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Earth & Geophysics剝蝕節理剥蚀节理（英语：exfoliation joint或sheet joints）是一种在岩石表面平行的结构，常常导致对岩石内部的进一步侵蚀。
Exfoliation joints or sheet joints are surface-parallel fracture systems in rock, often leading to the erosion of concentric slabs.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements.
View content license ↗ 断块（英语：Fault block）是由地壳中的构造和局部应力造成的非常大的岩石块，有时长达数百公里。大面积的基岩能被断层破碎成块。断块的特点是相对均匀的岩性。这些断块中最大的称为地壳块。从板块中分离出来的大型地壳块被称为地体。 具岩石圈全部厚度的地体称为微板块。大陆大小的断块被称为各种微大陆、大陆带、H 块、伸展异地块和外高地。 由于大多数应力与板块的构造活动有关，因此断块之间的大多数运动是水平的，即与地壳平行的走滑断层。然而，断块的垂直位移较大时，会形成地貌（山、丘、脊、湖、谷等）。相邻地垒和地堑可以形成高悬崖。由于地壳的压实或拉伸作用，这些块体的移动通常伴随着倾斜。
Fault blocks are very large blocks of rock, sometimes hundreds of kilometres in extent, created by tectonic and localized stresses in Earth's crust. Large areas of bedrock are broken up into blocks by faults. Blocks are characterized by relatively uniform lithology. The largest of these fault blocks are called crustal blocks. Large crustal blocks broken off from tectonic plates are called terranes. Those terranes which are the full thickness of the lithosphere are called microplates. Continent-sized blocks are called variously microcontinents, continental ribbons, H-blocks, extensional allochthons and outer highs. Because most stresses relate to the tectonic activity of moving plates, most motion between blocks is horizontal, that is parallel to the Earth's crust by strike-slip faults. However vertical movement of blocks produces much more dramatic results. Landforms (mountains, hills, ridges, lakes, valleys, etc.) are sometimes formed when the faults have a large vertical displacement. Adjacent raised blocks (horsts) and down-dropped blocks (grabens) can form high escarpments.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements.
View content license ↗ 片状裂理（英语：Fissility （geology））是岩石沿薄弱平面分裂的能力或趋势 。 这些薄弱平面与沉积岩中的层理平行。在岩石薄片上可看出片状裂理面上有发育良好的片状矿物例如云母等。片状裂理是由沉积或变质所造成的。 在压实过程中，粘土颗粒在沉积岩（例如页岩或泥岩）中会被同向排列形成薄弱面。在变质程中云母矿物的再结晶和生长，也能形成薄弱面。岩石的片状裂理也可以通过多种地质作用方式降低，包括在压实前，粘土矿物凝絮成颗粒状、被压实时的生物扰动以及被压实后的风化作用。生物扰动的影响有一个临界深度，因为在此深度以下洞穴生物不再能够生存。导致页岩的片状裂理变得更加普遍和更明显。 片状裂理被一些地质学家用作区分泥岩（无片状裂理）和页岩（片状裂理）的区分特征。 然而，一些钻井工程师，则不区分，因为从泥浆取出的标本太小看不到片状裂理。
In geology, fissility is the ability or tendency of a rock to split along flat planes of weakness (“parting surfaces”). These planes of weakness are oriented parallel to stratification in sedimentary rocks. Fissility is differentiated from scaly fabric in hand sample by the parting surfaces’ continuously parallel orientations to each other and to stratification. Fissility is distinguished from scaly fabric in thin section by the well-developed orientation of platy minerals such as mica. Fissility is the result of sedimentary or metamorphic processes. Planes of weakness are developed in sedimentary rocks such as shale or mudstone by clay particles aligning during compaction. Planes of weakness are developed in metamorphic rocks by the recrystallization and growth of micaceous minerals. A rock's fissility can be degraded in numerous ways during the geologic process, including clay particles flocculating into a random fabric before compaction, bioturbation during compaction, and weathering during and after uplift.
