contains 219 terms · This page displays 30 terms, you can enter keywords to query the complete range
Agronomy & Climate速率常数在化学动力学中，反应速率常数，又称速率常数 k或 λ是化学反应速率的量化表示方式。 对于反应物A和反应物B反应成生成物C的化学反应，反应速率可表示成此式： d [ C ] d t = k ( T ) [ A ] m [ B ] n {\displaystyle {\frac {d[C]}{dt}}=k(T)[A]^{m}[B]^{n}} k(T)是反应速率常数，会随温度改变。假设反应发生在固定容积内，[A]和[B]代表两种反应物的莫耳浓度。 指数m和n称为反应级数，取决于反应机理，可由实验测定。将m和n相加，可得到反应的总级数。
In chemical kinetics, a reaction rate constant or reaction rate coefficient ( k {\displaystyle k} ) is a proportionality constant which quantifies the rate and direction of a chemical reaction by relating it with the concentration of reactants.
Sources, licensing and use
Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements.
View content license ↗ 阿瑞尼斯方程（英语：Arrhenius equation）是化学反应的速率常数与温度之间的关系式，适用于基元反应和非基元反应，甚至某些非均相反应。其不定积分形式为： k = A e − E a / R T {\displaystyle \ k=Ae^{{-E_{a}}/{RT}}} 或 ln k = − E a R T + ln A {\displaystyle \ \ln k=-{\frac {E_{a}}{RT}}+\ln A} 其中： k {\displaystyle \ k} 为反应的速率常数； A {\displaystyle \ A} 称为指前因子/阿伦尼乌斯常数，单位与 k…
In physical chemistry, the Arrhenius equation is a formula for the temperature dependence of reaction rates. In 1889 while working with Wilhelm Ostwald at Leipzig University, Svante Arrhenius proposed the equation on the basis of the work of Dutch chemist Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff, who had noted in 1884 that the Van 't Hoff equation for the temperature dependence of equilibrium constants suggests such a formula for the rates of both forward and reverse reactions. This equation has a vast and important application in determining the rate of chemical reactions and for calculation of energy of activation. Arrhenius provided a physical justification and interpretation for the formula. Currently, it is best seen as an empirical relationship. It can be used to model the temperature variation of diffusion coefficients, population of crystal vacancies, creep rates, and many other thermally induced processes and reactions. The Eyring equation, developed in 1935, also expresses the relationship between rate and energy.
Sources, licensing and use
Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements.
View content license ↗ 酶（英语：enzyme，/ˈɛnzaɪm/），又称酵素，是一类大分子生物催化剂。酶能加快化学反应的速度（即具有催化作用）。由酶催化的反应中，反应物称为底物，生成的物质称为产物。几乎所有细胞内的代谢过程都离不开酶。酶能大大加快这些过程中各化学反应进行的速率，使代谢产生的物质和能量能满足生物体的需求。细胞中酶的类型对可在该细胞中发生的代谢途径的类型起决定作用。对酶进行研究的学科称为酶学（enzymology）。 目前已知酶可以催化超过5000种生化反应。大部分酶是蛋白质，有少部分酶是具有催化活性的核糖核酸（RNA）分子，这些酶被称为核酶。酶的特异性是由其独特的三级结构决定的。 和所有的催化剂一样，酶通过降低反应激活能来加快化学反应速率。一些酶可以将底物转化为产物的速率提高数百万倍。一个比较极端的例子是乳清苷-5'-磷酸脱羧酶。该酶可以使在无催化剂条件下需要进行数百万年的化学反应在几毫秒内完成。从化学原理上讲，酶和其它所有催化剂一样，反应不会使其物质量发生变化。酶亦不能改变化学平衡，这一点和其它催化剂也是一样的。酶和其它催化剂的不同之处在于，它们的专一性要强得多。一些分子可以影响酶的活性。如酶抑制剂能降低酶的活性，酶激活剂能提高酶的活性。许多药物及毒物是酶的抑制剂。当超出或小于适宜的温度和pH值后，酶的活性会显著下降。 酶在工业和人们的日常生活中的应用也非常广泛。例如，药厂用特定的合成酶来合成抗生素；洗衣粉中添加酶能加速附着在衣物上的蛋白质、淀粉或脂肪渍的分解；嫩肉粉中加入木瓜蛋白酶能将蛋白质分解为稍小的分子，使肉的口感更嫩滑。
An enzyme is a biological macromolecule, usually a protein, that acts as a biological catalyst, accelerating chemical reactions without being consumed in the process. The molecules on which enzymes act are called substrates, which are converted into products. Nearly all metabolic processes within a cell depend on enzyme catalysis to occur at biologically relevant rates. A metabolic pathway is typically composed of a series of enzyme-catalyzed steps. The study of enzymes is known as enzymology, and a related field focuses on pseudoenzymes—proteins that have lost catalytic activity but may retain regulatory or scaffolding functions, often indicated by alterations in their amino acid sequences or unusual 'pseudocatalytic' behavior. Enzymes are known to catalyze over 5,000 types of biochemical reactions. Other biological catalysts include catalytic RNA molecules, or ribozymes, which are sometimes classified as enzymes despite being composed of RNA rather than protein.
