contains 232 terms · This page displays 30 terms, you can enter keywords to query the complete range
Earth & Geophysics海洋地球物理学海洋地球物理学是一门运用地球物理学方法研究世界海洋盆地与大陆边缘——特别是海洋下方固体地球的科学学科。它与海洋地质学有着共同的研究目标，后者主要采用沉积学、古生物学和地球化学等方法。海洋地球物理相关数据的分析，直接催生了海底扩张学说与板块构造论。
Marine geophysics is the scientific discipline that employs methods of geophysics to study the world's ocean basins and continental margins, particularly focusing on the solid earth beneath the ocean. It shares objectives with marine geology, which uses sedimentological, paleontological, and geochemical methods. Marine geophysical data analyses led to the theories of seafloor spreading and plate tectonics.
Sources, licensing and use
Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements.
View content license ↗ 质量瘤是指一颗行星或卫星的地壳上一处具有比周边地方有更强引力的地域。通常提及“质量瘤”这名词，都是与月球有关。但事实上，在地球及火星，甚或在其他行星或卫星，都可能出现质量瘤。质量瘤的出现，与行星或卫星的构成部分的密度有关。
In astronomy, astrophysics and geophysics, a mass concentration (or mascon) is a region of a planet's or moon's crust that contains a large positive gravity anomaly. In general, the word "mascon" can be used as a noun to refer to an excess distribution of mass on or beneath the surface of an astronomical body (compared to some suitable average), such as is found around Hawaii on Earth. However, this term is most often used to describe a geologic structure that has a positive gravitational anomaly associated with a feature (e.g. depressed basin) that might otherwise have been expected to have a negative anomaly, such as the "mascon basins" on the Moon.
Sources, licensing and use
Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements.
View content license ↗ 在物理学和力学中，质量分布是固体内质量的空间分布。原则上，它也与气体或液体相关，但在地球上它们的质量分布几乎是均匀的。
In physics and mechanics, mass distribution is the spatial distribution of mass within a solid body. In principle, it is relevant also for gases or liquids, but on Earth their mass distribution is almost homogeneous.
Sources, licensing and use
Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 陨石（英语：meteorite）是起源于外太空某一物体坠落在地面的固体碎片，如彗星、小行星或流星体。它们在穿过大气层到达固体行星或卫星表面后残余的部分。当原始物体进入大气层时，各种因素，如摩擦、压力和与大气气体的化学相互作用使其升温并辐射能量。然后它变成流星（meteor，英文里也被称为shooting star 或 falling star），形成火球，射星或坠星。天文学家称其中与地球碰最明亮的流星的例子为“火流星”。而像火球这样的流星无论如何最终都会影响地球的表面。 陨石对地球的表面及生物都有影响，大小范围从小型到极大不等。而火星上也有发现陨石。 被观察到穿越大气层或撞击地球的陨石称为坠落陨石，其它的陨石都称为发现陨石。截至2010年2月，只有大约1,086颗的坠落陨石的标本被收藏 ，但却有38,660颗被确认的发现陨石。 陨石通常分为三大类：石陨石主要是岩石，其组成大多是硅酸盐矿物；铁陨石，很大部分的成分是铁与镍；石铁陨石的成分既有大量的岩石也有金属。现代的陨石分类是根据其结构、化学同位素和矿物学来分类，小于2毫米的陨石被分类为微陨石。
A meteorite is a rock that originated in outer space and has fallen to the surface of a planet or moon. When the original object enters the atmosphere, various factors such as friction, pressure, and chemical interactions with the atmospheric gases cause it to heat up and radiate energy. It then becomes a meteor and forms a fireball, also known as a shooting star; astronomers call the brightest examples "bolides". Once it settles on the larger body's surface, the meteor becomes a meteorite. Meteorites vary greatly in size. For geologists, a bolide is a meteorite large enough to create an impact crater. Meteorites that are recovered after being observed as they transit the atmosphere and impact Earth are called meteorite falls. All others are known as meteorite finds.
Sources, licensing and use
Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements.
