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Agronomy & Climate气雾培气雾培将根系置于空气环境并间歇喷施营养液，强调根区氧气与水分供应。喷嘴堵塞和供液中断可能快速影响根系状态。
Aeroponics suspends roots in air and applies nutrient mist intermittently to balance water and oxygen supply. Nozzle blockage or interrupted delivery can rapidly affect root condition.
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SciAtlas original bilingual definition · Edited2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Further-reading links provide context; the definition is original and does not assert that the linked page was retrieved or checked.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements.
View content license ↗ 受控环境农业通过设施调节光、温度、湿度和根区条件，减少部分环境波动。能源需求、病害管理和经济边界仍需按作物评估。
Controlled-environment agriculture regulates light, temperature, humidity and root-zone conditions to reduce some environmental variability. Energy demand, disease management and economics still require crop-specific assessment.
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View content license ↗ 温室是利用覆盖结构改变辐射和空气交换的生产设施。其内部环境由天气、结构、通风、作物与控制设备共同决定，并非天然均匀。
A greenhouse is a covered growing structure that alters radiation and air exchange. Weather, geometry, ventilation, crops and control equipment jointly determine its environment, which is not inherently uniform.
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SciAtlas original bilingual definition · Edited2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Further-reading links provide context; the definition is original and does not assert that the linked page was retrieved or checked.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements.
View content license ↗ 微气候是在限定的小空间和时间尺度内的温湿度、风和辐射条件，可能明显不同于标准气象站观测。研究需明确测点高度和空间代表性。
A microclimate is the temperature, humidity, wind and radiation environment at a limited spatial and temporal scale. It may differ from station observations, requiring specified sensor heights and representativeness.
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SciAtlas original bilingual definition · Edited2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Further-reading links provide context; the definition is original and does not assert that the linked page was retrieved or checked.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements.
View content license ↗ 换气次数把每小时通风体积流量与空间体积相比，用于描述整体换气强度。理想混合假设下的平均值不能揭示局部死角或短路气流。
Air changes per hour divides ventilation flow by enclosure volume to describe overall exchange intensity. The well-mixed average does not reveal stagnant zones or short-circuiting airflow.
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View content license ↗ 自然通风利用风压和室内外温差驱动空气交换，不依赖风机提供全部动力。开口位置、风向及防虫网阻力会影响实际流量。
Natural ventilation uses wind pressure and indoor-outdoor temperature differences to drive exchange. Opening locations, wind direction and insect-screen resistance influence the resulting flow.
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SciAtlas original bilingual definition · Edited2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Further-reading links provide context; the definition is original and does not assert that the linked page was retrieved or checked.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements.
View content license ↗ 蒸发冷却通过水蒸发吸收显热来降低空气温度，同时增加水汽。理论降温空间受到湿球温度限制，湿热条件下效果通常较小。
Evaporative cooling lowers air temperature by consuming sensible heat during water evaporation while adding moisture. The wet-bulb temperature limits cooling potential, especially in humid conditions.
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SciAtlas original bilingual definition · Edited2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Further-reading links provide context; the definition is original and does not assert that the linked page was retrieved or checked.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements.
View content license ↗ 湿球温度反映通风湿表面蒸发冷却达到的温度，常用于空气湿热过程分析。仪器通风、辐射误差和气压会影响测量解释。
Wet-bulb temperature represents the temperature reached by a ventilated wet surface through evaporation. Ventilation, radiative errors and atmospheric pressure affect measurement and interpretation.
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View content license ↗ 遮阳率描述遮阳材料减少入射辐射的比例，需注明测量波段和方向。标称遮阳率不能直接代表冠层实际获得的光合有效辐射。
Shading fraction describes the reduction of incident radiation by a shading material for a specified waveband and direction. A nominal rating is not the same as actual photosynthetic light at the canopy.
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View content license ↗ NDVI 由近红外与红光反射率之差除以两者之和计算，用于描述植被光谱特征。土壤背景、云和高覆盖饱和会限制解释。
NDVI divides the near-infrared minus red reflectance by their sum to describe vegetation spectra. Soil background, clouds and saturation at high cover limit its interpretation.
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View content license ↗ EVI 通过额外波段和校正系数减弱部分背景与大气影响，用于植被监测。应使用匹配的传感器处理规范，不能任意套用系数。
EVI uses additional spectral bands and correction coefficients to reduce some background and atmospheric effects in vegetation monitoring. Sensor processing and coefficient conventions must be compatible.
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View content license ↗ 地理信息系统组织、分析和展示带空间位置的数据。坐标参考、分辨率和时间一致性决定叠加分析是否可靠，地图外观不能替代这些检查。
A GIS organizes, analyzes and displays spatially referenced data. Coordinate systems, resolution and temporal consistency govern whether overlays are valid, regardless of how convincing a map looks.
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View content license ↗ 克里金方法基于空间协方差或变异函数对未知位置进行线性预测，并在模型假设下估计误差。它不能保证稀疏数据外推的真实性。
Kriging predicts values at unsampled locations using a spatial covariance or variogram model and estimates uncertainty under its assumptions. It does not guarantee reliable extrapolation from sparse observations.
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View content license ↗ 半变异函数描述观测差异平方的一半如何随空间间距变化，是地统计建模的工具。方向性、趋势和采样布局会影响拟合解释。
A semivariogram describes how half the expected squared difference changes with spatial separation. Anisotropy, trends and sampling layout influence fitting and geostatistical interpretation.