Sources, licensing and use
Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements.
View content license ↗ 生物催化（英语：Biocatalysis）是使用天然催化剂酶，对有机化合物进行的化学转化。这种反应过程又被称为“生物转化”。离体的酶和活细胞中的酶都可以参与到这一活动中。
Biocatalysis refers to the use of living (biological) systems or their parts to speed up (catalyze) chemical reactions. In biocatalytic processes, natural catalysts, such as enzymes, perform chemical transformations on organic compounds. Both enzymes that have been more or less isolated and enzymes still residing inside living cells are employed for this task. Modern biotechnology, specifically directed evolution, has made the production of modified or non-natural enzymes possible. This has enabled the development of enzymes that can catalyze novel small molecule transformations that may be difficult or impossible using classical synthetic organic chemistry. Utilizing natural or modified enzymes to perform organic synthesis is termed chemoenzymatic synthesis; the reactions performed by the enzyme are classified as chemoenzymatic reactions.
Sources, licensing and use
Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements.
View content license ↗ 代谢组学是对涉及代谢物、小分子底物、中间体和细胞代谢产物的化学过程的科学研究。具体来说，代谢组学是“对特定细胞过程留下的独特化学指纹的系统研究”，即对其小分子代谢物谱的研究。代谢组代表生物细胞、组织、器官或生物体中完整的代谢物集，它们是细胞过程的最终产物。信使 RNA (mRNA)、基因表达数据和蛋白质组分析揭示了细胞中产生的一组基因产物，这些数据代表了细胞功能的一个方面。相反，代谢分析可以提供该细胞生理学的即时快照，因此，代谢组学提供了生物体的直接“生理状态的功能读数”。
Metabolomics is the scientific study of chemical processes involving metabolites, the small molecule substrates, intermediates, and products of cell metabolism. Specifically, metabolomics is the "systematic study of the unique chemical fingerprints that specific cellular processes leave behind", the study of their small-molecule metabolite profiles. The metabolome represents the complete set of metabolites in a biological cell, tissue, organ, or organism, which are the end products of cellular processes. Messenger RNA (mRNA), gene expression data, and proteomic analyses reveal the set of gene products being produced in the cell, data that represents one aspect of cellular function. Conversely, metabolic profiling can give an instantaneous snapshot of the physiology of that cell, and thus, metabolomics provides a direct "functional readout of the physiological state" of an organism.
Sources, licensing and use
Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 新陈代谢（/məˈtæbəlɪzəm/，源自希腊语 μεταβολή (metabolē)“变化”）是指生物体内发生的一组维持生命的化学反应。新陈代谢的三个主要功能是将食物中的能量转化为细胞过程可用的形式；将食物转化为大分子（生物聚合物）的组成部分，例如蛋白质、脂质、核酸和一些碳水化合物；以及代谢废物的排泄。这些酶催化反应使生物体能够生长、繁殖、维持其结构并对环境做出反应。新陈代谢这个词也可以指生物体中发生的所有化学反应，包括消化以及物质进入不同细胞和不同细胞之间的运输。从更广泛的意义上讲，细胞内发生的一组反应称为中间（或中间）代谢。
Metabolism (/məˈtæbəlɪzəm/, from Greek μεταβολή (metabolē) 'change') refers to the set of life-sustaining chemical reactions that occur within living organisms. The three main functions of metabolism are the conversion of energy in food into a usable form for cellular processes; the conversion of food to building blocks of macromolecules (biopolymers) such as proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and some carbohydrates; and the excretion of metabolic wastes. These enzyme-catalyzed reactions allow organisms to grow, reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments. The word metabolism can also refer to all chemical reactions that occur in living organisms, including digestion and the transportation of substances into and between different cells. In a broader sense, the set of reactions occurring within the cells is called intermediary (or intermediate) metabolism.
Sources, licensing and use
Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 分子生物学是生物学的一个分支，旨在了解作为细胞内和细胞间生物活性基础的分子结构和化学过程。它主要集中于核酸（例如 DNA 和 RNA）和蛋白质的研究。它检查这些大分子的结构、功能和相互作用，因为它们协调复制、转录、翻译、蛋白质合成和复杂的生物分子相互作用等过程。分子生物学领域是多学科的，依赖于遗传学、生物化学、物理学、数学以及最近的计算机科学（生物信息学）的原理。
Molecular biology is a branch of biology that seeks to understand the molecular structures and chemical processes that are the basis of biological activity within and between cells. It is centered largely on the study of nucleic acids (such as DNA and RNA) and proteins. It examines the structure, function, and interactions of these macromolecules as they orchestrate processes such as replication, transcription, translation, protein synthesis, and complex biomolecular interactions. The field of molecular biology is multi-disciplinary, relying on principles from genetics, biochemistry, physics, mathematics, and more recently computer science (bioinformatics).
