contains 219 terms · This page displays 30 terms, you can enter keywords to query the complete range
Agronomy & Climate水分胁迫系数水分胁迫系数表示根区缺水对作物蒸腾的抑制程度，通常在零与一之间。它依赖土壤储水和允许耗水比例，不能直接代表产量损失。
The water stress coefficient represents reduced transpiration caused by root-zone water deficits, usually between zero and one. It depends on soil storage and depletion limits rather than directly indicating yield loss.
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View content license ↗ 彭曼蒙特斯方程结合地表能量平衡和空气动力输送估计蒸散，输入包括辐射、温湿度和风速。FAO 参考作物形式采用明确的标准化假设。
The Penman–Monteith equation combines surface energy balance and aerodynamic transport to estimate evapotranspiration from radiation, temperature, humidity and wind. The FAO reference form uses standardized assumptions.
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View content license ↗ 水汽压亏缺是空气在给定温度下的饱和水汽压与实际水汽压之差，用于描述干燥需求；叶片温度不同会改变叶气界面的实际差值。
Vapor-pressure deficit is the difference between saturation and actual vapor pressure at a specified temperature. Leaf temperature differences can change the true vapor-pressure gradient at the leaf surface.
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View content license ↗ 相对湿度表示实际水汽压占同温饱和水汽压的百分比。温度改变时，即使空气水汽含量不变，相对湿度也可能明显变化。
Relative humidity expresses actual vapor pressure as a percentage of saturation vapor pressure at the same temperature. It can change substantially with temperature even when water content stays constant.
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View content license ↗ 露点是在水汽压不变时空气达到饱和的温度，可帮助估计凝露风险。表面是否结露还取决于表面温度和局部气流。
Dew point is the temperature at which air becomes saturated at a fixed vapor pressure. Condensation risk also depends on actual surface temperature and local airflow.
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View content license ↗ 饱和水汽压是水汽与液态水或冰达到平衡时的分压，随温度明显变化。水面与冰面公式不同，低温计算须说明所用基准。
Saturation vapor pressure is the water-vapor partial pressure in equilibrium with liquid water or ice. It varies strongly with temperature, and water- and ice-surface formulations differ.
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View content license ↗ 净辐射是地表吸收与发出短波、长波辐射的净差，是土壤热通量和蒸散能量的重要来源。测量应注明方向及符号约定。
Net radiation is the balance of incoming and outgoing shortwave and longwave radiation at a surface. It drives soil heating and evapotranspiration, with sign conventions specified for interpretation.
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View content license ↗ 反照率是表面反射的短波辐射占入射短波辐射的比例，受土壤湿度、植被、覆盖物和太阳高度影响，不应被视为固定材料常数。
Albedo is the fraction of incident shortwave radiation reflected by a surface. Soil moisture, vegetation, covering materials and solar angle affect it, so it is not generally a fixed material constant.
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View content license ↗ 光合有效辐射通常指 400 至 700 纳米波段的辐射。用光子通量密度表示时应采用相应单位，不能直接与总太阳辐射能量混用。
Photosynthetically active radiation conventionally covers wavelengths from 400 to 700 nanometers. Photon-flux measurements require appropriate units and are not interchangeable with total solar energy flux.
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View content license ↗ 日光积分是一天内光合有效光子通量的时间积分，通常以摩尔每平方米每天表示。相同积分下，不同光周期和峰值仍可能造成不同生长反应。
Daily light integral integrates photosynthetic photon flux over a day, commonly in mol per square meter per day. Equal integrals with different photoperiods or peaks can produce different plant responses.
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View content license ↗ 叶面积指数是单位地面面积上的叶片面积，常采用单面叶面积定义。针叶和卷曲叶的定义需说明，它影响光截获与冠层水汽交换。
Leaf area index is leaf area per unit ground area, often defined using one-sided leaf area. Conventions for needles and curled leaves must be specified; the index influences light and vapor exchange.
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View content license ↗ 气孔导度衡量叶片气孔对水汽或二氧化碳传输的通畅程度。所讨论气体、单位、叶面积基准和环境条件必须保持一致。
Stomatal conductance measures the ease of gas transport through stomata, for water vapor or carbon dioxide. Gas identity, units, leaf-area basis and environmental conditions must be specified consistently.
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View content license ↗ 蒸腾是植物组织向大气释放水汽的过程，主要经叶片气孔发生。它与液态水吸收和输送相联系，但不等同于裸土或水面的蒸发。
Transpiration is the release of water vapor from plant tissues, mainly through leaf stomata. It is linked to liquid-water uptake and transport but differs from evaporation from soil or open water.
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View content license ↗ 水势以单位体积水的自由能相对于参考状态表示水运动趋势，常以压力单位报告。压力势、渗透势、基质势和重力势可共同贡献。
Water potential expresses water's free energy per unit volume relative to a reference state, usually in pressure units. Pressure, osmotic, matric and gravitational components contribute to water movement.
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View content license ↗ 叶片水势反映叶组织的水分能量状态，随日内蒸腾和根区供水变化。不同仪器方法和取样时刻的值不能未经说明直接比较。
Leaf water potential characterizes the water-energy status of leaf tissue and changes with transpiration and root supply. Measurements from different methods or sampling times require careful comparison.
