地球与地质Azimi Q models在地震学中，Azimi Q 模型是数学 Q 模型，旨在通过测量地震波如何减弱（能量损失）和消散来研究地球对地震波的反应。这些模型由 S. A. Azimi 及其同事于 20 世纪 60 年代末推出，主要关注 Q 因子（地震衰减的衡量标准，或能量波损失的量），旨在满足 Kramers-Kronig 关系，确保衰减和色散之间的物理一致性。这使得它们成为比 Kolsky 模型更好的选择，适用于逆 Q 滤波（校正地震数据以提高清晰度）等任务。 Azimi Q 模型已用于地球物理研究，以更好地了解地球表面以下的情况。
In seismology, the Azimi Q models are mathematical Q models developed to study how the Earth reacts to seismic waves by measuring how these waves weaken (energy loss) and disperse. Introduced by S. A. Azimi and colleagues in the late 1960s, these models focus on the Q factor (a measure of seismic attenuation, or how much energy waves lose) and are designed to satisfy the Kramers-Kronig relations, ensuring physical consistency between attenuation and dispersion. This makes them a better choice than the Kolsky model for tasks like inverse Q filtering (correcting seismic data to improve clarity). The Azimi Q models have been used in geophysical studies to better understand what’s beneath the Earth’s surface.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗计算地球物理学是使用任何类型的数值计算来生成和分析复杂地球物理系统模型的研究领域。它可以被认为是计算物理学和地球物理学的延伸或子领域。近年来，计算能力、数据可用性和建模能力都呈指数级提高，使计算地球物理学成为一门更受欢迎的学科。由于许多地球物理问题的计算量很大，因此需要高性能计算来处理分析。计算地球物理学的建模应用包括大气建模、海洋建模、大气环流模型和地质建模。除了建模之外，遥感中的一些问题也属于计算地球物理学的范围，例如层析成像、反演问题和 3D 重建。
Computational geophysics is the field of study that uses any type of numerical computations to generate and analyze models of complex geophysical systems. It can be considered an extension, or sub-field, of both computational physics and geophysics. In recent years, computational power, data availability, and modelling capabilities have all improved exponentially, making computational geophysics a more populated discipline. Due to the large computational size of many geophysical problems, high-performance computing can be required to handle analysis. Modeling applications of computational geophysics include atmospheric modelling, oceanic modelling, general circulation models, and geological modelling. In addition to modelling, some problems in remote sensing fall within the scope of computational geophysics such as tomography, inverse problems, and 3D reconstruction.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗在地震学与地球物理学中，转换波分析（英语：Converted-wave Analysis）是指分析地震波波相转换的科学。当地震波入射到介质界面时，会同时产生反射横波、反射纵波、透射横波、透射纵波等不同的波相，这些波就称为转换波，也就是C波（英语：Converted-wave），转换波分析就是探讨此间的过程、分析转换结果，并应用于地球物理学或地球物理勘探的科学。 当地震发生时，地震波会被向外发射进入地球深处。当地震波的行进遇到介质不连续的地方，例如固液界面或任何岩石密度有显著改变的地方时，震波造成的质点的振动方式就有可能发生改变。在地球中许多不连续特别明显的地域（例如地幔与外地核的边界），振动方式的改变甚至明显到让一部分的纵波变成横波、让一部分的横波变成纵波。
During seismic exploration, P-waves (also known as primary or compressive waves) penetrate down into the earth. Due to mode conversion, a P-wave can reflect upwards as an S-wave (also known as a secondary, shear or transverse wave) when it hits an interface (e.g., solid-liquid). Other P-wave to S-wave (P-S) conversions can occur, but the down-up conversion is the primary focus. Unlike P-waves, converted shear waves are largely unaffected by fluids. By analyzing the original and converted waves, seismologists obtain additional subsurface information, especially due to (1) differential velocity (VP/VS), (2) asymmetry in the waves' angles of incidence and reflection and (3) amplitude variations. As opposed to analysis of P-wave to P-wave (P-P) reflection, c-wave (P-S) analysis is more complex. C-wave analysis requires at least three times as many measurement channels per station.