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View content license ↗ 伸展构造（英语：Extensional tectonics）是指在地壳或岩石圈受张力而造成的构造。通常在大陆裂谷 . 中洋脊，弧后盆地，分离板块边缘和被动边缘等皆能形成伸展构造。最常见的是在铲形断层内的滚动背斜（英语：rollover anticline）和背脊塌垮地堑。在走滑断层也有伸展构造，如伸展走滑体系（英语：releasing bends of strike-slip fault）。它是当走滑断层沿走向错开时，中间的间隙，会产生了一个延伸或扩张带。在聚合板块边缘，通常伸展构造较少，但当大陆碰撞时，地壳增厚抬升，由于重力垮塌，向侧延申也形成伸展构造 。
Extensional tectonics is concerned with the structures formed by, and the tectonic processes associated with, the stretching of a planetary body's crust or lithosphere.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements.
View content license ↗ 断层迹（英语：Fault trace）是指断层与地球表面的交汇处痕迹，看起来像地球表面的裂缝，有是有向外突出的锯齿状岩石结构。断层迹也指在地质图上代表断层的位置和分布。 在地震期间，地壳往往会发生裂缝。而裂缝两侧的地块往往发位移，就造成断层。其位移可能是水平或垂直的分离。沿裂缝两侧的地块称为断块 。
A fault trace describes the intersection of a geological fault with the Earth's surface, which leaves a visible disturbance on the surface, usually looking like a crack in the surface with jagged rock structures protruding outward. The term also applies to a line plotted on a geological map to represent a fault. These fractures tend to occur when a slip surface expands from a fault core, especially during an earthquake. This tends to occur with fault displacement, in which surfaces on both sides of a fault, known as fault blocks, separate horizontally or vertically.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements.
View content license ↗ 褶曲山脉（Fold mountains，又称褶皱山脉）的成因是地壳上部各层的褶皱作用。当两个板块在聚合板块边缘处相互靠近时，就会形成褶曲山脉。当板块以及其上的大陆相撞时，堆积的岩层会被褶皱和折叠，如同桌布在桌面上被推挤一般，特别是存在机械上的薄弱层（例如盐层）的情况下。如此形成的山脉通常会较为狭长。
Fold mountains are formed by the effects of folding on layers within the upper part of the Earth's crust. Before the development of the theory of plate tectonics and before the internal architecture of thrust belts became well understood, the term was used to describe most mountain belts but has otherwise fallen out of use.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements.
View content license ↗ 电阻率层析成像 (ERT) 或电阻率成像 (ERI) 是一种地球物理技术，用于通过在地表或通过一个或多个钻孔中的电极进行的电阻率测量来对地下结构进行成像。如果电极悬挂在钻孔中，则可以研究更深的部分。它与医学成像技术电阻抗断层扫描（EIT）密切相关，在数学上也是同样的逆问题。然而，与医疗 EIT 不同的是，ERT 本质上是一种直流电方法。相关的地球物理方法，诱导极化（或光谱诱导极化），测量瞬态响应，旨在确定地下荷电特性。
Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) or electrical resistivity imaging (ERI) is a geophysical technique for imaging sub-surface structures from electrical resistivity measurements made at the surface, or by electrodes in one or more boreholes. If the electrodes are suspended in the boreholes, deeper sections can be investigated. It is closely related to the medical imaging technique electrical impedance tomography (EIT), and mathematically is the same inverse problem. In contrast to medical EIT, however, ERT is essentially a direct current method. A related geophysical method, induced polarization (or spectral induced polarization), measures the transient response and aims to determine the subsurface chargeability properties.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 在石油和天然气工业中，通常在钻孔下测量自发电位以进行地层评估，也可以沿地球表面进行测量以进行矿物勘探或地下水调查。这一现象及其在地质学中的应用首先由 Conrad Schlumberger、Marcel Schlumberger 和 E.G. 认识到。莱昂纳多于 1931 年提出，第一个发表的例子来自罗马尼亚油田。
Spontaneous potentials are often measured down boreholes for formation evaluation in the oil and gas industry, and they can also be measured along the Earth's surface for mineral exploration or groundwater investigation. The phenomenon and its application to geology was first recognized by Conrad Schlumberger, Marcel Schlumberger, and E.G. Leonardon in 1931, and the first published examples were from Romanian oil fields.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 在大地测量学和地球物理学中，布格异常（以皮埃尔·布格命名）是一种重力异常，根据测量高度和地形吸引力进行校正。仅高度校正就给出了自由空气重力异常。