View content license ↗ 微陨石是在地球表面收集到来自地球之外的小天体，大小范围从50微米至2毫米。微陨石是进入地球大气层而幸存下来的流星尘。它们从大小、组成都与陨石不同，并且数量、种类更为丰富，其中也包括较小的星际尘埃的颗粒（IDPs），是宇宙尘的一部分。流星体以高速（至少11Km/s）进入地球的大气层，经过加热和大气的磨擦和压缩。目前已经在地球上搜集到，来自地球之外个别微陨石的质量在10−9和 10−4公克之间。 弗雷德·惠普尔首先创造了微陨石这个名称来描述落在地球上如灰尘大小的天体。有时，陨石和微陨石在进入地球大气层时是被看见的流星，但不论它们能否坠落到地球表面被找到，陨石和微陨石依然都存在着。
A micrometeorite is a micrometeoroid that has survived entry through the Earth's atmosphere. Usually found on Earth's surface, micrometeorites differ from meteorites in that they are smaller in size, more abundant, and different in composition. The IAU officially defines meteoroids as 30 micrometers to 1 meter; micrometeorites are the small end of the range (~submillimeter). They are a subset of cosmic dust, which also includes the smaller interplanetary dust particles (IDPs). Micrometeorites enter Earth's atmosphere at high velocities (at least 11 km/s) and undergo heating through atmospheric friction and compression. Micrometeorites individually weigh between 10−9 and 10−4 g and collectively comprise most of the extraterrestrial material that has come to the present-day Earth. Fred Lawrence Whipple coined the term micro-meteorite to describe dust-sized objects that fall to the Earth.
Sources, licensing and use
Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements.
View content license ↗ 三宅事件指的是在一段时间内，树木年轮、冰芯中出现14C、36Cl与10Be等宇宙射线产生的同位素大幅增加的现象，一般认为是由极端太阳辐射风暴导致的太阳质子事件诱发，也有可能是由伽玛射线暴所致使的。
A Miyake event is an observed sharp enhancement of the production of cosmogenic isotopes by cosmic rays. It can be marked by a spike in the concentration of radioactive carbon isotope 14C in tree rings, as well as 10Be and 36Cl in ice cores, which are all independently dated. At present, five significant events are known (7176 BCE, 5259 BCE, 664–663 BCE, 774 CE, and 993 CE) for which the spike in 14C is quite remarkable, i.e. above 1% rise over a period of two years, and four more events (12,350 BCE, 5410 BCE, 1052 CE, 1279 CE) need independent confirmation. It is not known how often Miyake events occur, but from the available data it is estimated to be every 400 to 2,400 years. A Miyake event occurring in modern conditions would cause severe damage to global technological infrastructure such as satellites, telecommunications, and power grids.
Sources, licensing and use
Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements.
View content license ↗ 矩震级（英语：moment magnitude scale，缩写：MMS；记作Mw、Mw），台湾称地震矩规模，是记录地震强度的标度。1977年由美国加州理工学院地震学家金森博雄教授制定。计算公式为： M W = 2 3 log 10 M 0 − 10.73 {\displaystyle M_{W}={2 \over 3}\log _{10}M_{0}-10.73} ，其中 M 0 {\displaystyle M_{0}} 为地震矩。 由公式可以看出，矩震级每增加一级需要 10 1.5 {\displaystyle 10^{1.5}} 倍的能量，也就是31.6倍能量。公式中使用的常数是为了使此标度与其他地震近震震级（如里氏地震震级）的数值相似。矩震级的优点在于它不会像近震震级那样容易饱和。亦即，大于某震级的所有地震之数值都相同的情况不会发生。另外，此标度与震源的物理特性有较直接的联系。因此，矩震级已经取代近震震级成为世界地震学家估算大规模地震时最常用的标度。美国地质调查局（USGS）对规模小于3.5级的地震不使用矩震级。史上最强烈的地震为1960年智利大地震，震级为9.5。
The moment magnitude scale (MMS; denoted explicitly with Mw or Mwg and generally implied with use of a single M for magnitude) is a measure of an earthquake's magnitude ("size" or strength) based on its seismic moment. Mw was defined in a 1979 paper by Thomas C. Hanks and Hiroo Kanamori. Before Hanks and Kanamori (1979) , Kanamori (1977) developed Mw scale for large earthquakes above 7.5. Thus Mw and M are not the same mathematically even though they are considered the same. Similar to the local magnitude/Richter scale (ML) defined by Charles Francis Richter in 1935, it uses a logarithmic scale; small earthquakes have approximately the same magnitudes on both scales. Despite the difference, news media often use the term "Richter scale" when referring to the moment magnitude scale. Moment magnitude (Mw) is considered the authoritative magnitude scale for ranking earthquakes by size.