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查看内容许可 ↗深源地震 (deep focus earthquake) 指震源深度超过300千米的地震。深源地震多发生在太平洋一带的深海沟附近。目前已知震源最深的地震发生于日本小笠原群岛附近（为2015年小笠原群岛地震），震源深度达682千米。深源地震即使震级很高，一般也不会造成灾害。有时也将“中源地震”和“深源地震”统称为深震。
A deep-focus earthquake in seismology is an earthquake with a hypocenter depth exceeding 300 km. They occur almost exclusively at convergent boundaries in association with subducted oceanic lithosphere. They occur along a dipping tabular zone beneath the subduction zone known as the Wadati–Benioff zone.
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查看内容许可 ↗金刚石压砧是地质学、工程学或材料科学实验中使用的一种高压器件，可以帮助对毫米级以下的物体施加极高的压力，常可达到100至200兆帕。该器件常被用来再现行星内部深处的高压状态以合成通常条件下难以见到的物质或状态，它由两颗相对的金刚石组成，其间夹住样品。2017年，美国哈佛大学科学家宣称，利用该器件将以3250万公斤的力施加于6.5平方公分的氢样本上，此压力已强过地心压力，也已逼近合成钻石强度崩溃边缘。 成功让气体型态的氢在充分压缩后，转变成为金属氢。
A diamond anvil cell (DAC) is a high-pressure device used in geology, engineering, and materials science experiments. It permits the compression of a small (sub-millimeter-sized) piece of material to extreme pressures, typically up to around 100–200 gigapascals, although it is possible to achieve pressures up to 770 gigapascals (7,700,000 bars or 7.7 million atmospheres). The device has been used to recreate the pressure existing deep inside planets to synthesize materials and phases not observed under typical ambient conditions. Notable examples include the non-molecular ice X, polymeric nitrogen and metallic phases of xenon, lonsdaleite, and potentially metallic hydrogen. A DAC consists of two opposing diamonds with a sample compressed between the polished culets (tips). Pressure may be monitored using a reference material whose behavior under pressure is known.
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查看内容许可 ↗固体潮也称陆潮，是指在太阳、月球等天体引力作用下，固体地球产生周期性变化的现象。因为固体地球具有一定弹性，所以在受到其他天体的引力时，跟海洋一样会产生变形。这些变形的实际振幅按固体地球表面的垂直运动计算，约为30.48cm或稍小。1863年，英国科学家开尔文在分析海洋潮汐中发现，双周潮波分量Mf只有理论值的2/3，他认为这损失的l/3是由于安放水尺的陆地也随之上升的缘故，这是固体潮研究的开始。
Earth tide (also known as solid-Earth tide, crustal tide, body tide, bodily tide or land tide) is the displacement of the solid earth's surface caused by the gravity of the Moon and Sun. Its main component has meter-level amplitude at periods of about 12 hours and longer. The largest body tide constituents are semi-diurnal, but there are also significant diurnal, semi-annual, and fortnightly contributions. Though the gravitational force causing earth tides and ocean tides is the same, the responses are quite different.