In geodesy and geophysics, the Bouguer anomaly (named after Pierre Bouguer) is a gravity anomaly, corrected for the height at which it is measured and the attraction of terrain. The height correction alone gives a free-air gravity anomaly.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 大地测量学是在一定的时间与空间参考系中，测量和描绘地球形状及其重力场并监测其变化，为人类活动提供地球空间信息的一门学科，属于地球科学的一个分支，也是一切测绘科学技术的基础。传统的大地测量学又称为经典大地测量学，德国大地测量学家赫尔默特将其表述为对地球表面进行测量和描绘的学科。现代大地测量学则以空间测绘技术为主要特征，研究空间精密定位的理论、技术与方法，扩展了经典大地测量学的研究范围，并在空间与时间尺度、实时性、精度和学科融合等各个方面取得了突破。
Geodesy (, jee-OD-iss-ee) or geodetics is the science of measuring and representing the geometry, gravity, and spatial orientation of the Earth in temporally varying 3D space. It is called planetary geodesy when studying other astronomical bodies, such as planets or circumplanetary systems. Geodetic job titles include geodesist and geodetic surveyor. Through highly accurate observations, geodesy provides the scientific basis for mapping, navigation, and positioning, and supports applications such as infrastructure development (including construction), natural resource management, mineral exploration, and geophysics. Its measurements underpin modern geospatial reference frames used in transportation, satellite systems, global trade, and timekeeping.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements.
View content license ↗ 在数学中，p 维叶状结构是将流形划分为子流形，所有子流形都具有相同的维度 p，局部建模为将 Rn 分解为由方程 x p + 1 = a p + 1 , … , x n = a n {\displaystyle x_{p+1}=a_{p+1},\ldots ,x_{n}=a_{n}} 切出的 p 维平面。子流形称为叶状结构的叶子。 3 球体有一个著名的余维 1 叶状结构，称为 Reeb 叶状结构。子流管需要连接并注入浸没，但不需要嵌入。
In mathematics, a p-dimensional foliation is a partition of a manifold into submanifolds, all of the same dimension p, locally modeled on the decomposition of Rn into the p-dimensional planes cut out by the equations x p + 1 = a p + 1 , … , x n = a n {\displaystyle x_{p+1}=a_{p+1},\ldots ,x_{n}=a_{n}} . The submanifolds are called the leaves of the foliation. The 3-sphere has a famous codimension-1 foliation called the Reeb foliation. The submanifolds are required to be connected and injectively immersed, but they are not required to be embedded.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 矿物硬度的莫氏硬度 (MOHZ) 是一个定性顺序等级，从 1 到 10，通过较硬的材料刮擦较软的材料的能力来表征矿物的耐刮擦性。该等级由德国地质学家和矿物学家 Friedrich Mohs 于 1812 年在其著作《Versuch einer Elementar-Methode zur naturhistorischen Bestimmung und Erkennung der Fossilien》（译为自然历史测定和化石识别的基本方法的尝试）中引入；它是材料科学中硬度的几种定义之一，其中一些定义更加定量。通过观察哪些矿物可以划伤其他矿物来比较硬度的方法是很古老的，泰奥弗拉斯托斯在他的《论石头》一书中提到过。公元前 300 年，随后是老普林尼 (Pliny the Elder) 在他的博物志 (Naturalis Historia) 中，c.公元77年。
The Mohs scale ( MOHZ) of mineral hardness is a qualitative ordinal scale, from 1 to 10, characterizing scratch resistance of minerals through the ability of harder material to scratch softer material. The scale was introduced in 1812 by the German geologist and mineralogist Friedrich Mohs, in his book Versuch einer Elementar-Methode zur naturhistorischen Bestimmung und Erkennung der Fossilien (transl. Attempt at an Elementary Method for the Natural-Historical Determination and Recognition of Fossils); it is one of several definitions of hardness in materials science, some of which are more quantitative. The method of comparing hardness by observing which minerals can scratch others is of great antiquity, having been mentioned by Theophrastus in his treatise On Stones, c. 300 BC, followed by Pliny the Elder in his Naturalis Historia, c. AD 77.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 地震危险性是指在给定的地理区域、给定的时间窗口内发生地震且地震动强度超过给定阈值的概率。通过对危险的估计，可以评估地震风险并将其纳入标准建筑的建筑规范、设计大型建筑和基础设施项目、土地使用规划和确定保险费率等领域。地震危险性研究还可能产生两种预期地面运动的标准测量值，均缩写为 MCE，令人容易混淆；标准建筑规范中使用的更简单的概率最大考虑的地震（或事件），以及在大型建筑和水坝或桥梁等民用基础设施的设计中纳入的更详细和确定性的最大可信地震。明确正在讨论哪个 MCE 非常重要。