Sources, licensing and use
Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements.
View content license ↗ 在岩石物理学和岩石物理学中，泥岩线，也称为卡斯塔尼亚方程或卡斯塔尼亚关系，是盐水饱和硅质碎屑岩（即砂岩和页岩）中地震纵波速度和横波速度之间的经验线性关系。方程为： V p = 1.16 V s + 1.36 {\displaystyle V_{p}=1.16V_{s}+1.36} 其中 V p {\displaystyle V_{p}} 和 V s {\displaystyle V_{s}} 分别指 P 波速度和 S 波速度。速度以公里每秒 (km/s) 为单位。
In rock physics and petrophysics, the mudrock line, also called Castagna's equation or Castagna's relation, is an empirical linear relation between seismic P-wave velocity and S-wave velocity in brine-saturated siliciclastic rocks (i.e. sandstones and shales). The equation reads: V p = 1.16 V s + 1.36 {\displaystyle V_{p}=1.16V_{s}+1.36} Where V p {\displaystyle V_{p}} and V s {\displaystyle V_{s}} refer to P-wave velocity and S-wave velocity, respectively. Velocities are given in kilometers per second (km/s).
Sources, licensing and use
Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 多维地震数据处理构成了地震剖面的主要组成部分，地震剖面是地球物理勘探中使用的一种技术。该技术本身有多种应用，包括绘制海底图、确定沉积物结构、绘制地下流图和碳氢化合物勘探。由于在此类技术中获得的地球物理数据是空间和时间的函数，因此多维信号处理技术可能更适合处理此类数据。
Multidimensional seismic data processing forms a major component of seismic profiling, a technique used in geophysical exploration. The technique itself has various applications, including mapping ocean floors, determining the structure of sediments, mapping subsurface currents and hydrocarbon exploration. Since geophysical data obtained in such techniques is a function of both space and time, multidimensional signal processing techniques may be better suited for processing such data.
Sources, licensing and use
Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 近地表地球物理学是利用地球物理方法研究浅层（数十米）地下的小尺度特征。它与应用地球物理学或勘探地球物理学密切相关。使用的方法包括地震折射和反射、重力、磁、电和电磁方法。其中许多方法是为石油和矿物勘探而开发的，但现在已用于多种应用，包括考古学、环境科学、法医学、军事情报、岩土调查、寻宝和水文地质学。除了实际应用之外，近地表地球物理学还包括生物地球化学循环的研究。
Near-surface geophysics is the use of geophysical methods to investigate small-scale features in the shallow (tens of meters) subsurface. It is closely related to applied geophysics or exploration geophysics. Methods used include seismic refraction and reflection, gravity, magnetic, electric, and electromagnetic methods. Many of these methods were developed for oil and mineral exploration but are now used for a great variety of applications, including archaeology, environmental science, forensic science, military intelligence, geotechnical investigation, treasure hunting, and hydrogeology. In addition to the practical applications, near-surface geophysics includes the study of biogeochemical cycles.
Sources, licensing and use
Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 单向波动方程是描述沿矢量波速定义的方向传播的一个波的一阶偏微分方程。它与二阶双向波动方程形成对比，二阶双向波动方程描述了由相反方向的两个波叠加产生的驻波场（使用平方标量波速度）。在一维情况下，它也称为传输方程，它允许计算波传播，而无需求解二阶微分方程的数学复杂性。由于在过去的几十年中没有找到 3D 单向波动方程的通用解，因此许多基于 1D 单向波动方程的近似方法被用于 3D 地震和其他地球物理计算，另请参见第 § 三维情况一节。
A one-way wave equation is a first-order partial differential equation describing one wave traveling in a direction defined by the vector wave velocity. It contrasts with the second-order two-way wave equation describing a standing wavefield resulting from superposition of two waves in opposite directions (using the squared scalar wave velocity). In the one-dimensional case it is also known as a transport equation, and it allows wave propagation to be calculated without the mathematical complication of solving a 2nd order differential equation. Due to the fact that in the last decades no general solution to the 3D one-way wave equation could be found, numerous approximation methods based on the 1D one-way wave equation are used for 3D seismic and other geophysical calculations, see also the section § Three-dimensional case.