Sources, licensing and use
Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 遗传学是对生物体中的基因、遗传变异和遗传的研究。它是生物学的一个重要分支，因为遗传对于生物体的进化至关重要。格雷戈尔·孟德尔 (Gregor Mendel) 是一位 19 世纪在布尔诺工作的摩拉维亚奥古斯丁修士，他是第一个对遗传学进行科学研究的人。孟德尔研究了“特质遗传”，即随着时间的推移，特质从父母传给后代的模式。他观察到生物体（豌豆植物）通过离散的“遗传单位”来遗传性状。这个术语至今仍在使用，它对基因的定义有些模糊。基因的性状遗传和分子遗传机制仍然是21世纪遗传学的主要原理，但现代遗传学已扩展到研究基因的功能和行为。
Genetics is the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in organisms. It is an important branch in biology because heredity is vital to organisms' evolution. Gregor Mendel, a Moravian Augustinian friar working in the 19th century in Brno, was the first to study genetics scientifically. Mendel studied "trait inheritance", patterns in the way traits are handed down from parents to offspring over time. He observed that organisms (pea plants) inherit traits by way of discrete "units of inheritance". This term, still used today, is a somewhat ambiguous definition of what is referred to as a gene. Trait inheritance and molecular inheritance mechanisms of genes are still primary principles of genetics in the 21st century, but modern genetics has expanded to study the function and behavior of genes.
Sources, licensing and use
Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 基因表达（英语：gene expression）又称基因表现，是用基因中的信息来合成基因产物的过程。产物通常是蛋白质，但对于非蛋白质编码基因，如tRNA和小核RNA（snRNA），产物则是RNA。所有已知生物都通过基因表达来生成生命所需的高分子物质。 基因表达的过程可概分为：DNA转录、RNA剪接、RNA转译、蛋白质转译后修饰，这四大步骤。基因表达调控控制细胞的结构与功能，同时也是细胞分化、形态发生及生物体的多功能性和适应性的基础。不同的时间、不同的环境，以及不同部位的细胞，或是基因在细胞中的含量差异，皆可能使基因产生不同的表现。基因调节也可以作为进化变化的底物，因为基因表达的时间，位置和数量的控制可以对基因在细胞或多细胞生物体中的功能（作用）具有深远的影响。 在遗传学中，基因表达是基因型产生表现型（即可观察的性状）的最基本的层次。
Gene expression is the process by which the information contained within a gene is used to produce a functional gene product, such as a protein or a functional RNA molecule. This process involves multiple steps, including the transcription of the gene's sequence into RNA. For protein-coding genes, this RNA is further translated into a chain of amino acids that folds into a protein, while for non-coding genes, the resulting RNA itself serves a functional role in the cell. Gene expression enables cells to utilize the genetic information in genes to carry out a wide range of biological functions. While expression levels can be regulated in response to cellular needs and environmental changes, some genes are expressed continuously with little variation.
Sources, licensing and use
Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements.
View content license ↗ 基因组学是分子生物学的一个跨学科领域，专注于基因组的结构、功能、进化、作图和编辑。基因组是生物体的完整 DNA 集，包括其所有基因及其分层的三维结构配置。遗传学是指研究个体基因及其在遗传中的作用，与此相反，基因组学旨在对生物体的所有基因、它们的相互关系以及对生物体的影响进行集体表征和量化。基因可以在酶和信使分子的帮助下指导蛋白质的产生。反过来，蛋白质构成器官和组织等身体结构，并控制化学反应并在细胞之间传递信号。
Genomics is an interdisciplinary field of molecular biology focusing on the structure, function, evolution, mapping, and editing of genomes. A genome is an organism's complete set of DNA, including all of its genes as well as its hierarchical, three-dimensional structural configuration. In contrast to genetics, which refers to the study of individual genes and their roles in inheritance, genomics aims at the collective characterization and quantification of all of an organism's genes, their interrelations and influence on the organism. Genes may direct the production of proteins with the assistance of enzymes and messenger molecules. In turn, proteins make up body structures such as organs and tissues as well as control chemical reactions and carry signals between cells.
