地球与地质Space climate空间气候是日光层内太阳活动的长期变化，包括太阳风、行星际磁场（IMF）及其对近地环境（包括地球磁层和电离层、上层和下层大气、气候和其他相关系统）的影响。空间气候科学研究是空间物理学、太阳物理学、太阳物理学和地球物理学的交叉学科领域。因此，它在概念上与陆地气候学相关，并且它对地球大气的影响在气候科学中得到考虑。
Space climate is the long-term variation in solar activity within the heliosphere, including the solar wind, the Interplanetary magnetic field (IMF), and their effects in the near-Earth environment, including the magnetosphere of Earth and the ionosphere, the upper and lower atmosphere, climate, and other related systems. The scientific study of space climate is an interdisciplinary field of space physics, solar physics, heliophysics, and geophysics. It is thus conceptually related to terrestrial climatology, and its effects on the atmosphere of Earth are considered in climate science.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗频谱噪声测井（SNL）是一种用于油气井的声学噪声测量技术，用于油井完整性分析、生产和注入间隔的识别以及储层的水动力表征。 SNL 记录流体或气体流经储层或井下组件泄漏时产生的声学噪声。
Spectral noise logging (SNL) is an acoustic noise measuring technique used in oil and gas wells for well integrity analysis, identification of production and injection intervals and hydrodynamic characterisation of the reservoir. SNL records acoustic noise generated by fluid or gas flow through the reservoir or leaks in downhole well components.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗稳定反Q滤波是一种考虑方法稳定性的提高反射地震图像分辨率的数据处理技术。 Q 是非弹性衰减因子或地震品质因子，是地震波移动时能量损失的量度。当我们用地震模型进行计算时，为了获得解，我们总是必须考虑不稳定性问题，并尝试获得地震反Q滤波的稳定解。
Stabilized inverse Q filtering is a data processing technology for enhancing the resolution of reflection seismology images where the stability of the method used is considered. Q is the anelastic attenuation factor or the seismic quality factor, a measure of the energy loss as the seismic wave moves. To obtain a solution when we make computations with a seismic model we always have to consider the problem of instability and try to obtain a stabilized solution for seismic inverse Q filtering.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗在地震学中，衰减和色散的标准线性固体 Q 模型（SLS Q 模型）也称为齐纳 Q 模型，是定义地球如何响应地震波的众多 Q 模型之一。当平面波通过均匀粘弹性介质传播时，幅度衰减和速度色散的影响可以方便地组合成一个无量纲参数 Q，即介质品质因数。传输损失可能由于摩擦或流体运动而发生，并且无论物理机制如何，都可以用经验公式方便地描述它们，其中弹性模量和传播速度是频率的复杂函数。 Ursin 和 Toverud 比较了包括上述模型（SLS 模型）在内的不同 Q 模型。
In seismology, the standard linear solid Q model (SLS Q model) for attenuation and dispersion, also known as the Zener Q model, is one of many Q models that gives a definition of how the earth responds to seismic waves. When a plane wave propagates through a homogeneous viscoelastic medium, the effects of amplitude attenuation and velocity dispersion may be combined conveniently into a single dimensionless parameter, Q, the medium-quality factor. Transmission losses may occur due to friction or fluid movement, and whatever the physical mechanism, they can be conveniently described with an empirical formulation where elastic moduli and propagation velocity are complex functions of frequency. Ursin and Toverud compared different Q models including the above model (SLS-model).