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查看内容许可 ↗高能中性原子 (ENA) 成像是一种用于创建行星磁层和整个日光层中其他不可见现象的全局图像的技术。太阳风发射的带电粒子（质子、电子和各种原子核）是星际介质的基础。这些带电粒子能够被磁场（例如地球周围的磁场）重定向。太阳风等离子体中的带电粒子偶尔会与中性原子碰撞。这种碰撞导致先前带电的粒子变成带中性电荷的原子。由于电荷损失，原子在保持其引力和速度的同时不再受到磁引力。 ENA 用于对行星磁层和整个日光层中的现象进行成像。
Energetic Neutral Atom (ENA) imaging is a technology used to create global images of otherwise invisible phenomena in the magnetospheres of planets and throughout the heliosphere. Charged particles—protons, electrons, and various atomic nuclei—emitted from solar wind that are the basis of the interstellar medium. These charged particles have the ability to be redirected by magnetic fields such as the magnetic field surrounding the Earth. Occasionally charged particles within the plasma of the solar wind will collide with neutral atoms. This collision results in the previously charged particle becoming a neutrally charged atom. Due to the loss of charge, the atom no longer experiences magnetic attraction while maintaining its gravitational attraction and velocity. ENAs are used for imaging phenomena in the magnetospheres of planets and throughout the heliosphere.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗阵发性震颤和滑动（ETS）是在一些俯冲带观察到的地震现象，其特征是非地震性地震隆隆声或震颤以及沿板块界面的缓慢滑动。慢滑事件与地震的区别在于其传播速度和震源。在慢滑动事件中，尽管断层运动与俯冲方向保持一致，但地壳运动明显逆转。 ETS事件本身是人类无法察觉的，也不会造成损害。
Episodic tremor and slip (ETS) is a seismological phenomenon observed in some subduction zones that is characterized by non-earthquake seismic rumbling, or tremor, and slow slip along the plate interface. Slow slip events are distinguished from earthquakes by their propagation speed and focus. In slow slip events, there is an apparent reversal of crustal motion, although the fault motion remains consistent with the direction of subduction. ETS events themselves are imperceptible to human beings and do not cause damage.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗自 20 世纪 90 年代初以来，侵蚀与构造之间的相互作用一直是争论的话题。虽然构造对侵蚀等地表过程的影响早已被人们所认识（例如，由于构造抬升而形成河流），但相反的情况（对构造活动的侵蚀影响）直到最近才得到解决。围绕该主题的主要问题是侵蚀和构造之间存在哪些类型的相互作用以及这些相互作用的影响是什么。虽然这仍然是一个有争议的问题，但有一件事是明确的，地球的景观是两个因素的产物：构造，它可以创造地形并通过地表和岩石隆起维持地形；气候，它调节随着时间的推移磨损高地地区的侵蚀过程。这些过程的相互作用可以形成、改变或破坏地球表面的地貌特征。
The interaction between erosion and tectonics has been a topic of debate since the early 1990s. While the tectonic effects on surface processes such as erosion have long been recognized (for example, river formation as a result of tectonic uplift), the opposite (erosional effects on tectonic activity) has only recently been addressed. The primary questions surrounding this topic are what types of interactions exist between erosion and tectonics and what are the implications of these interactions. While this is still a matter of debate, one thing is clear, Earth's landscape is a product of two factors: tectonics, which can create topography and maintain relief through surface and rock uplift, and climate, which mediates the erosional processes that wear away upland areas over time. The interaction of these processes can form, modify, or destroy geomorphic features on Earth's surface.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗勘探地球物理学是地球物理学和经济地质学的一个应用分支，它利用地球表面的物理方法，如地震、重力、磁、电和电磁等，来测量地下的物理特性以及这些特性的异常情况。它最常用于检测或推断有经济价值的地质矿床（例如矿石矿物）的存在和位置；化石燃料和其他碳氢化合物；地热储层；和地下水库。它还可用于检测未爆炸弹药的存在。勘探地球物理学可以通过直接测量其物理性质来直接探测目标矿化类型。