Sources, licensing and use
Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 表现型（英语：Phenotype），或称表型，是指一个个体的可观测性状的集合，如身高，瞳孔颜色与血型等，或一些疾病的症状。 这个术语亦涵盖生物体除基因组以外的所有性状如：生物体的形态、发育过程、生化和生理特性，以及所有行为，例如孔雀的炫耀行为。 由于基因表达共同的受基因（基因型遗传、表观遗传）和环境及发育的影响，基因型与表现型会有差异，而进一步加强了遗传变异所带来的个体差异，同一群体的个体之间，复杂性状上的表达差异被称为表现型变异（Phenotypic variation）；由于环境影响，表现型在个体的一生中是可变的。这种多态性奠定自然选择的基础，如果表型都一样，族群只能依突变、漂变等机制演化。 表现型多态性在人类中亦十分普遍，例如镰刀型红血球疾病，该疾病会引起红血球中的载氧血红蛋白异常，缺氧时红血球会变成镰刀型。截至2021年，全球估计有774万人患有镰状细胞疾病，共占当时世界人口约0.1%。值得注意的是，表现型与基因型并不完全等同，世界上共有约5%的人口为镰刀型红血球疾病基因携带者，但由于只携带了一个致病等位基因故未致病，即隐性遗传。 威廉·约翰森于 1911 年提出将基因型与表现型区分，以厘清生物体的遗传物质与“有机界的所有典型现象”之间的差异；这些现象的描述，涉及“形态、结构、大小、颜色以及其他生物特征”。 早期的遗传学家欠缺分子生物学技术，无从直接观察DNA构造，生物和其后代的表型就是他们判别其基因型的工具。
In genetics, the phenotype (from Ancient Greek φαίνω (phaínō) 'to appear, show' and τύπος (túpos) 'mark, type') is the set of observable characteristics or traits of an organism. The term covers all traits of an organism other than its genome, however transitory: the organism's morphology (physical form and structure), its developmental processes, its biochemical and physiological properties whether reversible or irreversible, and all its behavior, such as a peacock's display. An organism's phenotype results from two basic factors: the expression of an organism's unique profile of genes (its genotype) and the influence of environmental factors experienced by that same organism which influence the variable expression of said genes, and thereby shape the resulting profile of defining traits. Since the developmental process is a complex interplay of gene-environment, gene-gene interactions, there is a high degree of phenotypic variation in a given population that extends beyond mere genotypic variation.
Sources, licensing and use
Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements.
View content license ↗ CRISPR（IPA：/ˈkrɪspər/；DJ：/ˈkrispə/；KK：/ˈkrɪspɚ/）是由日本科学家于1987年在大肠杆菌的基因组中发现到特别规律的DNA序列。即某一小段DNA会一直重复，重复片段之间又有相等长的间隔，此序列就是“Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats，简称： CRISPR”亦可称“CRISPR-associated proteins，简称： Cap”；中文各别译为“规律间隔成簇短回文重复序列”和“规律间隔成簇短回文重复序列及其相关蛋白基因”。 CRISPR是存在于细菌、古菌中的一种基因，该类基因组中含有曾经攻击过该细菌的病毒之基因片段。细菌透过这些基因片段来侦测并抵抗相同病毒的攻击，并摧毁其DNA。这类基因组是细菌免疫系统的关键组成部分。透过这些基因组，人类可以准确且有效地编辑生物体内的部分基因，也就是CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术。
CRISPR (; acronym for clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) is a family of DNA sequences found in the genomes of prokaryotic organisms such as bacteria and archaea. Each sequence within an individual prokaryotic CRISPR is derived from a DNA fragment of a bacteriophage that had previously infected the prokaryote or one of its ancestors. These sequences are used to detect and destroy DNA from similar bacteriophages during subsequent infections. Hence these sequences play a key role in the antiviral (i.e. anti-phage) defense system of prokaryotes and provide a form of heritable, acquired immunity. CRISPR is found in approximately 50% of sequenced bacterial genomes and nearly 90% of sequenced archaea. Cas9 (or "CRISPR-associated protein 9") is an enzyme that uses CRISPR sequences as a guide to recognize and open up specific strands of DNA that are complementary to the CRISPR sequence. Cas9 enzymes together with CRISPR sequences form the basis of a technology known as CRISPR-Cas9 that can be used to edit genes within living organisms.
Sources, licensing and use
Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements.
View content license ↗ GC含量（GC-content，guanine-cytosine content）是分子生物学和遗传学的术语，指研究对象（例如放线菌）的全基因组（DNA 或 RNA 分子）或其片段中，含氮碱基鸟嘌呤（G）或胞嘧啶（C）任何一个所占的百分比。一种生物的基因组或特定DNA、RNA片段有特定的GC含量。 在DNA链中G和C是以三个氢键相连，而T和A则是两个氢键相连的。氢键的多少体现连接的能量，氢键多的不容易被打断。 在双链DNA中，腺嘌呤与胸腺嘧啶（A/T）之比，以及鸟嘌呤与胞嘧啶（G/C）之比都是1。但是，（A+T）/（G+C）之比则随DNA的种类不同而异。GC含量愈高，DNA的密度也愈高，同时热及碱不易使之变性，因此利用这一特性便可进行DNA的分离或测定。 测定GC含量的方法有：Tm法，HPLC法
In molecular biology and genetics, GC-content (or G+C content or guanine-cytosine content) is the percentage of nitrogenous bases in a DNA or RNA molecule that are either guanine (G) or cytosine (C). This measure indicates the proportion of G and C bases out of an implied four total bases, also including adenine and thymine in DNA and adenine and uracil in RNA. GC-content may be given for a certain fragment of DNA or RNA or for an entire genome. When it refers to a fragment, it may denote the GC-content of an individual gene or section of a gene (domain), a group of genes or gene clusters, a non-coding region, or a synthetic oligonucleotide such as a primer.