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗统计地震学是地震学的一个子领域，它将严格的统计方法和随机建模应用于地震科学。统计地震学的方法论是一种自上而下的方法，通常忽略单次地震发生的具体物理机制，而关注大地震发生的趋势。基本思想是由早期的经验发现形成的，例如古腾堡-里希特震级频率定律和大森余震衰减定律。 Ogata、Vere-Jones、Kagan 等人的著作中，地震发生的统计方法已经具体化为自己的一个子领域。统计地震学通过分析事件在时间、空间、规模和震源机制方向上的多维分布来解释地震的发生。
Statistical seismology is a subfield of seismology that applies rigorous statistical methods and stochastic modeling to earthquake science. The methodological approach in statistical seismology is a top-down approach that typically ignores the specific physical mechanisms of a single earthquake occurrence and focuses on trends in bulk earthquake occurrence. Foundational ideas were shaped by early empirical discoveries like the Gutenberg-Richter magnitude-frequency law and Omori's law of aftershock decay. The statistical approach to earthquake occurrence has crystallized into a sub-field of its own by the works Ogata, Vere-Jones, Kagan and others. Statistical seismology explains earthquake occurrence by analyzing the multidimensional distribution of events in time, space, size, and focal mechanism orientation.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗应变仪是地球物理学家用来测量地球变形的仪器。线性应变仪使用固体材料（短距离）或激光干涉仪（长距离，长达数百米）测量两点之间距离的变化。使用实心长度标准的类型是贝尼奥夫于1932年发明的，使用的是铁管；后来的仪器使用熔融石英制成的棒。这种类型的现代仪器可以测量非常小距离内的长度变化，并且通常放置在钻孔中以测量钻孔直径的微小变化。另一种类型的钻孔仪器检测充满流体（例如硅油）的体积的变化。
A strainmeter is an instrument used by geophysicists to measure the deformation of the Earth. Linear strainmeters measure the changes in the distance between two points, using either a solid piece of material (over a short distance) or a laser interferometer (over a long distance, up to several hundred meters). The type using a solid length standard was invented by Benioff in 1932, using an iron pipe; later instruments used rods made of fused quartz. Modern instruments of this type can make measurements of length changes over very small distances, and are commonly placed in boreholes to measure small changes in the diameter of the borehole. Another type of borehole instrument detects changes in a volume filled with fluid (such as silicone oil).
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗潮汐理论是应用连续介质力学来解释和预测行星体和卫星体及其大气和海洋（特别是地球的海洋）在另一个天体或天体（特别是月球和太阳）的引力载荷下的潮汐变形。
The theory of tides is the application of continuum mechanics to interpret and predict the tidal deformations of planetary and satellite bodies and their atmospheres and oceans (especially Earth's oceans) under the gravitational loading of another astronomical body or bodies (especially the Moon and Sun).
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗热物理学是热力学在地球物理学和更广泛的行星科学中的应用。它也可以用来指热力学和传输特性领域。
Thermophysics is the application of thermodynamics to geophysics and to planetary science more broadly. It may also be used to refer to the field of thermodynamic and transport properties.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗边缘海潮汐是受大陆边缘半封闭区域位置影响的潮汐，与公海潮汐不同。潮汐是由月球、太阳和地球之间的引力相互作用引起的水位变化。由此产生的潮汐力是重力的次级效应：它是实际重力与离心力之间的差值。虽然离心力在地球上是恒定的，但重力取决于两个物体之间的距离，因此在地球上不是恒定的。因此，潮汐力是地球上每个位置上这两种力之间的差值。在理想情况下，假设一颗行星没有陆地（水行星），潮汐力将导致地球两侧出现两个潮汐隆起。这称为平衡潮汐。
Tides in marginal seas are tides affected by their location in semi-enclosed areas along the margins of continents and differ from tides in the open oceans. Tides are water level variations caused by the gravitational interaction between the Moon, the Sun and the Earth. The resulting tidal force is a secondary effect of gravity: it is the difference between the actual gravitational force and the centrifugal force. While the centrifugal force is constant across the Earth, the gravitational force is dependent on the distance between the two bodies and is therefore not constant across the Earth. The tidal force is thus the difference between these two forces on each location on the Earth. In an idealized situation, assuming a planet with no landmasses (an aqua planet), the tidal force would result in two tidal bulges on opposite sides of the earth. This is called the equilibrium tide.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗地形罗斯贝波是由于底部不规则而形成的地球物理波。对于海洋动力学而言，底部不规则性位于海底，例如洋中脊。对于大气动力学，地球物理流体动力学的另一个主要分支，在陆地上发现了底部不规则性，例如山脉的形式。地形罗斯比波是以气象学家卡尔-古斯塔夫·罗斯比命名的两种地球物理波之一。另一种类型的罗斯贝波称为行星罗斯贝波，具有不同的物理起源。行星罗斯贝波是由于地球上科里奥利参数的变化而形成的。罗斯贝波是准地转色散波。这意味着不仅科里奥利力和压力梯度力影响流动（如地转流），而且惯性也影响流动。