Exploration geophysics is an applied branch of geophysics and economic geology, which uses physical methods at the surface of the Earth, such as seismic, gravitational, magnetic, electrical and electromagnetic, to measure the physical properties of the subsurface, along with the anomalies in those properties. It is most often used to detect or infer the presence and position of economically useful geological deposits, such as ore minerals; fossil fuels and other hydrocarbons; geothermal reservoirs; and groundwater reservoirs. It can also be used to detect the presence of unexploded ordnance. Exploration geophysics can be used to directly detect the target style of mineralization by measuring its physical properties directly.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗在大地测量学中，地球的形状是用来模拟地球的大小和形状。图形的类型取决于应用，包括模型所需的精度。球形地球是一种众所周知的历史近似值，对于地理、天文学和许多其他目的来说是令人满意的。已经开发了几种更高精度的模型（包括椭球体），以便坐标系可以满足导航、测量、地籍、土地利用和各种其他问题的精确需求。
In geodesy, the figure of the Earth is the size and shape used to model planet Earth. The kind of figure depends on application, including the precision needed for the model. A spherical Earth is a well-known historical approximation that is satisfactory for geography, astronomy and many other purposes. Several models with greater accuracy (including ellipsoid) have been developed so that coordinate systems can serve the precise needs of navigation, surveying, cadastre, land use, and various other concerns.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗法医地球物理学是法医学的一个分支，是出于法律目的使用地球物理学工具对土壤或水下埋藏物体或元素进行研究、搜索、定位和绘图。用于法医调查的地球物理技术有多种，其中目标被掩埋并具有不同的尺寸（从武器或金属桶到人类埋葬物和掩体）。地球物理方法有潜力帮助搜索和恢复这些目标，因为它们可以非破坏性地快速调查大片区域，其中可疑的、非法埋葬的或一般的法医目标隐藏在地下。当在地下存在目标与其埋藏材料之间的物理特性对比时，可以精确地识别和定义搜索目标的隐藏位置。
Forensic geophysics is a branch of forensic science and is the study, the search, the localization and the mapping of buried objects or elements beneath the soil or the water, using geophysics tools for legal purposes. There are various geophysical techniques for forensic investigations in which the targets are buried and have different dimensions (from weapons or metallic barrels to human burials and bunkers). Geophysical methods have the potential to aid the search and the recovery of these targets because they can non-destructively and rapidly investigate large areas where a suspect, illegal burial or, in general, a forensic target is hidden in the subsoil. When in the subsurface there is a contrast of physical properties between a target and the material in which it is buried, it is possible to individuate and define precisely the concealing place of the searched target.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗弗雷泽滤波器以道格拉斯·弗雷泽 (Douglas Fraser) 的名字命名，通常在地球物理学中显示 VLF 数据时使用。它实际上是数据的一阶导数。如果 f ( i ) = f i {\displaystyle f(i)=f_{i}} 代表收集到的数据，则平均值 12 = f 1 + f 2 2 {\displaystyleaverage_{12}={\frac {f_{1}+f_{2}}{2}}} 是两个值的平均值。
A Fraser filter, named after Douglas Fraser, is typically used in geophysics when displaying VLF data. It is effectively the first derivative of the data. If f ( i ) = f i {\displaystyle f(i)=f_{i}} represents the collected data then a v e r a g e 12 = f 1 + f 2 2 {\displaystyle average_{12}={\frac {f_{1}+f_{2}}{2}}} is the average of two values.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗富气陨石是指含有大量惰性气体，例如氦、氖、氩、氪、氙，有时还有其它元素的陨石。尽管这些气体实际上几乎存在所有的陨石中，费耶特维尔陨石有〜2,000,000 x10−8 ccSTP/公克氦，或〜2%体积当量的氦。相较背景水准是只有几个PPM。 富气陨石的鉴定是依据所存在轻稀有气体的量，如果不在所有陨石中存在的已知稀有气体组成分组的基础上再增加一个分组，就无法解释其含量。
Gas-rich meteorites are meteorites with high levels of primordial gases, such as helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon and sometimes other elements. Though these gases are present "in virtually all meteorites," the Fayetteville meteorite has, in standard notation, 2,000,000x10-8ccSTP/g or ~2% helium by volume equivalent. In comparison, background level is a few ppm. The identification of gas-rich meteorites is based on the presence of light noble gases in large amounts, at levels which cannot be explained without involving an additional component over and above the well-known noble gas components that are present in all meteorites.
