Coulomb’s law

symbols, variables and units

F: N; q: C; r: m; ε₀: vacuum dielectric constant (F/m).

applicable conditions and boundaries

Stationary point charge, vacuum; attraction or repulsion is determined by the sign of the charge.

formula source code

The following is a copyable LaTeX expression.

F=\frac{1}{4\pi\varepsilon_0}\frac{\lvert q_1q_2\rvert}{r^2}

Reference and Extended Learning

is organized according to model definition and assumptions. Please check actual conditions and original literature before engineering, research and clinical use.