Topographic Rossby waves are geophysical waves that form due to bottom irregularities. For ocean dynamics, the bottom irregularities are on the ocean floor such as the mid-ocean ridge. For atmospheric dynamics, the other primary branch of geophysical fluid dynamics, the bottom irregularities are found on land, for example in the form of mountains. Topographic Rossby waves are one of two types of geophysical waves named after the meteorologist Carl-Gustaf Rossby. The other type of Rossby waves are called planetary Rossby waves and have a different physical origin. Planetary Rossby waves form due to the changing Coriolis parameter over the earth. Rossby waves are quasi-geostrophic, dispersive waves. This means that not only the Coriolis force and the pressure-gradient force influence the flow, as in geostrophic flow, but also inertia.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗超低速区（ULVZ）是核幔边界上地震速度极低的斑块。这些区域的直径有数百公里，厚度有数十公里。它们的剪切波速度可比周围材料低 45%。这些区域的组成和起源仍不确定。这些区域似乎与非洲和太平洋大型低剪切速度省份 (LLSVP) 的边缘以及热点的位置相关。
Ultra low velocity zones (ULVZs) are patches on the core-mantle boundary that have extremely low seismic velocities. The zones are mapped to be hundreds of kilometers in diameter and tens of kilometers thick. Their shear wave velocities can be up to 45% lower than surrounding material. The composition and origin of the zones remain uncertain. The zones appear to correlate with edges of the African and Pacific large low-shear-velocity provinces (LLSVPs) as well as the location of hotspots.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗向上延拓是石油勘探和地球物理学中使用的一种方法，通过使用较低海拔处的测量值并向上推断（假设连续性）来估计重力或磁场的值。该技术通常用于将不同的测量值合并到一个共同的水平，以减少分散并允许更容易的分析。
Upward continuation is a method used in oil exploration and geophysics to estimate the values of a gravitational or magnetic field by using measurements at a lower elevation and extrapolating upward, assuming continuity. This technique is commonly used to merge different measurements to a common level so as to reduce scatter and allow for easier analysis.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗垂线偏差（英语：Vertical deflection）指地球表面上某一点处垂线方向和法线方向的差异，也即重力异常矢量的方向。垂线偏差可以表示为当地天文坐标与地理坐标之间的差异，其中前者在水准面上通过重力测量的方式确定，而后者是天文坐标投影到椭球面上的位置。对垂线偏差的数学描述通常以法线为基准。
The vertical deflection (VD) or deflection of the vertical (DoV), also known as deflection of the plumb line and astro-geodetic deflection, is a measure of how far the gravity direction at a given point of interest is rotated by local mass anomalies such as nearby mountains. They are widely used in geodesy, for surveying networks and for geophysical purposes. The vertical deflection are the angular components between the true zenith–nadir curve (plumb line) tangent line and the normal vector to the surface of the reference ellipsoid (chosen to approximate the Earth's sea-level surface). VDs are caused by mountains and by underground geological irregularities. Typically angle values amount to less than 10 arc-seconds in flat areas or up to 1 arc-minute in mountainous terrain.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。
查看内容许可 ↗在地球物理学中，垂直地震剖面（VSP）是一种用于与地面地震数据相关的地震测量技术。 VSP（有多种类型）的定义特征是能源或探测器（或有时两者）都位于钻孔中。在最常见的 VSP 类型中，钻孔记录中的水听器或更常见的地震检波器或加速度计反射源自地面地震源的地震能量。有多种获取垂直地震剖面 (VSP) 的方法。零偏移距 VSP (A) 的源靠近接收器正上方的井眼。偏移 VSP (B) 的源距井筒中的接收器有一定距离。无人值守 VSP (C) 的特点是源可逐渐移动到更远的偏移位置，接收器固定在固定位置。