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查看内容许可 ↗加斯曼方程是一组两个方程，描述整体的各向同性弹性常数，该整体由各向同性、统计均质的岩石组成，具有完全连接的孔隙空间，在压力平衡时被可压缩流体饱和。最初由弗里茨·加斯曼 (Fritz Gassmann) 用德语出版，在标准地球物理实践中采用方程很久之后，原著才被翻译成英语。加斯曼方程仍然是执行流体替代的最常见方法，即预测多孔介质在与测量的岩石中饱和剂不同的饱和剂下的弹性行为。
Gassmann's equations are a set of two equations describing the isotropic elastic constants of an ensemble consisting of an isotropic, statistically homogeneous rock with a fully connected pore space, saturated by a compressible fluid at pressure equilibrium. First published in German by Fritz Gassmann, the original work was only later translated into English, long after the adoption of the equations in standard geophysical practice. Gassmann's equations remain the most common way of performing fluid substitution—predicting the elastic behaviour of a porous medium under a saturant different to the one in the rock as measured.
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查看内容许可 ↗地磁逆转是指地球磁场方向的变化，也就是北磁极和南磁极的对调。地磁逆转的发生常常伴随着磁场强度的减弱，当新的方向确定后，磁场强度又会迅速增加。地磁场一般几万年甚至更久才会发生逆转，发生的频率也不固定。最近研究显示，地磁翻转的过程最快百年以内即可完成，颠覆以往认为需要千年的普遍认知。
A geomagnetic reversal is a change in the Earth's dipole magnetic field such that the positions of magnetic north and magnetic south are interchanged (not to be confused with geographic north and geographic south). The Earth's magnetic field has alternated between periods of normal polarity, in which the predominant direction of the field was the same as the present direction, and reverse polarity, in which it was the opposite. These periods are called chrons. Reversal occurrences appear to be statistically random. There have been at least 183 reversals over the last 83 million years (thus on average once every ~450,000 years). The latest, the Brunhes–Matuyama reversal, occurred 780,000 years ago with widely varying estimates of how quickly it happened. Some sources estimate that the four most recent reversals took on average 7,000 years to occur.
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查看内容许可 ↗从最广泛的意义上来说，地球物理流体动力学是流体动力学在地球和其他行星上自然发生的流动（例如熔岩、海洋和大气）中的应用。地球物理流体动力学研究的许多现象共有的两个物理特征是由于行星自转和分层（分层）引起的流体旋转。地球物理流体动力学的应用通常不包括地幔循环（地球动力学的主题）或磁层中的流体现象。海洋环流和空气环流通常在海洋学和气象学中进行研究。
Geophysical fluid dynamics, in its broadest meaning, is the application of fluid dynamics to naturally occurring flows, such as lava, oceans, and atmospheres, on Earth and other planets. Two physical features that are common to many of the phenomena studied in geophysical fluid dynamics are rotation of the fluid due to the planetary rotation and stratification (layering). The applications of geophysical fluid dynamics do not generally include the circulation of the mantle, which is the subject of geodynamics, or fluid phenomena in the magnetosphere. Ocean circulation and air circulation are typically studied in oceanography and meteorology.
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查看内容许可 ↗地球物理信号分析涉及信号的检测和后续处理。任何变化的信号都传达有价值的信息。因此，为了理解这些信号中嵌入的信息，我们需要从这些量中“检测”和“提取数据”。地球物理信号对我们来说极其重要，因为它们是信息承载信号，携带与地表下石油矿床和地震数据相关的数据。对地球物理信号的分析还使我们能够定性地了解发生地震或火山爆发等自然灾害的可能性。分别使用极其灵敏的重力计和磁力计来检测重力和磁场。使用原子干涉仪等设备测量引力场的变化。
Geophysical signal analysis is concerned with the detection and a subsequent processing of signals. Any signal which is varying conveys valuable information. Hence to understand the information embedded in such signals, we need to 'detect' and 'extract data' from such quantities. Geophysical signals are of extreme importance to us as they are information bearing signals which carry data related to petroleum deposits beneath the surface and seismic data. Analysis of geophysical signals also offers us a qualitative insight into the possibility of occurrence of a natural calamity such as earthquakes or volcanic eruptions. Gravitational and magnetic fields are detected using extremely sensitive gravitometers and magnetometers respectively. The gravitational field changes are measured using devices such as atom interferometers.