Sources, licensing and use
Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements.
View content license ↗ 荧光（英语：fluorescence）是光致冷发光现象，可以在气体、液体或固体化学体系中发生。当某种常温物质分子在单重基态吸收某种波长的入射光（通常是紫外线或X光）后被激发至单重激发态而产生的。当电子从激发态返回到基态时（几乎立即（大约在 10^-8 秒内），是由于材料中的原子受到激发后会释放出一个能量较低、波长较长的光子，其能量低于之前吸收的光子（通常波长比入射光的波长，在可见光波段）而且由于再发射过程非常迅速，一旦激发源被移除，荧光便会立即停止，而不像磷光那样会持续发光一段时间。（其与磷光不同，是因为电子的自旋方向仍然与基态电子保持配对。）有这性质的出射光就称为荧光。一般以持续发光时间来分辨荧光或磷光，持续发光时间短于10−8秒的称为荧光，长于10−8秒的称为磷光(原因详见磷光)，严谨的定义基于发光的物理机制，而非持续时间。在日常生活，人们通常把各种微弱的光都一律称为荧光。
Fluorescence is one of two kinds of photoluminescence, the emission of light by a substance that has absorbed light or other electromagnetic radiation. When exposed to ultraviolet radiation, many substances will glow (fluoresce) with colored visible light. The color of the light emitted depends on the chemical composition of the substance. Fluorescent materials generally cease to glow nearly immediately when the radiation source stops. This distinguishes them from the other type of light emission, phosphorescence. Phosphorescent materials continue to emit light for some time after the radiation stops. This difference in duration is a result of quantum spin effects. Fluorescence occurs when a photon from incoming radiation is absorbed by a molecule, exciting it to a higher energy level, followed by the emission of light as the molecule returns to a lower energy state. The emitted light may have a longer wavelength and, therefore, a lower photon energy than the absorbed radiation.
Sources, licensing and use
Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements.
View content license ↗ 在生态学中，α多样性（α-多样性）是一个地点在局部范围内的平均物种多样性。该术语由 R. H. Whittaker 与术语 beta 多样性 (β-diversity) 和 gamma 多样性 (γ-diversity) 一起引入。惠特克的想法是，景观中的总物种多样性（伽玛多样性）由两个不同的因素决定，即更局部范围内的站点的平均物种多样性（α多样性）和这些站点之间的差异（β多样性）。
In ecology, alpha diversity (α-diversity) is the mean species diversity in a site at a local scale. The term was introduced by R. H. Whittaker together with the terms beta diversity (β-diversity) and gamma diversity (γ-diversity). Whittaker's idea was that the total species diversity in a landscape (gamma diversity) is determined by two different things, the mean species diversity in sites at a more local scale (alpha diversity) and the differentiation among those sites (beta diversity).
Sources, licensing and use
Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 在生态学中，β多样性（β-多样性或真正的β多样性）是区域和当地物种多样性之间的比率。该术语由 R. H. Whittaker 与术语 alpha 多样性（α-diversity）和 gamma 多样性（γ-diversity）一起引入。这个想法是，景观中的总物种多样性（γ）由两个不同的因素决定：当地水平的平均物种多样性（α）和当地地点之间的差异（β）。 β多样性的其他表述包括“绝对物种更替”、“惠特克物种更替”和“比例物种更替”。惠特克提出了几种量化分化的方法，后来的生态学家发明了更多方法。因此，现在有许多已定义的 beta 多样性类型。有些人使用β多样性来指代与成分异质性相关的几个指标中的任何一个。
In ecology, beta diversity (β-diversity or true beta diversity) is the ratio between regional and local species diversity. The term was introduced by R. H. Whittaker together with the terms alpha diversity (α-diversity) and gamma diversity (γ-diversity). The idea was that the total species diversity in a landscape (γ) is determined by two different things: the mean species diversity at the local level (α) and the differentiation among local sites (β). Other formulations for beta diversity include "absolute species turnover", "Whittaker's species turnover" and "proportional species turnover". Whittaker proposed several ways of quantifying differentiation, and subsequent generations of ecologists have invented more. As a result, there are now many defined types of beta diversity. Some use beta diversity to refer to any of several indices related to compositional heterogeneity.
Sources, licensing and use
Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 微生物生态学（或环境微生物学）是研究微生物与其环境相互作用的学科。众所周知，微生物在其物种和其他物种内具有有益、中性和有害的生态关系。许多科学家研究了自然与微生物之间的关系：Martinus Beijerinck、Sergei Winogradsky、Louis Pasteur、Robert Koch、Lorenz Hiltner、Dionicia Gamboa 等，以了解这些微生物在生物和化学途径中的具体作用以及这些微生物的进化。目前，有几种类型的生物技术允许科学家分析这些微生物的生物和化学特性。已知许多微生物与环境中的其他生物体形成不同的共生关系。
Microbial ecology (or environmental microbiology) is a discipline where the interaction of microorganisms and their environment are studied. Microorganisms are known to have beneficial, neutral and harmful ecological relationships within their species and other species. Many scientists have studied the relationship between nature and microorganisms: Martinus Beijerinck, Sergei Winogradsky, Louis Pasteur, Robert Koch, Lorenz Hiltner, Dionicia Gamboa and many more, to understand the specific roles that these microorganisms have in biological and chemical pathways and the evolution of these microorganisms. Currently, there are several types of biotechnologies that have allowed scientists to analyze the biological and chemical properties of these microorganisms. Many of these microorganisms have been known to form different symbiotic relationships with other organisms in their environment.