In geophysics, vertical seismic profile (VSP) is a technique of seismic measurements used for correlation with surface seismic data. The defining characteristic of a VSP (of which there are many types) is that either the energy source, or the detectors (or sometimes both) are in a borehole. In the most common type of VSP, hydrophones, or more often geophones or accelerometers, in the borehole record reflected seismic energy originating from a seismic source at the surface. There are numerous methods for acquiring a vertical seismic profile (VSP). Zero-offset VSPs (A) have sources close to the wellbore directly above receivers. Offset VSPs (B) have sources some distance from the receivers in the wellbore. Walkaway VSPs (C) feature a source that is moved to progressively farther offset and receivers held in a fixed location.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗瓦因—马修斯—莫莱学说（英语：Vine-Matthews-Morley hypothese），也称为 Morley-Vine-Matthews 学说，是一个对大陆漂移和板块构造的海底扩张理论的关键科学验证。 根据此学说，能计算大洋中脊处的板块运动速率， 并记录海底扩张时，海洋地壳地磁场方向的逆转历史。
The Vine–Matthews–Morley hypothesis, also known as the Morley–Vine–Matthews hypothesis, was the first key scientific test of the seafloor spreading theory of continental drift and plate tectonics. Its key impact was that it allowed the rates of plate motions at mid-ocean ridges to be computed. It states that the Earth's oceanic crust acts as a recorder of reversals in the geomagnetic field direction as seafloor spreading takes place.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。
查看内容许可 ↗有线质量保证和质量控制（有线 QA/QC）是在有线测井作业之前、期间和之后进行的一组要求和操作程序。有线 QA/QC 的主要优点包括记录数据和信息的准确性和精确性。精度是对结果正确性的衡量，通常取决于系统误差（由于设计错误、校准不足或钻孔变化而引入的可再现误差）的控制和补偿程度。精度取决于随机误差（无法重现且主要与测量物理相关的误差）的分析和克服程度。
Wireline quality assurance and quality control (wireline QA/QC) is a set of requirements and operating procedures which take place before, during, and after the wireline logging job. The main merits of wireline QA/QC include accuracy and precision of recorded data and information. Accuracy is a measure of the correctness of the result and is generally depended on how well the systematic errors (a reproductible inaccuracy introduced by faulty design, inadequate calibration or a change in borehole) are controlled and compensated for. Precision is depended on how well random errors (errors that cannot be reproduced and are mostly related to the physics of a measurement) are analysed and overcame .
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗孔隙率或空隙率是材料中空隙（即“空的”）空间的量度，并且是空隙体积占总体积的分数，介于 0 和 1 之间，或者作为介于 0% 和 100% 之间的百分比。严格来说，一些测试测量“可进入的空隙”，即从表面可进入的空隙空间的总量（参见闭孔泡沫）。有很多方法可以测试物质或零件的孔隙率，例如工业 CT 扫描。术语“孔隙度”用于多个领域，包括制药、陶瓷、冶金、材料、制造、岩石物理学、水文学、地球科学、土壤力学、岩石力学和工程学。
Porosity or void fraction is a measure of the void (i.e. "empty") spaces in a material, and is a fraction of the volume of voids over the total volume, between 0 and 1, or as a percentage between 0% and 100%. Strictly speaking, some tests measure the "accessible void", the total amount of void space accessible from the surface (cf. closed-cell foam). There are many ways to test porosity in a substance or part, such as industrial CT scanning. The term porosity is used in multiple fields including pharmaceutics, ceramics, metallurgy, materials, manufacturing, petrophysics, hydrology, earth sciences, soil mechanics, rock mechanics, and engineering.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗在科学和工程中，导水率（K，国际单位制米每秒）是多孔材料、土壤和岩石的一种属性，它描述了流体（通常是水）穿过孔隙空间或裂缝网络的难易程度。它取决于材料的固有渗透率（k，单位：m2）、饱和度以及流体的密度和粘度。饱和导水率 Ksat 描述了水通过饱和介质的运动。根据定义，导水率是体积通量与水力梯度之比，可定量测量饱和土壤在承受水力梯度时传输水的能力。
