖。有关 EMBO 成员的示例，请参阅类别：欧洲分子生物学组织成员。
Membership of the European Molecular Biology Organization (EMBO Member) is an award granted by the European Molecular Biology Organization (EMBO) in recognition of "research excellence and the outstanding achievements made by a life scientist". As of 2018, 88 EMBO Members and Associate Members have been awarded Nobel Prizes in either Physiology or Medicine, Chemistry or Physics. See Category:Members of the European Molecular Biology Organization for examples of EMBO members.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗凝胶电泳是一种根据生物大分子（DNA、RNA、蛋白质等）及其片段在电场下穿过凝胶时的大小和电荷来分离和分析的方法。它在临床化学中用于根据电荷或大小分离蛋白质，在生物化学和分子生物学中用于根据长度分离 DNA 和 RNA 片段的混合群体，估计 DNA 和 RNA 片段的大小，或根据电荷分离蛋白质。通过施加电场使带负电的分子穿过琼脂糖、聚丙烯酰胺或其他物质的凝胶基质来分离核酸分子。较短的分子比较长的分子移动得更快，迁移得更远，因为较短的分子更容易流过凝胶的孔隙。这种现象称为筛分。
Gel electrophoresis is a method for separation and analysis of biomacromolecules (DNA, RNA, proteins, etc.) and their fragments, based on their size and charge as they move through a gel under an electric field. It is used in clinical chemistry to separate proteins by charge or size and in biochemistry and molecular biology to separate a mixed population of DNA and RNA fragments by length, to estimate the size of DNA and RNA fragments, or to separate proteins by charge. Nucleic acid molecules are separated by applying an electric field to move the negatively charged molecules through a gel matrix of agarose, polyacrylamide, or other substances. Shorter molecules move faster and migrate farther than longer ones because shorter molecules flow more easily through the pores of the gel. This phenomenon is called sieving.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗G蛋白偶联受体(GPCR)，也称为七次跨膜结构域受体、7TM受体、七螺旋受体、蛇形受体和G蛋白连接受体(GPLR)，形成一大类进化相关的蛋白质，它们是细胞表面受体，可检测细胞外的分子并激活细胞反应。它们与 G 蛋白结合。它们以氨基酸残基的六个环（三个与配体分子相互作用的胞外环、三个与G蛋白相互作用的胞内环、一个N端胞外区和一个C端胞内区）的形式穿过细胞膜七次，这就是为什么它们有时被称为七次跨膜受体。
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), also known as seven-(pass)-transmembrane domain receptors, 7TM receptors, heptahelical receptors, serpentine receptors, and G protein-linked receptors (GPLR), form a large group of evolutionarily related proteins that are cell surface receptors that detect molecules outside the cell and activate cellular responses. They are coupled with G proteins. They pass through the cell membrane seven times in the form of six loops (three extracellular loops interacting with ligand molecules, three intracellular loops interacting with G proteins, an N-terminal extracellular region and a C-terminal intracellular region) of amino acid residues, which is why they are sometimes referred to as seven-transmembrane receptors.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗功能基因组学是分子生物学的一个领域，试图描述基因（和蛋白质）的功能和相互作用。功能基因组学利用基因组和转录组项目（例如基因组测序项目和 RNA 测序）生成的大量数据。功能基因组学侧重于动态方面，例如基因转录、翻译、基因表达调节和蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用，而不是基因组信息的静态方面，例如DNA序列或结构。功能基因组学研究的一个关键特征是它们对这些问题的全基因组方法，通常涉及高通量方法，而不是更传统的“候选基因”方法。
Functional genomics is a field of molecular biology that attempts to describe gene (and protein) functions and interactions. Functional genomics make use of the vast data generated by genomic and transcriptomic projects (such as genome sequencing projects and RNA sequencing). Functional genomics focuses on the dynamic aspects such as gene transcription, translation, regulation of gene expression and protein–protein interactions, as opposed to the static aspects of the genomic information such as DNA sequence or structures. A key characteristic of functional genomics studies is their genome-wide approach to these questions, generally involving high-throughput methods rather than a more traditional "candidate-gene" approach.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗片段分子轨道法 (FMO) 是一种计算方法，可用于使用从头计算量子化学波函数来计算具有数千个原子的非常大的分子系统。
The fragment molecular orbital method (FMO) is a computational method that can be used to calculate very large molecular systems with thousands of atoms using ab initio quantum-chemical wave functions.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