Sources, licensing and use
Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 微生物组（源自古希腊语 μικρός (mikrós)“小”和 βίος (bíos)“生命”）是通常可以在任何特定栖息地一起生活的微生物群落。 Whipps 等人于 1988 年对其进行了更精确的定义。 “一个特征性的微生物群落，占据一个相当明确的栖息地，具有独特的理化特性。因此，该术语不仅指所涉及的微生物，还包括它们的活动范围”。 2020年，国际专家小组公布了他们关于微生物组定义的讨论结果。
A microbiome (from Ancient Greek μικρός (mikrós) 'small' and βίος (bíos) 'life') is the community of microorganisms that can usually be found living together in any given habitat. It was defined more precisely in 1988 by Whipps et al. as "a characteristic microbial community occupying a reasonably well-defined habitat which has distinct physio-chemical properties. The term thus not only refers to the microorganisms involved but also encompasses their theatre of activity". In 2020, an international panel of experts published the outcome of their discussions on the definition of the microbiome.
Sources, licensing and use
Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 微生物的聚集体，其中细胞经常嵌入自产的胞外聚合物 (EPS) 基质中，相互粘附和/或粘附到表面。生物膜是微生物的互养群落，其中细胞彼此粘附，并且通常也粘附在表面上。这些贴壁细胞嵌入由它们产生的细胞外聚合物 (EPS) 组成的粘稠细胞外基质中，这些物质通常是细胞外多糖、蛋白质、脂质和 DNA 的聚合物组合。由于它们具有三维结构并代表微生物的群落生活方式，因此它们被比喻为“微生物的城市”。
Aggregate of microorganisms in which cells that are frequently embedded within a self-produced matrix of extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) adhere to each other and/or to a surface. A biofilm is a syntrophic community of microorganisms in which cells stick to each other and often also to a surface. These adherent cells become embedded within a slimy extracellular matrix composed of extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) produced by them, which are typically a polymeric combination of extracellular polysaccharides, proteins, lipids and DNA. Because they have a three-dimensional structure and represent a community lifestyle for microorganisms, they have been metaphorically described as "cities for microbes".
Sources, licensing and use
Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 真菌学是生物学的一个分支，涉及真菌的研究，包括真菌的分类学、遗传学、生化特性和人类的使用。真菌可以是火种、食物和传统药物的来源，也可以是致幻剂、毒药和感染的来源。酵母是真菌王国中使用最广泛的成员之一，特别是在食品制造领域。真菌学与植物病理学（植物病害研究）领域有重叠。这两个学科密切相关，因为大多数植物病原体是真菌。专门研究真菌学的生物学家被称为真菌学家。真菌学一词源自古希腊语：μύκης (mukēs)，意思是“真菌”，后缀 -λογία (-logia)，意思是“研究”。先驱真菌学家包括埃利亚斯·马格努斯·弗里斯、克里斯蒂安·亨德里克·佩尔松、海因里希·安东·德巴里、伊丽莎白·伊顿·莫尔斯和刘易斯·大卫·德·施韦尼茨。
Mycology is the branch of biology concerned with the study of fungi, including their taxonomy, genetics, biochemical properties, and use by humans. Fungi can be a source of tinder, food, and traditional medicine, as well as entheogens, poison, and infection. Yeasts are among the most heavily utilized members of the fungus kingdom, particularly in food manufacturing. Mycology overlaps with the field of phytopathology, the study of plant diseases. The two disciplines are closely related, because the majority of plant pathogens are fungi. A biologist specializing in mycology is called a mycologist. The word mycology comes from the Ancient Greek: μύκης (mukēs), meaning "fungus" and the suffix -λογία (-logia), meaning "study." Pioneer mycologists included Elias Magnus Fries, Christiaan Hendrik Persoon, Heinrich Anton de Bary, Elizabeth Eaton Morse, and Lewis David de Schweinitz.