A seismic hazard is the probability that an earthquake will occur in a given geographic area, within a given window of time, and with ground motion intensity exceeding a given threshold. With a hazard thus estimated, seismic risk can be assessed and included in such areas as building codes for standard buildings, designing larger buildings and infrastructure projects, land use planning and determining insurance rates. The seismic hazard studies also may generate two standard measures of anticipated ground motion, both confusingly abbreviated MCE; the simpler probabilistic maximum considered earthquake (or event), used in standard building codes, and the more detailed and deterministic maximum credible earthquake incorporated in the design of larger buildings and civil infrastructure like dams or bridges. It is important to be clear which MCE is being discussed.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 在材料科学中，液化是从固体或气体生成液体或生成符合流体动力学行为的非液相的过程。它既可以自然发生，也可以人工发生。作为后者的一个例子，“液化的主要商业应用是空气液化，以分离氧气、氮气和稀有气体等成分。”另一种是将固体煤转化为液体形式，可用作液体燃料的替代品。在地质学中，土壤液化是指水饱和的松散沉积物转化为类似液体的物质的过程，通常在地震中发生。 2018 年 10 月，印度尼西亚帕卢市的建筑物倒塌被归咎于土壤液化，导致地面变得不那么紧凑。
In materials science, liquefaction is a process that generates a liquid from a solid or a gas or that generates a non-liquid phase which behaves in accordance with fluid dynamics. It occurs both naturally and artificially. As an example of the latter, a "major commercial application of liquefaction is the liquefaction of air to allow separation of the constituents, such as oxygen, nitrogen, and the noble gases." Another is the conversion of solid coal into a liquid form usable as a substitute for liquid fuels. In geology, soil liquefaction refers to the process by which water-saturated, unconsolidated sediments are transformed into a substance that acts like a liquid, often in an earthquake. Soil liquefaction was blamed for building collapses in the city of Palu, it made the ground less compact Indonesia in October 2018.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 碳酸盐台地是具有地形起伏的沉积体，由原地钙质沉积物组成。平台生长是由其骨骼形成珊瑚礁的固着生物或通过其新陈代谢诱导碳酸盐沉淀的生物（通常是微生物）介导的。因此，碳酸盐台地不可能随处生长：它们不存在于存在造礁生物生命限制因素的地方。这些限制因素包括：光、水温、透明度和 pH 值。例如，除了亚马逊河河口以外，南美大西洋沿岸到处都发生碳酸盐沉积，因为那里的水非常浑浊。
A carbonate platform is a sedimentary body which possesses topographic relief, and is composed of autochthonic calcareous deposits. Platform growth is mediated by sessile organisms whose skeletons build up the reef or by organisms (usually microbes) which induce carbonate precipitation through their metabolism. Therefore, carbonate platforms can not grow up everywhere: they are not present in places where limiting factors to the life of reef-building organisms exist. Such limiting factors are, among others: light, water temperature, transparency and pH. For example, carbonate sedimentation along the Atlantic South American coasts takes place everywhere but at the mouth of the Amazon River, because of the intense turbidity of the water there.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 浊积岩是浊流的地质沉积物，浊流是流体和沉积物重力流的混合类型，负责将大量碎屑沉积物分布到深海中。