Sources, licensing and use
Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 覆盖压力（英语：overburden pressure）或盖层压力是一个地质名词，是指在地表某深度下的上覆地层的载荷重量而引起的压力。 覆盖层压力也称为岩石静压力或垂直应力。 若地层是在处于流体静力平衡下； 假设重力加速度近似恒定，在深度 z 处的盖层压力由下式计算出： P ( z ) = P 0 + g ∫ 0 z ρ ( z ) d z {\displaystyle P(z)=P_{0}+g\int _{0}^{z}\rho (z)\,dz} 其中 z {\displaystyle z} 为以米为单位的深度 P ( z ) {\displaystyle P(z)} 为深度的盖层压力 P 0 {\displaystyle P_{0}} 为地表面压力 ρ ( z ) {\displaystyle \rho (z)} 为盖层密度 g {\displaystyle g} 为重力加速度 在地球内部，重力加速度随深度变化很大，不应假定为常数，而应在积分内的变数。当地层的一些部分被封闭隔离时， 其地层压力不于周边静态平衡的压力。
Pressure is force magnitude applied over an area. Overburden pressure is a geology term that denotes the pressure caused by the weight of the overlying layers of material at a specific depth under the earth's surface. Overburden pressure is also called lithostatic pressure, or vertical stress. This pressure is usually indicated as σ v {\displaystyle \sigma _{v}} , or alternatively σ z {\displaystyle \sigma _{z}} , in the coordinate system of the stress ellipsoid. At any depth in the subsurface, a point subjected to stresses can be analysed by resolving these stresses along three mutually perpendicular axes, constructing the stress ellipsoid whose axes correspond respectively to the directions of maximum, minimum and intermediate stress.
Sources, licensing and use
Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements.
View content license ↗ 物理大地测量学（英语：Physical geodesy）是指通过重力测量等物理方法，研究地球的形状、外部重力场及其他物理性质的学科，是现代大地测量学的基本分支之一。其具体的内容包括边值问题、地球正常重力、重力异常和大地水准面的确定等。与测量学的其他分支不同，物理大地测量学的研究对象并非离散或独立的点或网，而是连续的物理场。 物理大地测量学通过对地球重力和重力场的研究，以解决大地测量学的学科问题。重力在传统的大地测量方式中扮演着重要角色。如经纬仪等传统的大地测量仪器，需要通过水准管等辅助设备确保其垂直轴线的方向与重力方向（即铅垂线方向）相同。从而建立以观察者为中心的地平坐标系，再进行垂直角（或天顶距）和水平角等观测量的测定。而在水准测量中，也需要通过几何测量与重力测量相结合的方式，来获得两点间唯一的重力位差，再转化成高程的差值。而在现代大地测量学中，物理大地测量学还通过建立全球的重力场模型，为研究地球内部物质的分布和运动，以及地球的结构和形状提供基础，并推动地球物理学、地球动力学等相关学科的发展。
Physical geodesy is the study of the physical properties of Earth's gravity and its potential field (the geopotential), with a view to their application in geodesy.
Sources, licensing and use
Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements.
View content license ↗ Polflucht（源自德语，意为“逃离两极”）是阿尔弗雷德·韦格纳 (Alfred Wegener) 于 1922 年引用的一个地球物理概念，用于解释他的大陆漂移思想。极飞力 F P f {\displaystyle F_{\mathrm {Pf} }} 是地球自转过程中离心力的分量，作用于地球表面的切向力。地球每天（更准确地说：在 23.93447 小时的恒星日内）绕其自转轴旋转，导致地球上的每个人都会感受到垂直于地球轴的离心力，即与地球表面成对角线的离心力，具体取决于纬度。离心力包含远离极点、与地球表面相切的分力；该分量称为 Polfluchtkraft，或极飞力。
Polflucht (from German, flight from the poles) is a geophysical concept invoked in 1922 by Alfred Wegener to explain his ideas of continental drift. The pole-flight force F P f {\displaystyle F_{\mathrm {Pf} }} is that component of the centrifugal force during the rotation of the Earth that acts tangentially to the Earth's surface. The daily rotation of the Earth (more precisely: within a sidereal day of 23.93447 hours) around its axis of rotation causes everybody on Earth to experience a centrifugal force that points away perpendicularly from the Earth's axis, i.e. diagonally to the Earth's surface, depending on the degree of latitude. The centrifugal force contains a component tangential to the surface of the Earth away from the pole; this component is called the Polfluchtkraft, or pole-flight force.
