Beer–Lambert’s law

symbols, variables and units

A: dimensionless; ε: L/(mol·cm); c: mol/L; ℓ: cm; I: light intensity.

applicable conditions and boundaries

Dilute solution, nearly monochromatic light, low scattering; high concentrations may deviate from linearity.

formula source code

The following is a copyable LaTeX expression.

A=\log_{10}\frac{I_0}{I}=\varepsilon c\ell

Reference and Extended Learning

is organized according to model definition and assumptions. Please check actual conditions and original literature before engineering, research and clinical use.