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View content license ↗ 空间插值利用已知测点估算区域内未测位置的值，方法可能基于距离或统计模型。插值分辨率较细不意味着原始数据提供了更高精度。
Spatial interpolation estimates unsampled values from known locations using distance rules or statistical models. A finer output grid does not create precision absent from the original observations.
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View content license ↗ 数字高程模型以规则网格或其他空间结构表示地表高度，用于坡度和汇流分析。高程基准、植被影响和分辨率需要与用途相匹配。
A digital elevation model represents surface elevations on a grid or other spatial structure for slope and drainage analysis. Vertical datum, vegetation effects and resolution must match the intended use.
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View content license ↗ 蒸渗仪通过控制或称量土体水量收支研究蒸散与渗漏。边界、称重精度和植被代表性会影响结果与周围田块的可比性。
A lysimeter measures or controls a soil volume's water balance to study evapotranspiration and drainage. Boundaries, weighing precision and vegetation representativeness affect comparisons with surrounding fields.
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View content license ↗ 张力计利用多孔陶土头与土壤交换水分，测量一定范围内的基质吸力。过干时可能发生空化，因此不能覆盖全部土壤水势范围。
A soil tensiometer exchanges water through a porous cup to measure matric suction over a limited range. Cavitation in dry conditions prevents it from covering the entire soil-water potential range.
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View content license ↗ 时域反射法根据电磁脉冲在介质中的传播特征估算土壤介电性质和含水量。土壤盐度、质地和探针接触会影响校准。
Time-domain reflectometry uses electromagnetic pulse propagation to estimate soil dielectric properties and water content. Salinity, texture and probe contact influence calibration and accuracy.
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View content license ↗ 风速计测量空气运动速度，不同原理的仪器有不同响应和方向特性。温室内部测量需说明高度、位置、采样间隔与障碍物影响。
An anemometer measures air velocity using methods with different response and directional characteristics. Greenhouse measurements require specified height, location, sampling interval and obstruction effects.
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View content license ↗ 总辐射表测量平面上接收的半球短波辐照度，常用于太阳辐射与蒸散研究。水平安装、清洁和校准对长期数据质量至关重要。
A pyranometer measures hemispherical shortwave irradiance on a plane for solar-radiation and evapotranspiration studies. Leveling, cleaning and calibration are essential for reliable long-term measurements.
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View content license ↗ 雨量计把一定承接面积上的降水换算为水深，常见翻斗式和称重式。风致漏捕、蒸发和强降水响应会造成测量偏差。
A rain gauge converts precipitation collected over a known area into depth, commonly using tipping-bucket or weighing designs. Wind undercatch, evaporation and intense-rain response can bias measurements.
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View content license ↗ 平流是空气或流体整体运动输送热量、水汽及物质的过程。它可使局部蒸散能量超出仅由本地净辐射估计的水平。
Advection transports heat, vapor and substances with bulk fluid motion. It can supply additional energy so local evapotranspiration exceeds what local net radiation alone would suggest.
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View content license ↗ 大气稳定度描述空气团垂直位移受到抑制或增强的趋势，影响湍流混合与通风。判断需比较温度层结与适用的绝热变化关系。
Atmospheric stability describes whether vertical air displacement is suppressed or amplified, affecting turbulent mixing and ventilation. Assessment compares stratification with the relevant adiabatic temperature behavior.
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View content license ↗ 显热通量是在不发生相变的温度变化中传递的热量通量，是地表能量平衡的一项。正负号应说明是向上、向下或进入控制体。
Sensible heat flux transfers energy through temperature differences without phase change and is part of the surface energy balance. Its sign must specify the direction relative to the control volume.
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View content license ↗ 潜热通量是蒸发或凝结等相变所关联的能量交换速率，常由水分通量乘汽化潜热得到。汽化潜热随温度变化，单位换算需一致。
Latent heat flux is energy transfer associated with phase change, often obtained by multiplying water flux by latent heat of vaporization. Temperature dependence and unit consistency must be considered.
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View content license ↗ 土壤热通量描述热量穿过土层界面的传递速率，随昼夜和深度变化。埋设热流板的读数可能需要校正板上方土层的储热变化。
Soil heat flux is heat transfer across a soil interface and varies with depth and time. Buried heat-flux plate readings may require correction for changing heat storage above the plate.
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View content license ↗ 霜冻风险评估植物组织达到有害低温的可能性，不能只依据气象站空气温度。辐射冷却、地形、湿度和品种耐寒性都会影响损伤。
Frost risk concerns the chance of damaging tissue temperatures and cannot be inferred from station air temperature alone. Radiative cooling, terrain, humidity and cultivar tolerance all influence injury.
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View content license ↗ 冷积累描述多年生作物解除休眠所经历的低温作用量，存在冷小时和动态模型等方法。不同模型的单位和阈值不可直接互换。
Chill accumulation measures cold exposure associated with dormancy release in perennial crops. Chilling-hour and dynamic models use different units and thresholds that should not be interchanged.
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View content license ↗ 淋洗需求估算为控制根区盐分而需穿过根区的额外水量比例，受水质、作物耐盐和排水影响。没有有效排水时增加灌水未必降低风险。
Leaching requirement estimates additional drainage through the root zone needed to control salts. Water quality, crop tolerance and drainage matter; more irrigation alone may not help without effective drainage.
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