A turbidite is the geologic deposit of a turbidity current, which is a type of amalgamation of fluidal and sediment gravity flow responsible for distributing vast amounts of clastic sediment into the deep ocean.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 岩芯，为圆柱状岩石、沉积物或是土壤片段。借由研究岩心样本可以帮助科学家了解研究区域的地质、岩石、水文以及生地化特性。
A core sample is a cylindrical section of (usually) a naturally occurring substance. Most core samples are obtained by drilling with special drills into the substance, such as sediment or rock, with a hollow steel tube, called a core drill. The hole made for the core sample is called the "core hole". A variety of core samplers exist to sample different media under different conditions; there is continuing development in the technology. In the coring process, the sample is pushed more or less intact into the tube. Removed from the tube in the laboratory, it is inspected and analyzed by different techniques and equipment depending on the type of data desired. Core samples can be taken to test the properties of manmade materials, such as concrete, ceramics, some metals and alloys, especially the softer ones.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements.
View content license ↗ 钻孔是垂直或水平钻入地面的狭窄竖井。钻孔范围从仅几英尺深的浅孔到延伸到地下数百甚至数千英尺的工程竖井。钻孔可以出于许多不同的目的而建造，包括提取水（通过钻井和管井）、其他液体（例如石油）或气体（例如天然气）。它还可用于岩土工程调查、环境现场评估、矿物勘探、温度测量、作为安装桥墩或地下公用设施的先导孔、地热装置或地下储存不需要的物质，例如。在碳捕获和储存方面。
A borehole is a narrow shaft drilled into the ground, either vertically or horizontally. Boreholes range from shallow holes just a few feet deep to engineered shafts extending hundreds or even thousands of feet underground. A borehole may be constructed for many different purposes, including the extraction of water ( through drilled wells and tube wells), other liquids (such as petroleum), or gases (such as natural gas). It may also be used for geotechnical investigation, environmental site assessment, mineral exploration, temperature measurement, as a pilot hole for installing piers or underground utilities, for geothermal installations, or for underground storage of unwanted substances, e.g. in carbon capture and storage.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 泥浆录井是通过检查循环钻井介质（最常见的是钻井泥浆）带到地表的岩石切屑来创建钻孔的详细记录（测井日志）。录井通常由第三方录井公司进行。这为井主和生产商提供了钻井时有关钻孔岩性和流体含量的信息。历史上它是最早的测井记录类型。在某些情况下，采用压缩空气而不是泥浆作为循环流体。虽然录井最常用于石油勘探，但有时在钻探水井和其他矿物勘探时也会使用录井，其中钻井液是用于将岩屑从孔中提升出来的循环介质。在碳氢化合物勘探中，碳氢化合物表面气体探测器记录泥浆中产生的天然气含量。
Mud logging is the creation of a detailed record (well log) of a borehole by examining the cuttings of rock brought to the surface by the circulating drilling medium (most commonly drilling mud). Mud logging is usually performed by a third-party mud logging company. This provides well owners and producers with information about the lithology and fluid content of the borehole while drilling. Historically it is the earliest type of well log. Under some circumstances compressed air is employed as a circulating fluid, rather than mud. Although most commonly used in petroleum exploration, mud logging is also sometimes used when drilling water wells and in other mineral exploration, where drilling fluid is the circulating medium used to lift cuttings out of the hole. In hydrocarbon exploration, hydrocarbon surface gas detectors record the level of natural gas brought up in the mud.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 同位素分馏描述了影响同位素相对丰度的分馏过程，这种现象在地球化学、生物化学、食品科学和其他领域的研究中发生（因此利用了它）。通常，重点是同一元素的稳定同位素。同位素分馏可以通过同位素分析来测量，使用同位素比质谱法、核磁共振方法（专业技术）、腔衰荡光谱法等来测量同位素比率，这是了解过去和现在的地球化学和生物系统的重要工具。例如，生化过程导致掺入生物质中的稳定碳同位素的比率发生变化。