In science and engineering, hydraulic conductivity (K, in SI units of meters per second) is a property of porous materials, soils and rocks, that describes the ease with which a fluid (usually water) can move through the pore space, or fracture network. It depends on the intrinsic permeability (k, unit: m2) of the material, the degree of saturation, and on the density and viscosity of the fluid. Saturated hydraulic conductivity, Ksat, describes water movement through saturated media. By definition, hydraulic conductivity is the ratio of volume flux to hydraulic gradient yielding a quantitative measure of a saturated soil's ability to transmit water when subjected to a hydraulic gradient.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗在材料科学中，堆积密度，也称为表观密度，是一种材料属性，定义为材料的许多颗粒的质量除以堆积体积。堆积体积定义为颗粒占据的总体积，包括颗粒自身的体积、颗粒间空隙体积和颗粒的内部孔隙体积。堆积密度适用于粉末、颗粒和其他“分散”固体等材料，特别是用于矿物成分（土壤、砾石）、化学物质、药物成分、食品或任何其他颗粒状或颗粒状物质（颗粒）的质量。堆积密度与颗粒密度不同，颗粒密度是固体的固有属性，不包括颗粒之间空隙的体积（参见：非致密材料的密度）。
In materials science, bulk density, also called apparent density, is a material property defined as the mass of the many particles of the material divided by the bulk volume. Bulk volume is defined as the total volume the particles occupy, including particle's own volume, inter-particle void volume, and the particles' internal pore volume. Bulk density is useful for materials such as powders, granules, and other "divided" solids, especially used in reference to mineral components (soil, gravel), chemical substances, pharmaceutical ingredients, foodstuff, or any other masses of corpuscular or particulate matter (particles). Bulk density is not the same as the particle density, which is an intrinsic property of the solid and does not include the volume for voids between particles (see: density of non-compact materials).
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗土壤质地是上层土壤的识别质量，由沙子、淤泥和粘土组成。土壤质地可以使用定性方法（例如感觉质地）和定量方法（例如基于斯托克斯定律的比重计法）来确定。土壤质地具有农业应用，例如确定作物适宜性以及预测土壤对环境和管理条件（例如干旱或钙（石灰）需求）的反应。土壤质地主要关注直径小于两毫米的颗粒，包括沙子、淤泥和粘土。 USDA 土壤分类法和 WRB 土壤分类系统使用 12 个质地类别，而 UK-ADAS 系统使用 11 个。这些分类基于土壤中沙子、淤泥和粘土的百分比。
Soil texture is the identifying quality of the upper layer of earth, which is composed of sand, silt and clay. Soil texture can be determined using qualitative methods such as texture by feel, and quantitative methods such as the hydrometer method based on Stokes' law. Soil texture has agricultural applications such as determining crop suitability and to predict the response of the soil to environmental and management conditions such as drought or calcium (lime) requirements. Soil texture focuses on the particles that are less than two millimeters in diameter which include sand, silt, and clay. The USDA soil taxonomy and WRB soil classification systems use 12 textural classes whereas the UK-ADAS system uses 11. These classifications are based on the percentages of sand, silt, and clay in the soil.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗在岩土工程中，土壤结构描述了土壤固体部分以及它们之间的孔隙空间的排列。它取决于单个土壤颗粒如何聚集、结合在一起和聚集，从而导致它们之间土壤孔隙的排列。土壤对水和空气运动、生物活动、根系生长和幼苗出苗有重大影响。有几种不同类型的土壤结构。它本质上是一个动态且复杂的系统，受到不同生物和非生物因素的影响。
In geotechnical engineering, soil structure describes the arrangement of the solid parts of the soil and of the pore space located between them. It is determined by how individual soil granules clump, bind together, and aggregate, resulting in the arrangement of soil pores between them. Soil has a major influence on water and air movement, biological activity, root growth and seedling emergence. There are several different types of soil structure. It is inherently a dynamic and complex system that is affected by different biotic and abiotic factors.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗在物理、化学和材料科学中，渗滤（源自拉丁语 percolare，意为“过滤、滴流通过”，由 Edward Loysel 在 1840 年代创造）是指流体通过多孔材料的运动和过滤。达西定律没有描述它。此后开发了更广泛的应用，涵盖了许多建模为晶格或图形的系统的连接性，类似于调节渗透能力的过滤问题中晶格组件的连接性。
In physics, chemistry, and materials science, percolation (from Latin percolare 'to filter, trickle through', coined in the 1840s by Edward Loysel) refers to the movement and filtering of fluids through porous materials. It is not described by Darcy's law. Broader applications have since been developed that cover connectivity of many systems modeled as lattices or graphs, analogous to connectivity of lattice components in the filtration problem that modulates capacity for percolation.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗排水是指从水过多的区域自然或人工去除地表水和地下水。大多数农业土壤的内部排水可以防止严重的涝灾（损害根系生长的厌氧条件），但许多土壤需要人工排水来提高产量或管理供水。