Sources, licensing and use
Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 孔隙压力梯度是钻井工程师和泥浆工程师在设计向地球钻（建）油气井的钻井方案时使用的一个维度岩石物理术语。与深水中海水的压力梯度相比，它是岩柱孔隙内部从地面到总深度（TD）的压力梯度。在钻井工程中，孔隙压力梯度通常以 API 类型的国际钻井承包商协会 (IADC) 物理测量单位表示，即“psi 每英尺”，而在“纯数学”中，由数学符号 grad(f) 表示的标量函数的梯度可能没有与之关联的物理单位。
Pore pressure gradient is a dimensional petrophysical term used by drilling engineers and mud engineers during the design of drilling programs for drilling (constructing) oil and gas wells into the earth. It is the pressure gradient inside the pore space of the rock column from the surface of the ground down to the total depth (TD), as compared to the pressure gradient of seawater in deep water. In drilling engineering, the pore pressure gradient is usually expressed in API-type International Association of Drilling Contractors (IADC) physical units of measurement, namely "psi per foot", whereas in "pure math," the gradient of a scalar function expressed by the math notation grad(f) may not have physical units associated with it.
Sources, licensing and use
Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 在反射地震学中，Q 模型是一种数学模型，用于通过测量地震波穿过岩石等材料时的能量损失和速度变化来研究地球如何影响地震波。这些模型侧重于 Q 因子（地震品质因子，其中 Q 值越高意味着能量损失越少）来捕获非弹性衰减（或吸收）——由于地下的流体运动和摩擦，波能逐渐损失为热量，最终导致波完全消失。 Q 作为单个参数引入，将振幅减弱和速度色散结合起来，有助于解释为什么随着波浪效应在更深的地方恶化，更深的地震图像会失去清晰度。 Bjørn Ursin 和 Tommy Toverud 等研究人员使用适应介质不断变化的特性的方程，比较了不同的 Q 模型，以更好地理解这些传输损耗。
In reflection seismology, Q models are mathematical models used to study how the Earth affects seismic waves by measuring energy loss and speed changes as the waves travel through materials like rock. These models focus on the Q factor (seismic quality factor, where higher Q means less energy loss) to capture anelastic attenuation (or absorption)—the gradual loss of wave energy into heat due to fluid movement and friction in the subsurface, eventually causing the wave to disappear completely. Introduced as a single parameter to combine amplitude weakening and velocity dispersion, Q helps explain why deeper seismic images lose clarity as wave effects worsen deeper down. Researchers like Bjørn Ursin and Tommy Toverud have compared different Q models to better understand these transmission losses, using equations that adapt to the medium’s changing properties.
Sources, licensing and use
Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ RadExPro 是一个基于 Windows 的地震处理软件系统，由位于佐治亚州的 RadExPro Seismic Software LLC 生产。它适用于现场质量控制（在线和离线）以及3D和2D海洋和陆地地震数据的处理，HR/UHR海上地震的高级处理，以及陆上近地表地震反射、折射、MASW和VSP处理。对于在各种参数和设备（单通道或多通道、回旋臂、火花机或气枪、2D 或 3D）内收集数据的海洋应用，高分辨率海洋数据极大地受益于 RadExPro 中的深度处理，从数据中揭示更多细节并提取更多地质信息以供演示。
RadExPro is a Windows-based seismic processing software system produced by RadExPro Seismic Software LLC based in Georgia. It is suitable for in-field QC (both online and offline) and processing of 3D and 2D marine and on-land seismic data, advanced processing of HR/UHR offshore seismic, as well as for the onshore near-surface seismic reflection, refraction, MASW, and VSP processing. For marine applications where data was collected within a broad range of parameters and equipment (single or multi-channel, boomer, sparker or airgun, 2D or 3D), high resolution marine data benefits greatly from in-depth processing in RadExPro, revealing more details from data and extracting more geologic information for presentation.