Isotope fractionation describes fractionation processes that affect the relative abundance of isotopes, a phenomenon that occurs (and so advantage is taken of it) in the study geochemistry, biochemistry, food science, and other fields. Normally, the focus is on stable isotopes of the same element. Isotopic fractionation can be measured by isotope analysis, using isotope-ratio mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance methods (specialised techniques,) cavity ring-down spectroscopy, etc., to measure ratios of isotopes, important tools to understand geochemical and biological systems, past and present. For example, biochemical processes cause changes in ratios of stable carbon isotopes incorporated into biomass.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 大地电磁学 (MT) 是一种电磁地球物理方法，用于根据地球表面自然地磁场和地电场变化的测量来推断地球地下电导率。调查深度范围从通过记录较高频率的地下 100 m 到通过长周期探测的 200 km 或更深。 MT 于 20 世纪 40 年代在日本、1950 年代初在法国和苏联提出，现已成为一门国际学科，并应用于世界各地的勘探调查。商业用途包括碳氢化合物（石油和天然气）勘探、地热勘探、碳封存、采矿勘探以及碳氢化合物和地下水监测。
Magnetotellurics (MT) is an electromagnetic geophysical method for inferring the Earth's subsurface electrical conductivity from measurements of natural geomagnetic and geoelectric field variation at the Earth's surface. Investigation depth ranges from 100 m below ground by recording higher frequencies down to 200 km or deeper with long-period soundings. Proposed in Japan in the 1940s, and France and the USSR during the early 1950s, MT is now an international academic discipline and is used in exploration surveys around the world. Commercial uses include hydrocarbon (oil and gas) exploration, geothermal exploration, carbon sequestration, mining exploration, as well as hydrocarbon and groundwater monitoring.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 感应极化 (IP) 是一种地球物理成像技术，用于识别地下材料（例如矿石）的带电性。极化效应最初是康拉德·斯伦贝谢在测量岩石电阻率时发现的。该测量方法类似于电阻率断层扫描（ERT），电流通过两个电极传输到地下，并通过另外两个电极监测电压。诱导极化是一种广泛用于矿产勘探和采矿作业的地球物理方法。电阻率和 IP 方法通常使用多个四电极站点应用于地表。在IP勘测（以及进行电阻率测量时）中，还确定了地下材料的电容特性。
Induced polarization (IP) is a geophysical imaging technique used to identify the electrical chargeability of subsurface materials, such as ore. The polarization effect was originally discovered by Conrad Schlumberger when measuring the resistivity of rock. The survey method is similar to electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), in that an electric current is transmitted into the subsurface through two electrodes, and voltage is monitored through two other electrodes. Induced polarization is a geophysical method used extensively in mineral exploration and mining operations. Resistivity and IP methods are often applied on the ground surface using multiple four-electrode sites. In an IP survey (and when making resistivity measurements), capacitive properties of the subsurface materials are determined as well.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 微震是由人为或大气扰动引起的地面低振幅（微米级）环境振动。现在更喜欢用“环境振动”一词来描述这种现象。微震观测可以提供有关该地点动态特性的有用信息，例如主周期和振幅。微动观测易于进行、成本低廉，也可应用于地震活动性较低的地方，因此，微动测量可方便地用于地震微区划。有关该地点剪切波速度剖面的更详细信息可以通过微动阵列观测获得。