Sources, licensing and use
Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 生物强化是城市废水处理中常用的一种生物修复方法，用于重启活性污泥生物反应器。大多数可用的培养物含有微生物培养物，已经含有所有必需的微生物（地衣芽孢杆菌、苏云金芽孢杆菌、多粘假单胞菌、嗜热脂肪芽孢杆菌、青霉属、曲霉属、黄杆菌属、节杆菌属、假单胞菌属、链霉菌属、酵母属等）。活性污泥系统通常基于细菌、原生动物、线虫、轮虫和真菌等微生物，它们能够降解可生物降解的有机物。使用生物强化可以带来许多积极的成果，例如提高物质分解过程的效率和速度以及减少某个区域的有毒颗粒。
Bioaugmentation is a type of bioremediation commonly used in municipal wastewater treatment to restart activated sludge bioreactors. Most cultures available contain microbial cultures, already containing all necessary microorganisms (B. licheniformis, B. thuringiensis, P. polymyxa, B. stearothermophilus, Penicillium sp., Aspergillus sp., Flavobacterium, Arthrobacter, Pseudomonas, Streptomyces, Saccharomyces, etc.). Activated sludge systems are generally based on microorganisms like bacteria, protozoa, nematodes, rotifers, and fungi, which are capable of degrading biodegradable organic matter. There are many positive outcomes from the use of bioaugmentation, such as the improvement in efficiency and speed of the process of breaking down substances and the reduction of toxic particles in an area.
Sources, licensing and use
Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 农业微生物学是微生物学的一个分支，研究与植物相关的微生物以及动植物疾病。它还涉及土壤肥力的微生物学，例如有机物的微生物降解和土壤养分转化。农业微生物学的首要目标是全面探索细菌、真菌等有益微生物与作物之间的相互作用。它还涉及土壤肥力的微生物学，例如有机物的微生物降解和土壤养分转化。生物肥料被视为有害化肥的有前景、可持续的替代品，因为它们能够通过增强作物免疫力和发育来提高产量和土壤肥力。当施用于土壤、植物或种子时，这些生物肥料会在根际或植物根部内部定殖。
Agricultural microbiology is a branch of microbiology dealing with plant-associated microbes and plant and animal diseases. It also deals with the microbiology of soil fertility, such as microbial degradation of organic matter and soil nutrient transformations. The primary goal of agricultural microbiology is to comprehensively explore the interactions between beneficial microorganisms like bacteria and fungi with crops. It also deals with the microbiology of soil fertility, such as microbial degradation of organic matter and soil nutrient transformations. Biofertilizers are seen as promising, sustainable alternatives to harmful chemical fertilizers due to their ability to increase yield and soil fertility through enhancing crop immunity and development. When applied to the soil, plant, or seed these biofertilizers colonize the rhizosphere or interior of the plant root.
Sources, licensing and use
Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 生物碳固定或碳同化是生物体将无机碳（特别是二氧化碳，CO2）转化为有机化合物的过程。然后，这些有机化合物被用来储存能量并作为其他生物分子的结构。碳主要通过光合作用固定，但一些生物体在没有阳光的情况下使用化学合成。化学合成是由化学能而非阳光驱动的碳固定。生物碳固定过程在全球碳循环中发挥着至关重要的作用，因为它是从大气中去除二氧化碳并将其纳入生物量的主要机制。有机化合物的初级生产使碳能够进入生物圈。碳被认为是生命所必需的，是构建有机化合物的基本元素。
Biological carbon fixation, or carbon assimilation, is the process by which living organisms convert inorganic carbon (particularly carbon dioxide, CO2) to organic compounds. These organic compounds are then used to store energy and as structures for other biomolecules. Carbon is primarily fixed through photosynthesis, but some organisms use chemosynthesis in the absence of sunlight. Chemosynthesis is carbon fixation driven by chemical energy rather than from sunlight. The process of biological carbon fixation plays a crucial role in the global carbon cycle, as it serves as the primary mechanism for removing CO2 from the atmosphere and incorporating it into living biomass. The primary production of organic compounds allows carbon to enter the biosphere. Carbon is considered essential for life as a base element for building organic compounds.
Sources, licensing and use
Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 石营养生物是利用无机底物（通常是矿物来源）获得还原当量的生物体，用于通过有氧或无氧呼吸进行生物合成（例如二氧化碳固定）或能量保存（即 ATP 产生）。虽然广义上的石质营养生物包括像植物这样的光石营养生物，但化学石营养生物则完全是微生物。没有已知的大型动物具有使用无机化合物作为电子源的能力。大型动物和石营养生物可以形成共生关系，在这种情况下，石营养生物被称为“原核共生体”。一个例子是巨型管虫中的化能营养细菌。或质体，它们是植物细胞内的细胞器，可能是从光养蓝藻类生物体进化而来的。化能营养生物属于细菌和古细菌领域。
Lithotrophs are a diverse group of organisms using an inorganic substrate (usually of mineral origin) to obtain reducing equivalents for use in biosynthesis (e.g., carbon dioxide fixation) or energy conservation (i.e., ATP production) via aerobic or anaerobic respiration. While lithotrophs in the broader sense include photolithotrophs like plants, chemolithotrophs are exclusively microorganisms; no known macrofauna possesses the ability to use inorganic compounds as electron sources. Macrofauna and lithotrophs can form symbiotic relationships, in which case the lithotrophs are called "prokaryotic symbionts". An example of this is chemolithotrophic bacteria in giant tube worms; or plastids, which are organelles within plant cells that may have evolved from photolithotrophic cyanobacteria-like organisms. Chemolithotrophs belong to the domains Bacteria and Archaea.