Sources, licensing and use
Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 折射微震 (ReMi) 是 John Louie 博士（和其他人）根据先前存在的评估表面波（特别是瑞利波）的原理开发的一种表面执行的地球物理勘测。折射微震技术是内华达大学开发的，归内华达州所有。内华达州里诺市的 Optim 拥有开发该技术的独家许可，SeisOpt® ReMi™ 自 2004 年起已从 Optim 开始商业化销售。由于瑞利波具有色散性，因此可以沿着线性地震阵列测量传播波，并根据波频率和慢度（或速度的倒数）进行评估。
Refraction microtremor (ReMi) is a surface-performed geophysical survey developed by Dr. John Louie (and others) based on previously existing principles of evaluating surface waves and in particular Rayleigh waves. The refraction microtremor technology was developed at the University of Nevada and is owned by the State of Nevada. Optim of Reno, Nevada has the exclusive license to develop the technology, and SeisOpt® ReMi™ has been available commercially from Optim since 2004. Since Rayleigh waves are dispersive, the propagating waves are measured along a linear seismic array and evaluated relative to wave frequency and slowness (or the inverse of the velocity).
Sources, licensing and use
Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 在石油和天然气行业中，油藏建模涉及构建石油油藏的计算机模型，目的是改进储量估算和制定有关油田开发的决策、预测未来产量、放置额外的井以及评估替代油藏管理方案。储层模型通过离散单元阵列表示储层的物理空间，由规则或不规则的网格描绘。尽管有时使用一维和二维模型，但单元阵列通常是三维的。孔隙度、渗透率和水饱和度等属性值与每个单元相关。每个属性的值被隐含地视为均匀地应用于由单元表示的储层的整个体积。
In the oil and gas industry, reservoir modeling involves the construction of a computer model of a petroleum reservoir, for the purposes of improving estimation of reserves and making decisions regarding the development of the field, predicting future production, placing additional wells and evaluating alternative reservoir management scenarios. A reservoir model represents the physical space of the reservoir by an array of discrete cells, delineated by a grid which may be regular or irregular. The array of cells is usually three-dimensional, although 1D and 2D models are sometimes used. Values for attributes such as porosity, permeability and water saturation are associated with each cell. The value of each attribute is implicitly deemed to apply uniformly throughout the volume of the reservoir represented by the cell.
Sources, licensing and use
Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 地球科学钻探是科学家探测地球沉积物、地壳和上地幔的一种方式。除了岩石样本之外，钻探技术还可以挖掘出原生流体和地下生物圈的样本，其中大部分是保存在钻探样本中的微生物。科学钻探在陆地上由国际大陆科学钻探计划（ICDP）进行，在海上由综合海洋钻探计划（IODP）进行。大陆上的科学钻探包括深入坚固的地面以及在湖泊上用小船进行钻探。对厚冰川和冰原进行采样以获得冰芯是相关的，但这里不再进一步描述。就像发送到外太空的探测器一样，科学钻探是一种用于从人们无法到达的地方获取样本的技术。
Scientific drilling into the Earth is a way for scientists to probe the Earth's sediments, crust, and upper mantle. In addition to rock samples, drilling technology can unearth samples of connate fluids and of the subsurface biosphere, mostly microbial life, preserved in drilled samples. Scientific drilling is carried out on land by the International Continental Scientific Drilling Program (ICDP) and at sea by the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP). Scientific drilling on the continents includes drilling down into solid ground as well as drilling from small boats on lakes. Sampling thick glaciers and ice sheets to obtain ice cores is related but will not be described further here. Like probes sent into outer space, scientific drilling is a technology used to obtain samples from places that people cannot reach.