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查看内容许可 ↗重力图是描述空间区域重力测量的地图，通常通过重力测量获得。重力图是地球动力学领域的延伸。通常定期读取读数以进行地球表面分析。其他方法包括对人造卫星轨道力学的分析，这可以提供行星的全面重力图，就像美国宇航局对火星所做的那样。重力图通常基于重力异常或行星大地水准面的描述。
A gravity map is a map that depicts gravity measurements across an area of space, which are typically obtained via gravimetry. Gravity maps are an extension of the field of geodynamics. Readings are typically taken at regular intervals for surface analysis on Earth. Other methods include analysis of artificial satellite orbital mechanics, which can allow comprehensive gravity maps of planets, as has been done for Mars by NASA. Gravity maps typically are based on depictions of gravity anomalies or a planet's geoid.
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查看内容许可 ↗混合坐标海洋模型（HyCOM）是一个开源海洋环流建模系统。 HyCOM是一种原始方程类型的海洋环流模型。该模型系统的垂直水平与其他模型略有不同，因为垂直坐标在开放的分层海洋中保持等密度，在弱分层的上层海洋混合层中平滑地过渡到z水平坐标，在浅水区域中过渡到地形跟踪西格玛坐标，并在很浅的水域中恢复到z水平坐标。因此，该设置是 z 水平和地形跟随垂直水平之间的“混合”。从 2003 年至今，HyCOM 输出以 0.08 度（约 9 公里）的空间分辨率在线提供全球海洋。 HyCOM 使用 netCDF 数据格式进行模型输出。
The Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HyCOM) is an open-source ocean general circulation modeling system. HyCOM is a primitive equation type of ocean general circulation model. The vertical levels of this modeling system are slightly different from other models, because the vertical coordinates remain isopycnic in the open stratified ocean, smoothly transitioning to z-level coordinates in the weakly stratified upper-ocean mixed layer, to terrain-following sigma coordinates in shallow water regions, and back to z-level coordinates in very shallow water. Therefore, the setup is a “hybrid” between z-level and terrain-following vertical levels. HyCOM outputs are provided online for the global ocean at a spatial resolution of 0.08 degrees (approximately 9 km) from 2003 to present. HyCOM uses netCDF data format for model outputs.
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查看内容许可 ↗水文地球物理学是一个跨学科的研究领域，利用地球物理学来确定参数（特征；限制或边界的测量）并监测水资源、污染和生态研究等水文研究的过程。该领域利用地质学、水文学、物理学、地球物理学、工程学、统计学和岩石物理学的知识和研究人员。它利用地球物理学，使用微创方法提供有关水文地质参数的定量信息。水文地球物理学与地球物理学的不同之处在于其具体用途和方法。尽管地球物理知识和方法在过去半个世纪中已经存在并不断发展，用于采矿和石油工业，但水文地质研究地点的地下条件与这些工业不同。
Hydrogeophysics is a cross-disciplinary area of research that uses geophysics to determine parameters (characteristics; measurements of limitations or boundaries) and monitor processes for hydrological studies of matters such as water resources, contamination, and ecological studies. The field uses knowledge and researchers from geology, hydrology, physics, geophysics, engineering, statistics, and rock physics. It uses geophysics to provide quantitative information about hydrogeological parameters, using minimally invasive methods. Hydrogeophysics differs from geophysics in its specific uses and methods. Although geophysical knowledge and methods have existed and grown over the last half century for applications in mining and petroleum industries, hydrogeological study sites have different subsurface conditions than those industries.
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查看内容许可 ↗中深度地震或中震源地震是震源深度在70公里至300公里范围内的地震。此类事件与俯冲带有关，是由下行板片内的断层引起的，构成瓦达蒂-贝尼奥夫地震活动带的一部分。
An intermediate-depth earthquake or intermediate-focus earthquake is an earthquake whose focal depth is in the range 70 km to 300 km. Such events are associated with subduction zones, and are caused by faulting within the downgoing slab, forming part of Wadati-Benioff zones of seismicity.