Sources, licensing and use
Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 植物基因组组装代表了植物物种的完整基因组序列，通过使用从不同类型的测序技术获得的DNA（脱氧核糖核酸）片段将其组装成染色体和其他细胞器。
A plant genome assembly represents the complete genomic sequence of a plant species, which is assembled into chromosomes and other organelles by using DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) fragments that are obtained from different types of sequencing technology.
Sources, licensing and use
Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ Phytozome 是一个在线生物信息学数据库和比较基因组学平台，可提供对植物和绿藻基因组测序的访问。该资源由联合基因组研究所 (JGI) 开发和维护，该研究所是美国能源部 (DOE) 的用户设施，由劳伦斯伯克利国家实验室运营。 Phytozome 为 1,200 多种绿色植物和藻类物种提供高质量的带注释的基因组序列、基因模型、直系同源分配和比较分析工具。该平台使研究人员能够在序列、基因结构、基因家族和基因组组织水平上研究植物基因的进化史。它是植物基因组学研究的核心资源，支持作物改良、生态学、生物能源和植物进化的研究。
Phytozome is an online bioinformatics database and comparative genomics platform that provides access to sequenced plant and green algal genomes. The resource is developed and maintained by the Joint Genome Institute (JGI), a U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) user facility operated by the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Phytozome provides high-quality annotated genome sequences, gene models, orthology assignments, and comparative analysis tools for over 1,200 green plant and algal species. The platform enables researchers to study the evolutionary history of plant genes at the level of sequence, gene structure, gene family, and genome organization. It serves as a central resource for plant genomics research, supporting studies in crop improvement, ecology, bioenergy, and plant evolution.
Sources, licensing and use
Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 基因本体论 (GO) 是一项重要的生物信息学计划，旨在统一所有物种的基因和基因产物属性的表示。更具体地说，该项目旨在：1）维护和开发其基因和基因产品属性的受控词汇表； 2）对基因和基因产物进行注释，并同化和传播注释数据； 3) 提供工具，以便轻松访问项目提供的数据的各个方面，并使用 GO 对实验数据进行功能解释，例如通过富集分析。 GO 是开放生物医学本体这一更大的分类工作的一部分，是 OBO Foundry 的初始候选成员之一。基因命名法侧重于基因和基因产物，而基因本体论侧重于基因和基因产物的功能。
The Gene Ontology (GO) is a major bioinformatics initiative to unify the representation of gene and gene product attributes across all species. More specifically, the project aims to: 1) maintain and develop its controlled vocabulary of gene and gene product attributes; 2) annotate genes and gene products, and assimilate and disseminate annotation data; and 3) provide tools for easy access to all aspects of the data provided by the project, and to enable functional interpretation of experimental data using the GO, for example via enrichment analysis. GO is part of a larger classification effort, the Open Biomedical Ontologies, being one of the Initial Candidate Members of the OBO Foundry. Whereas gene nomenclature focuses on gene and gene products, the Gene Ontology focuses on the function of the genes and gene products.
Sources, licensing and use
Wikipedia contributors · Retrieved2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Introductions were extracted as plain text and shortened. Language versions may emphasize different aspects.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements. The Chinese definition is a machine-assisted translation of the cited English introduction; check technical terminology against the original.
View content license ↗ 参考蒸散量描述规定的参考植被表面在水分不受限时的蒸发与蒸腾总量，用于比较天气的蒸散需求；它不是任意作物的实际耗水量。
Reference evapotranspiration describes water loss from a defined, well-watered reference surface. It compares atmospheric evaporative demand rather than directly measuring any crop's actual water use.
Sources, licensing and use
SciAtlas original bilingual definition · Edited2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Further-reading links provide context; the definition is original and does not assert that the linked page was retrieved or checked.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements.
View content license ↗ 潜在蒸散量是在规定植被和充分供水假设下估计的蒸散量，其数值依定义与模型而变；引用时应说明与参考蒸散量的区别。
Potential evapotranspiration estimates water loss under specified vegetation and unlimited-water assumptions. Values depend on the definition and model and should be distinguished from reference evapotranspiration.
Sources, licensing and use
SciAtlas original bilingual definition · Edited2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Further-reading links provide context; the definition is original and does not assert that the linked page was retrieved or checked.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements.
View content license ↗ 作物系数把参考蒸散量换算为特定作物、阶段和管理条件下的蒸散估计。单系数与双系数方法对土壤蒸发的处理不同。
A crop coefficient scales reference evapotranspiration for a crop, growth stage and management setting. Single- and dual-coefficient approaches treat soil evaporation differently.
Sources, licensing and use
SciAtlas original bilingual definition · Edited2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0. Further-reading links provide context; the definition is original and does not assert that the linked page was retrieved or checked.For concept reference; consult the original standards for authoritative requirements.
View content license ↗