Microtremor is a low amplitude (in the order of micrometres) ambient vibration of the ground caused by man-made or atmospheric disturbances. The term Ambient Vibrations is now preferred to talk about this phenomenon. Observation of microtremors can give useful information on dynamic properties of the site such as predominant period and amplitude. Microtremor observations are easy to perform, inexpensive and can be applied to places with low seismicity as well, hence, microtremor measurements can be used conveniently for seismic microzonation. More detailed information on the shear wave velocity profile of the site can be obtained from microtremor array observation.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 响应谱是一系列具有不同固有频率的振荡器的峰值或稳态响应（位移、速度或加速度）的图，这些振荡器通过相同的基础振动或冲击而被迫运动。然后，在给定振荡固有频率的情况下，所得到的图可用于拾取任何线性系统的响应。其中一种用途是评估建筑物对地震的峰值响应。强地震动科学可以使用地面反应谱中的一些值（根据地震仪的表面地震动记录计算得出）与地震损伤相关。如果计算响应谱时使用的输入是稳态周期性的，则记录稳态结果。必须存在阻尼，否则响应将是无穷大。
A response spectrum is a plot of the peak or steady-state response (displacement, velocity or acceleration) of a series of oscillators of varying natural frequency, that are forced into motion by the same base vibration or shock. The resulting plot can then be used to pick off the response of any linear system, given its natural frequency of oscillation. One such use is in assessing the peak response of buildings to earthquakes. The science of strong ground motion may use some values from the ground response spectrum (calculated from recordings of surface ground motion from seismographs) for correlation with seismic damage. If the input used in calculating a response spectrum is steady-state periodic, then the steady-state result is recorded. Damping must be present, or else the response will be infinite.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 在地球物理学（主要是石油和天然气勘探/开发）中，地震反演是将地震反射数据转换为储层岩石属性定量描述的过程。地震反演可以是叠前或叠后、确定性、随机或地质统计；它通常包括其他储层测量，例如测井和岩心。
In geophysics (primarily in oil-and-gas exploration/development), seismic inversion is the process of transforming seismic reflection data into a quantitative rock-property description of a reservoir. Seismic inversion may be pre- or post-stack, deterministic, random or geostatistical; it typically includes other reservoir measurements such as well logs and cores.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 不确定性量化（UQ）是对计算和现实世界应用中的不确定性进行定量表征和估计的科学。它试图确定如果系统的某些方面不完全已知的话某些结果的可能性有多大。一个例子是预测人体与另一辆车正面相撞时的加速度：即使速度是准确已知的，个别汽车制造过程中的微小差异、每个螺栓的拧紧程度等都会导致不同的结果，而这些结果只能在统计意义上进行预测。自然科学和工程学中的许多问题也充满了不确定性。计算机模拟的计算机实验是研究不确定性量化问题的最常见方法。
Uncertainty Quantification (UQ) is the science of quantitative characterization and estimation of uncertainties in both computational and real world applications. It tries to determine how likely certain outcomes are if some aspects of the system are not exactly known. An example would be to predict the acceleration of a human body in a head-on crash with another car: even if the speed was exactly known, small differences in the manufacturing of individual cars, how tightly every bolt has been tightened, etc., will lead to different results that can only be predicted in a statistical sense. Many problems in the natural sciences and engineering are also rife with sources of uncertainty. Computer experiments on computer simulations are the most common approach to study problems in uncertainty quantification.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 声学海底分类是将海底声学图像划分为离散的物理实体或类别。这是海底测绘、海洋地球物理学、水下声学和海底栖息地测绘领域特别活跃的发展领域。海底分类是表征海底及其栖息地的一种途径。海底特征描述将分类区域与海底物理、地质、化学或生物特性联系起来。使用各种声学成像系统可以进行声学海底分类，包括多波束回声测深仪、侧扫声纳、单波束回声测深仪、干涉测量系统和海底剖面仪。根据声学特性的海底分类可分为两大类；表层海底分类和次表层海底分类。