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查看内容许可 ↗同位素地球化学是地质学的一个方面，基于对各种元素同位素相对丰度自然变化的研究。同位素丰度的变化通过同位素比质谱仪进行测量，可以揭示有关岩石、空气或水体的年龄和起源或它们之间混合过程的信息。稳定同位素地球化学主要与质量相关的同位素分馏引起的同位素变化有关，而放射性同位素地球化学与天然放射性的产物有关。
Isotope geochemistry is an aspect of geology based upon the study of natural variations in the relative abundances of isotopes of various elements. Variations in isotopic abundance are measured by isotope-ratio mass spectrometry, and can reveal information about the ages and origins of rock, air or water bodies, or processes of mixing between them. Stable isotope geochemistry is largely concerned with isotopic variations arising from mass-dependent isotope fractionation, whereas radiogenic isotope geochemistry is concerned with the products of natural radioactivity.
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗Kjartansson 常数 Q 模型使用数学 Q 模型来解释地球如何响应地震波，广泛应用于地震地球物理应用。由于这些模型满足 Kramers-Krönig 关系，因此在地震逆 Q 滤波中它们应该优于 Kolsky 模型。 Kjartanssons 模型是第一个 Azimi Q 模型 (1968) 的简化。
The Kjartansson constant Q model uses mathematical Q models to explain how the earth responds to seismic waves and is widely used in seismic geophysical applications. Because these models satisfies the Krämers–Krönig relations they should be preferable to the Kolsky model in seismic inverse Q filtering. Kjartanssons model is a simplification of the first of Azimi Q models (1968).
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查看内容许可 ↗在地震学中，Kolsky Q 模型是由 Herbert Kolsky 开发的数学 Q 模型，用于描述地震波在穿过地球时如何损失能量和改变速度，广泛应用于地震数据处理。 Kolsky 1963 年出版的《固体中的应力波》一书介绍了基本的 Kolsky 模型，该模型因其简单性而受到青睐，但并不完全满足关键的物理标准，例如最小相位准则或 Kramers-Kronig 关系。修改后的 Kolsky 模型后来在王永雄 2008 年出版的《地震逆 Q 滤波》一书中详细介绍，它通过更好地表示地震频率范围内的速度色散来提高精度。这些模型可帮助地球物理学家通过测量 Q 因子（能量波损失量）来分析地下特性。
In seismology, the Kolsky Q models are mathematical Q models developed by Herbert Kolsky to describe how seismic waves lose energy and change speed as they travel through the Earth, widely used in seismic data processing. The basic Kolsky model, introduced in Kolsky’s 1963 book Stress Waves in Solids, is favored for its simplicity but doesn’t fully meet key physics standards, such as the minimum phase criterion or the Kramers-Kronig relations. The modified Kolsky model, later detailed in Yong-Xiong Wang’s 2008 book Seismic Inverse Q Filtering, improves accuracy by better representing velocity dispersion within seismic frequency ranges. These models help geophysicists analyze subsurface properties by measuring the Q factor (how much energy waves lose).
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维基百科条目作者 · 获取于 2026-10-04 · CC BY-SA 4.0。简介经过纯文本提取与截取；两个语言版本的内容侧重可能不同。用于概念速查，不替代标准原文。 本条中文为英文百科简介的机器辅助翻译，请结合英文原文核对专业术语。
查看内容许可 ↗实验室地震通常称为实验室地震，是在受控环境中生成和研究的岩石（或其他实验材料）中的小规模破坏事件。这些无害事件经过精心设计，旨在模拟地壳的物理条件，使实验人员能够直接观察断层成核、破裂传播和摩擦动力学，而这些在自然地震发生深度是无法观测到的。实验室地震的震级较低，有时测量值低至 -7.9 级。
A laboratory earthquake, commonly referred to as a labquake, is a small-scale failure event in rock (or other experimental materials) generated and studied within controlled environments. These non-hazardous events are engineered to mimic the physical conditions of the Earth's crust, allowing experimentalists to directly observe fault nucleation, rupture propagation, and friction dynamics that are observationally inaccessible at natural seismogenic depths. Labquakes occur with low magnitudes, sometimes measuring as low as -7.9.