Drainage is the natural or artificial removal of a surface's water and sub-surface water from an area with excess water. The internal drainage of most agricultural soils can prevent severe waterlogging (anaerobic conditions that harm root growth), but many soils need artificial drainage to improve production or to manage water supplies.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗阳离子交换能力（CEC）是衡量土壤颗粒表面可保留多少阳离子的指标。土壤颗粒表面的负电荷与带正电的原子或分子（阳离子）结合，但允许它们与周围土壤水中的其他带正电的颗粒进行交换。这是土壤中的固体物质改变土壤化学成分的方式之一。 CEC 影响土壤化学的许多方面，并被用作土壤肥力的衡量标准，因为它表明土壤以植物可利用形式保留多种养分（例如 K+、NH4+、Ca2+）的能力。它还表明保留污染物阳离子（例如 Pb2+）的能力。
Cation-exchange capacity (CEC) is a measure of how many cations can be retained on soil particle surfaces. Negative charges on the surfaces of soil particles bind positively-charged atoms or molecules (cations), but allow these to exchange with other positively charged particles in the surrounding soil water. This is one of the ways that solid materials in soil alter the chemistry of the soil. CEC affects many aspects of soil chemistry, and is used as a measure of soil fertility, as it indicates the capacity of the soil to retain several nutrients (e.g. K+, NH4+, Ca2+) in plant-available form. It also indicates the capacity to retain pollutant cations (e.g. Pb2+).
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗有机物、有机材料或天然有机物 (NOM) 是自然和工程、陆地和水生环境中发现的碳基化合物的主要来源。它是由来自植物和动物等有机体的粪便和残骸的有机化合物组成的物质。有机分子也可以通过不涉及生命的化学反应产生。基本结构由纤维素、单宁、角质和木质素以及其他各种蛋白质、脂质和碳水化合物组成。有机物对于环境中营养物质的移动非常重要，并且在地球表面的保水方面发挥着作用。
Organic matter, organic material or natural organic matter (NOM) is the large source of carbon-based compounds found within natural and engineered, terrestrial, and aquatic environments. It is matter composed of organic compounds that have come from the feces and remains of organisms such as plants and animals. Organic molecules can also be made by chemical reactions that do not involve life. Basic structures are created from cellulose, tannin, cutin, and lignin, along with other various proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. Organic matter is very important in the movement of nutrients in the environment and plays a role in water retention on the surface of the planet.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗流体动力学（英语：Fluid dynamics）是流体力学的一门子学科。流体动力学研究的对象是运动中的流体（含液体和气体）的状态与规律。流体动力学底下的子学科包括有空气动力学和液体动力学。 解决一个典型的流体动力学问题，需要计算流体的多项特性，主要包括速度、压力、密度、温度。 流体动力学有很大的应用，比如在预测天气，计算飞机所受的力和力矩，输油管线中石油的流率等方面上。其中的一些原理甚至运用在运输工程，因交通运输本身可被视为一连续流体运动。
In physics, physical chemistry, and engineering, fluid dynamics is a subdiscipline of fluid mechanics that describes the flow of fluids – liquids and gases. It has several subdisciplines, including aerodynamics (the study of air and other gases in motion) and hydrodynamics (the study of water and other liquids in motion). Fluid dynamics has a wide range of applications, including calculating forces and moments on aircraft, determining the mass flow rate of petroleum through pipelines, predicting weather patterns, understanding nebulae in interstellar space, understanding large scale geophysical flows involving oceans/atmosphere and modelling fission weapon detonation. Fluid dynamics offers a systematic structure—which underlies these practical disciplines—that embraces empirical and semi-empirical laws derived from flow measurement and used to solve practical problems. The solution to a fluid dynamics problem typically involves the calculation of various properties of the fluid, such as flow velocity, pressure, density, and temperature, as functions of space and time.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。