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View content license ↗ 膨压是细胞内容物对细胞壁施加的压力，有助于维持组织形态与驱动细胞扩展。它由吸水、溶质和细胞壁力学共同决定。
Turgor pressure is the pressure exerted by cell contents against the cell wall. It supports tissue form and cell expansion and depends on water uptake, solutes and wall mechanics.
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View content license ↗ 田间持水量描述土壤充分湿润后重力排水显著减缓时的含水状态。它受土壤结构与定义时间影响，不是所有土壤共享的固定吸力值。
Field capacity describes soil water content after wetting when gravitational drainage has substantially slowed. It depends on structure and timing and is not one universal suction value for all soils.
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View content license ↗ 永久萎蔫点是特定约定下植物难以恢复膨压时的土壤含水量，常用于估计有效水。实际耐旱能力和土壤根系作用会改变萎蔫表现。
Permanent wilting point is a conventionally defined soil water content at which plants fail to regain turgor. Actual wilting behavior also depends on drought tolerance and soil-root interactions.
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View content license ↗ 总有效水通常由田间持水量与萎蔫点的体积含水率差乘根区深度估算。分层土壤需要逐层累计，不能忽略实际根系深度。
Total available water is commonly estimated from the difference between field-capacity and wilting-point contents times root-zone depth. Layered soils require summation using the actual accessible root zone.
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View content license ↗ 易利用水是作物显著受水分胁迫前可消耗的根区有效水部分，常等于总有效水乘允许耗水比例。比例随作物和蒸散需求变化。
Readily available water is the portion of root-zone available water depleted before substantial crop stress. It is often a fraction of total available water, varying with crop and evaporative demand.
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View content license ↗ 根区亏缺是当前根区储水量相对参考充足状态的不足量，常以毫米水深表示。降雨、灌溉、蒸散和深层渗漏共同改变它。
Root-zone depletion is the water deficit relative to a reference adequately watered condition, often expressed as millimeters. Rain, irrigation, evapotranspiration and deep percolation change it over time.
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View content license ↗ 净灌溉水深是计划补充到目标根区的有效水量按面积折算的水深，不含输配水损失。计算需限定目标含水率和根区厚度。
Net irrigation depth expresses the intended effective addition to the root zone per unit area, excluding delivery losses. Calculation requires a target water content and specified root-zone thickness.
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View content license ↗ 毛灌溉水深是考虑系统效率后的供水量，通常由净灌水深除以效率估算。效率与均匀度并非同一指标，也不能忽略盐分淋洗需求。
Gross irrigation depth includes delivery losses, often estimated by dividing net depth by efficiency. Efficiency differs from uniformity, and salt-leaching requirements may need separate treatment.
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View content license ↗ 灌溉效率将被规定目标有效利用的水量与投入水量比较，必须说明系统边界和有效利用定义。不同层级的效率不能无条件互换。
Irrigation efficiency compares water effectively used for a defined purpose with water supplied. System boundaries and the meaning of beneficial use must be specified before comparing efficiencies.
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View content license ↗ 灌水均匀度描述空间上供水量的一致程度，可用分布均匀度或其他系数表示。平均供水量足够不代表每个位置都获得足够水量。
Irrigation uniformity describes how evenly water is applied across space, using distribution uniformity or other coefficients. An adequate mean application does not ensure adequate water at every location.
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View content license ↗ 滴灌通过局部出水器以较小流量向根区附近供水。效果受堵塞、压差、土壤湿润形态和维护影响，不自动保证最优用水。
Drip irrigation supplies relatively small flows near the root zone through emitters. Performance depends on clogging, pressure differences, soil wetting patterns and maintenance rather than guaranteeing optimal water use.
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View content license ↗ 喷灌用加压喷头把水分散为空中水滴并覆盖地面，受风速、喷头间距和工作压力影响。应用强度过高可能超过土壤入渗能力。
Sprinkler irrigation distributes pressurized water as droplets over the field. Wind, spacing and operating pressure affect uniformity, and excessive application intensity can exceed soil infiltration capacity.
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View content license ↗ 亏缺灌溉在明确管理目标下有意供应少于充分灌溉的水量，常结合敏感生育期安排。其产量与品质影响需针对作物和环境验证。
Deficit irrigation intentionally supplies less water than full irrigation under defined management goals, often considering sensitive growth stages. Yield and quality effects require crop- and environment-specific evaluation.
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View content license ↗ 水肥一体化把可溶性肥料加入灌溉水供应根区。需要控制配伍、浓度、均匀性与回流污染，不能仅按水量比例决定养分需求。
Fertigation delivers soluble nutrients through irrigation water. Compatibility, concentration, uniformity and backflow control matter, and crop nutrient demand cannot be inferred solely from water volume.
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View content license ↗ 灌溉调度决定何时灌溉以及灌多少，综合天气、土壤储水、作物阶段和设备能力。模型估计应由田间测量和实际供水记录校正。
Irrigation scheduling determines timing and amount using weather, soil storage, growth stage and equipment capacity. Model estimates should be checked against field measurements and actual water-delivery records.
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SciAtlas original bilingual definition · Edited2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Further-reading links provide context; the definition is original and does not assert that the linked page was retrieved or checked.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements.
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