Sources, licensing and use
Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 在流体动力学中，二次循环或二次流是一种弱循环，在维持包含流动的大部分动能和动量的更强的主循环方面发挥着关键的维持作用。例如，热带气旋的主要风是切向的（水平旋转），但其演变和抵抗摩擦的维持涉及到内向上外的二次环流，这对其云和雨也很重要。在行星尺度上，地球的风主要是东西向或纬向风，但这种流动是通过作用在小型南北向或经向次级环流上的科里奥利力来抵抗摩擦而维持的。
In fluid dynamics, a secondary circulation or secondary flow is a weak circulation that plays a key maintenance role in sustaining a stronger primary circulation that contains most of the kinetic energy and momentum of a flow. For example, a tropical cyclone's primary winds are tangential (horizontally swirling), but its evolution and maintenance against friction involves an in-up-out secondary circulation flow that is also important to its clouds and rain. On a planetary scale, Earth's winds are mostly east–west or zonal, but that flow is maintained against friction by the Coriolis force acting on a small north–south or meridional secondary circulation.
Sources, licensing and use
Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ SEG-Y（有时称为 SEG Y）文件格式是勘探地球物理学家协会 (SEG) 开发的用于存储地球物理数据的几个标准之一。它已成为地震勘探中最流行的格式，允许存储轨迹、轨迹标题数据和体积标题数据。该格式是一个开放标准，由非营利组织SEG技术标准委员会控制。
The SEG-Y (sometimes SEG Y) file format is one of several standards developed by the Society of Exploration Geophysicists (SEG) for storing geophysical data. It has become the most popular format in seismic exploration, allowing storage of traces, trace header data, and volume header data. The format is an open standard, and is controlled by the SEG Technical Standards Committee, a non-profit organization.
Sources, licensing and use
Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 地震反Q滤波是一种提高反射地震图像分辨率的数据处理技术。 Q 是非弹性衰减因子或地震品质因子，是地震波移动时能量损失的量度。
Seismic inverse Q filtering is a data processing technology for enhancing the resolution of reflection seismology images. Q is the anelastic attenuation factor or the seismic quality factor, a measure of the energy loss as the seismic wave moves.
Sources, licensing and use
Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 地震折射是受斯涅尔折射定律支配的地球物理原理。地震折射法利用地震波经岩层或土层的折射来表征地下地质条件和地质结构。地震折射在工程地质学、岩土工程和勘探地球物理学中得到应用。地震折射穿越（地震线）是使用一系列地震仪或地震检波器和能源来执行的。这些方法取决于地震波在不同类型的土壤或岩石中具有不同速度的事实。当波穿过不同类型（或条件）的土壤或岩石之间的边界时，波会发生折射。这些方法能够确定一般土壤类型以及地层边界或基岩的大致深度。
Seismic refraction is a geophysical principle governed by Snell's Law of refraction. The seismic refraction method utilizes the refraction of seismic waves by rock or soil layers to characterize the subsurface geologic conditions and geologic structure. Seismic refraction is exploited in engineering geology, geotechnical engineering and exploration geophysics. Seismic refraction traverses (seismic lines) are performed using an array of seismographs or geophones and an energy source. The methods depend on the fact that seismic waves have differing velocities in different types of soil or rock. The waves are refracted when they cross the boundary between different types (or conditions) of soil or rock. The methods enable the general soil types and the approximate depth to strata boundaries, or to bedrock, to be determined.
Sources, licensing and use
Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 地震速度结构是地球和其他行星体地下地震波速度的分布和变化。它反映了地下特性，例如材料成分、密度、孔隙率和温度。地球物理学家依靠对速度结构的分析和解释来开发精细的地下地质模型，这对于资源勘探、地震学和增进我们对地球地质发展的理解至关重要。
Seismic velocity structure is the distribution and variation of seismic wave speeds within Earth's and other planetary bodies' subsurface. It is reflective of subsurface properties such as material composition, density, porosity, and temperature. Geophysicists rely on the analysis and interpretation of the velocity structure to develop refined models of the subsurface geology, which are essential in resource exploration, earthquake seismology, and advancing our understanding of Earth's geological development.
