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ELEMENT 016 · NONMETAL

Sulfur · S Sulfur

participates in sulfur-containing amino acids, sulfate minerals and sulfur chemical processes.

atomic number / Atomic number
16
atomic weight / Atomic mass
32.07 u
Family/Group
16
Period · Block / Period · Block
3 · p
Category / Category
Other non-metals · Nonmetal
State / State
solid state
Electron configuration
[Ne]3s2 3p4
Oxidation states / Oxidation states
+6, +4, -2
Electronegativity / Electronegativity
2.58(Pauling)
Density / Density
2.067 g/cm³
Melting point / Melting point
388.36 K
Boiling point / Boiling point
717.75 K
Atomic radius / Atomic radius
180 pm(van der Waals)
First ionization energy
10.360 eV
Discovery year / Discovery
Ancient

attribute description and data source

properties taken from PubChem periodic table snapshot (2026-10-04). Atomic weights may be reference values ​​or representative isotope masses and cannot be considered exact constants for all samples; density, phase transition points, and phase states depend on temperature, pressure, and allotropes. The solidification of helium requires pressure. Some properties of radioactive and superheavy elements are predicted values, and missing items are marked as not included. Please check the original source and experimental conditions for precise calculations.

PubChem · Sulfuroriginal information ↗

involves SulfurThe final phase of

current index collection 8strips. The reaction description is only used for knowledge query and material relationship understanding.

inorganic · acid-base

Sulfuric acid neutralization

Sulfuric acid neutralization
H₂SO₄ + 2NaOH → Na₂SO₄ + 2H₂O

Applicable situations: completely neutralized metering

Sulfuric acid has two ionizable protons, and partial neutralization will result in different salt compositions.

Extended reading · OpenStax Chemistry 2e ↗
inorganic · replacement

Iron-copper displacement

Iron-copper displacement
Fe + CuSO₄ → FeSO₄ + Cu

Applicable situations: aqueous redox

Iron is oxidized and copper ions are reduced; the potential also depends on the ion activity.

Extended reading · OpenStax Chemistry 2e ↗
inorganic · replacement

Zinc-copper displacement

Zinc-copper displacement
Zn + CuSO₄ → ZnSO₄ + Cu

Applicable situations: aqueous redox

This total reaction can also be used to understand the net metering relationship for Daniel batteries.

Extended reading · OpenStax Chemistry 2e ↗
inorganic · precipitation

Barium sulfate precipitation

Barium sulfate precipitation
BaCl₂ + Na₂SO₄ → BaSO₄ + 2NaCl

Applicable situations: aqueous solution

Low solubility barium sulfate can be used to understand gravimetric analysis and solubility products.

Extended reading · OpenStax Chemistry 2e ↗
inorganic · precipitation

Copper hydroxide precipitation

Copper hydroxide precipitation
CuSO₄ + 2NaOH → Cu(OH)₂ + Na₂SO₄

Applicable situations: alkaline aqueous phase

Free copper ion concentration is affected by the balance of complexation and precipitation.

Extended reading · OpenStax Chemistry 2e ↗
inorganic · redox

Sulfur dioxide formation

Sulfur dioxide formation
S + O₂ → SO₂

Applicable situations: Oxidation of sulfur

Sulfur oxides are important objects in sulfur chemical industry and atmospheric chemistry.

Extended reading · OpenStax Chemistry 2e ↗
inorganic · Balance

Sulfur trioxide equilibrium

Sulfur trioxide equilibrium
2SO₂ + O₂ ⇌ 2SO₃

Applicable situations: Catalytic gas phase equilibrium

A critical step in the sulfuric acid industry where the catalyst changes the rate without changing the equilibrium constant.

Extended reading · OpenStax Chemistry 2e ↗
inorganic · decomposition

Gypsum dehydration

Gypsum dehydration
CaSO₄(H₂O)₂ → CaSO₄ + 2H₂O

Applicable situations: Completely dehydrated final state

Actual dehydration can pass through an intermediate phase such as hemihydrate gypsum.

Extended reading · OpenStax Chemistry 2e ↗