查看内容许可 ↗热力学（英语：thermodynamics） 是物理学的一个分支，研究热现象中能量的转换规律，特别是研究热、功和温度，以及它们与能量和熵的关系。热力学应用于许多科学和工程领域，特别是物理化学、生物化学、化学工程和机械工程，以及气象学等领域。 热力学发端于18世纪对气体和蒸汽机的研究。在19世纪，随着对热机效率和功与热量之间能量转换的研究。开始建立起热力学定律，标志着热力学理论的成熟。随着研究的深化，热力学研究被拓展到很多方面，比如相变化、化学反应、输运现象甚至是黑洞。 热力学的研究对象是由大量微观粒子组成的热力学系统。热力学系统温度、压强和内能等由宏观物理量描述，这些物理量的行为受到四个热力学定律的约束。热力学定律是从实验中总结出来的，但也可以通过统计力学从微观角度来解释。
Thermodynamics is a branch of physics that deals with heat, work, and temperature, and their relation to energy, entropy, and the physical properties of matter and radiation. The behavior of these quantities is governed by the four laws of thermodynamics, which convey a quantitative description using measurable macroscopic physical quantities but may be explained in terms of microscopic constituents by statistical mechanics. Thermodynamics applies to various topics in science and engineering, especially physical chemistry, biochemistry, chemical engineering, and mechanical engineering, as well as other complex fields such as meteorology. Historically, thermodynamics developed out of a desire to increase the efficiency of early steam engines, particularly through the work of French physicist Sadi Carnot (1824).
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。
查看内容许可 ↗在热力学中，某种物质的化学势指的是，在化学反应或者相变中，此物质的粒子数发生改变时所吸收或放出的能量。在混合物中的某种物质的化学势定义为此热力学系统的吉布斯自由能对此物质粒子数的变化率，即偏导数（其他物质的粒子数及其他系统参数保持不变）。当温度和压强固定时，化学势也被称作偏摩尔吉布斯自由能，或者摩尔化学势。在化学平衡或相平衡状态下，自由能处于极小值，各种物质的化学势与化学计量系数乘积之和为零。 在半导体物理中，零温电子系统的化学势被称为费米能。
In thermodynamics, the chemical potential of a species is the energy that can be absorbed or released due to a change of the particle number of the given species, e.g. in a chemical reaction or phase transition. The chemical potential of a species in a mixture is defined as the rate of change of free energy of a thermodynamic system with respect to the change in the number of atoms or molecules of the species that are added to the system. Thus, it is the partial derivative of the free energy with respect to the amount of the species, all other species' concentrations in the mixture remaining constant. When both temperature and pressure are held constant, and the number of particles is expressed in moles, the chemical potential is the partial molar Gibbs free energy. At chemical equilibrium or in phase equilibrium, the total sum of the product of chemical potentials and stoichiometric coefficients is zero, as the free energy is at a minimum. In a system in diffusion equilibrium, the chemical potential of any chemical species is uniformly the same everywhere throughout the system.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。
查看内容许可 ↗相图（英语：Phase diagram），也称相态图、相平衡状态图，是用来表示相平衡系统的组成与一些参数（如温度、压力）之间关系的一种图。它在物理化学、矿物学和材料科学中具有很重要的地位。
A phase diagram in physical chemistry, engineering, mineralogy, and materials science is a type of chart used to show conditions (pressure, temperature, etc.) at which thermodynamically distinct phases (such as solid, liquid or gaseous states) occur and coexist at equilibrium.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。
查看内容许可 ↗晶体通常可分为七种晶系，即立方晶系、六方晶系、四方晶系、三方晶系、正交晶系、单斜晶系、三斜晶系。其中的立方晶系具有各向同性，属于高级晶族。
In crystallography, a crystal system is a set of point groups (a group of geometric symmetries with at least one fixed point). A lattice system is a set of Bravais lattices (an infinite array of discrete points). Space groups (symmetry groups of a configuration in space) are classified into crystal systems according to their point groups, and into lattice systems according to their Bravais lattices. Crystal systems that have space groups assigned to a common lattice system are combined into a crystal family. Informally, two crystals are in the same crystal system if they have similar symmetries (though there are many exceptions).
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。
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