Sources, licensing and use
Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 地震广角反射和折射是一种用于地壳和上地幔地球物理研究的技术。它允许开发远超出勘探钻孔范围的地球表面下地震速度的详细模型。然后可以使用速度（通常与标准地震反射数据和重力数据的解释相结合）来解释地下的地质情况。
Seismic wide-angle reflection and refraction is a technique used in geophysical investigations of Earth's crust and upper mantle. It allows the development of a detailed model of seismic velocities beneath Earth's surface well beyond the reach of exploration boreholes. The velocities can then be used, often in combination with the interpretation of standard seismic reflection data and gravity data, to interpret the geology of the subsurface.
Sources, licensing and use
Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 震电法（与电震物理原理不同）基于地震波在土壤和岩石中产生电磁场。这项技术仍在开发中，未来它可能会有一些应用，例如通过电特性等通常与流体（孔隙率、透射率、物理特性）相关的特性来检测和表征地下流体。
The seismoelectrical method (which is different from the electroseismic physical principle) is based on the generation of electromagnetic fields in soils and rocks by seismic waves. This technique is still under development and in the future it may have applications like detecting and characterizing fluids in the underground by their electrical properties, among others, usually related to fluids (porosity, transmissivity, physical properties).
Sources, licensing and use
Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 页岩泥比（通常缩写为SGR）是一种数学算法，用于预测以砂岩和页岩为主的沉积序列中发育的简单断裂带的断层岩石类型。该参数广泛应用于石油和天然气勘探和生产行业，以定量预测断层的水动力行为。
Shale Gouge Ratio (typically abbreviated to SGR) is a mathematical algorithm for predicting the fault rock types for simple fault zones developed in sedimentary sequences dominated by sandstone and shale. The parameter is widely used in the oil and gas exploration and production industries to enable quantitative predictions regarding faults' hydrodynamic behavior.
Sources, licensing and use
Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 剪切速度，也称为摩擦速度，是一种可以用速度单位重写剪切应力的形式。它作为流体力学中的一种方法非常有用，可以将真实速度（例如流中的流动速度）与与流层之间的剪切力相关的速度进行比较。剪切速度用于描述移动流体中与剪切相关的运动。它用于描述： 流体流中颗粒、示踪剂和污染物的扩散和分散 流边界附近的速度分布（参见壁定律） 通道中沉积物的输送 剪切速度也有助于考虑流中的剪切速率和分散速率。剪切速度与分散率和床质沉积物迁移率成正比。一般规则是剪切速度在平均流速的 5% 到 10% 之间。
Shear velocity, also called friction velocity, is a form by which a shear stress may be re-written in units of velocity. It is useful as a method in fluid mechanics to compare true velocities, such as the velocity of a flow in a stream, to a velocity that relates shear between layers of flow. Shear velocity is used to describe shear-related motion in moving fluids. It is used to describe: Diffusion and dispersion of particles, tracers, and contaminants in fluid flows The velocity profile near the boundary of a flow (see Law of the wall) Transport of sediment in a channel Shear velocity also helps in thinking about the rate of shear and dispersion in a flow. Shear velocity scales well to rates of dispersion and bedload sediment transport. A general rule is that the shear velocity is between 5% and 10% of the mean flow velocity.
Sources, licensing and use
Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 板块拉力是一种地球物理机制，俯冲板块的冷却和随后的致密化会沿着板块的其余部分产生向下的力。 1975 年，Forsyth 和 Uyeda 使用逆理论方法表明，在可能驱动板块运动的众多力中，板片拉力是最强的。板块运动部分是由沉入海沟地幔的寒冷而致密的板块的重量驱动的。这种力和板片吸力几乎占了板块构造驱动力的全部。裂谷处的山脊推力仅贡献 5% 至 10%。卡尔森等人。 (1983) 在拉勒曼等人。
Slab pull is a geophysical mechanism whereby the cooling and subsequent densifying of a subducting tectonic plate produces a downward force along the rest of the plate. In 1975 Forsyth and Uyeda used the inverse theory method to show that, of the many forces likely to be driving plate motion, slab pull was the strongest. Plate motion is partly driven by the weight of cold, dense plates sinking into the mantle at oceanic trenches. This force and slab suction account for almost all of the force driving plate tectonics. The ridge push at rifts contributes only 5 to 10%. Carlson et al. (1983) in Lallemand et al.
Sources, licensing and use
Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