Acoustic seabed classification is the partitioning of a seabed acoustic image into discrete physical entities or classes. This is a particularly active area of development in the field of seabed mapping, marine geophysics, underwater acoustics and benthic habitat mapping. Seabed classification is one route to characterizing the seabed and its habitats. Seabed characterization makes the link between the classified regions and the seabed physical, geological, chemical or biological properties. Acoustic seabed classification is possible using a wide range of acoustic imaging systems including multibeam echosounders, sidescan sonar, single-beam echosounders, interferometric systems and sub-bottom profilers. Seabed classification based on acoustic properties can be divided into two main categories; surficial seabed classification and sub-surface seabed classification.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 在地球物理学中，导纳是传递函数的一个术语，它测量对施加到物理体（例如大气或地壳）的感兴趣变量（频率、波数）的函数所施加的变化（力、压力）的响应（可以是幅度、力）。在地震学或大地测量学中，它描述了物体对施加的力（潮汐导纳）的影响。导纳 Q(k) 也可以定义为重力谱表示 G(k) 与地形 H(k) 之间的传递函数： G ( k ) = Q ( k ) ⋅ H ( k ) + N ( k ) {\displaystyle G(k)=Q(k)\cdot H(k)+N(k)} N(k) 是数据中的不相关噪声（假设很小），k 是二维波数 ( 2 π / λ {\displaystyle 2\pi /\lambda } ) 其中 l 是波长。
In geophysics, admittance is a term for a transfer function, that measures the response (can be amplitude, force) to the applied change (force, pressure) in function of variable of interest (frequency, wave number) applied to the physical body, such as the atmosphere or the Earth's crust. In seismology or geodesy it describes the effects of the body to applied forcing (tidal admittance ). The admittance Q(k) can be also defined as the transfer function between the spectral representation of gravity G(k) and topography H(k): G ( k ) = Q ( k ) ⋅ H ( k ) + N ( k ) {\displaystyle G(k)=Q(k)\cdot H(k)+N(k)} N(k) is the uncorrelated noise in the data (assumed to be small) and k is the two-dimensional wave number ( 2 π / λ {\displaystyle 2\pi /\lambda } )where l is the wavelength.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 在反射地震学中，滞弹性衰减因子或地震品质因子通常表示为 Q 因子（其中 Q 值越高意味着能量损失越少），用于测量地震波因滞弹性衰减而减弱的情况，滞弹性衰减是由地球地下流体运动和摩擦引起的波能损失，最终转化为热量。当波穿过岩石等介质时，这种吸收会逐渐降低其强度，并最终使其完全消失。 Q 因子可帮助地球物理学家了解这些对地震信号的影响，从而有助于地下结构的研究。
In reflection seismology, the anelastic attenuation factor or seismic quality factor, often expressed as the Q factor (where higher Q means less energy loss), measures how seismic waves weaken due to anelastic attenuation—the loss of wave energy that eventually ends up as heat, caused by fluid movement and friction within the Earth's subsurface. As a wave travels through a medium like rock, this absorption gradually reduces its strength and can eventually make it disappear completely. The Q factor helps geophysicists understand these effects on seismic signals, aiding in the study of underground structures.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 在自然科学中，特别是在涉及应用统计学的大气和地球科学中，异常是物理量与其预期值的持续偏差，例如测量与趋势或模型预测之间的系统差异。同样，标准化异常等于异常除以标准差。一组异常可以作为地图进行空间分析，也可以作为时间序列进行时间分析。不应将其与孤立的异常值混淆。大气科学和地球物理学中有这样的例子。
In the natural sciences, especially in atmospheric and Earth sciences involving applied statistics, an anomaly is a persisting deviation in a physical quantity from its expected value, e.g., the systematic difference between a measurement and a trend or a model prediction. Similarly, a standardized anomaly equals an anomaly divided by a standard deviation. A group of anomalies can be analyzed spatially, as a map, or temporally, as a time series. It should not be confused for an isolated outlier. There are examples in atmospheric sciences and in geophysics.
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Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
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