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查看内容许可 ↗勒夫波（英语：Love wave）是一种属于面波的地震波，简称L波，波动方式为左右扭动前进。乐甫波是根据英国科学家乐甫命名的。其威力要远逊于P波和S波，速度也要比P波和S波慢。作为面波，勒夫波只能在地壳中传播。
In solid mechanics, Love waves, named after Augustus Edward Hough Love, are horizontally polarized surface waves. The Love wave is a result of the interference of many shear waves (S-waves) guided by an elastic layer, which is welded to an elastic half space on one side while bordering a vacuum on the other side. In seismology, Love waves (also known as Q waves (Quer, lit. "lateral" in German)) are surface seismic waves that cause horizontal shifting of the Earth during an earthquake. Augustus Edward Hough Love predicted the existence of Love waves mathematically in 1911. They form a distinct class, different from other types of seismic waves, such as P-waves and S-waves (both body waves), or Rayleigh waves (another type of surface wave). Love waves travel with a lower velocity than P- or S- waves, but faster than Rayleigh waves.
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查看内容许可 ↗磁异常探测器（MAD）是一种用于探测地球磁场微小变化的仪器。该术语通常指军队用来检测潜艇的磁力计（大量铁磁材料在磁场中产生可检测的干扰）。军用 MAD 设备是地磁勘测或航磁勘测仪器的后代，用于通过检测矿物对正常地球场的干扰来寻找矿物。
A magnetic anomaly detector (MAD) is an instrument used to detect minute variations in the Earth's magnetic field. The term typically refers to magnetometers used by military forces to detect submarines (a mass of ferromagnetic material creates a detectable disturbance in the magnetic field). Military MAD equipment is a descendant of geomagnetic survey or aeromagnetic survey instruments used to search for minerals by detecting their disturbance of the normal earth-field.
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查看内容许可 ↗磁测距是一系列井下测量技术，用于石油和天然气行业、地热钻井和水平定向钻井，用于确定从一个钻孔到另一个附近井或金属目标的距离和方向。由于传统井眼勘测会随深度累积位置不确定性，因此当两个井眼必须以远高于绝对勘测所能提供的精度相对定位时，尤其是当救援井必须与遭受井喷的井相交时，就会使用磁测距。
Magnetic ranging is a family of downhole measurement techniques used in the oil and gas industry, geothermal drilling and horizontal directional drilling to determine the distance and direction from one borehole to another nearby well or metallic target. Because conventional wellbore surveys accumulate positional uncertainty with depth, magnetic ranging is used when two wellbores must be positioned relative to each other with far greater precision than an absolute survey can provide, most critically when a relief well must intersect a well that has suffered a blowout.
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查看内容许可 ↗地幔氧化态（redox state）将化学中氧化态的概念应用到地幔的研究中。氧化态的化学概念主要指一种元素的价态，而地幔氧化态提供了封闭系统中地幔物质中所有多价元素的价态减少或增加的程度。地幔氧化态由氧逸度控制，并且可以通过特定组的氧化还原缓冲液进行基准测试。由于多价元素（具有一种以上价态的元素，例如Fe、Cr、V、Ti、Ce、Eu、C等）的存在，地幔氧化态发生变化。其中，Fe含量最多（约占地幔的8wt%），其氧化态很大程度上反映了地幔的氧化态。
Mantle oxidation state (redox state) applies the concept of oxidation state in chemistry to the study of the Earth's mantle. The chemical concept of oxidation state mainly refers to the valence state of one element, while mantle oxidation state provides the degree of decreasing or increasing valence states of all polyvalent elements in mantle materials confined in a closed system. The mantle oxidation state is controlled by oxygen fugacity and can be benchmarked by specific groups of redox buffers. Mantle oxidation state changes because of the existence of polyvalent elements (elements with more than one valence state, e.g. Fe, Cr, V, Ti, Ce, Eu, C and others). Among them, Fe is the most abundant (≈8 wt% of the mantle) and its oxidation state largely reflects the oxidation state of mantle.
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